September 11 sanasinthe dziko. Inde, kwa miyezi ingapo pambuyo pake, palibe amene analoledwa ngakhale kukayikira zolinga za anthu opha anthu ambirimbiri. Kuti awone kuti onse anali Arabu ndi Asilamu zinali zachilungamo mokwanira. Koma kuyesa kulikonse kolumikizitsa mfundozi ndi dera lomwe anachokera “ku Middle East” kunali kuonedwa ngati kuphwanya malamulo; chifukwa, ndithudi, kuyang'ana kwambiri ku Middle East kungadzutse mafunso osokonekera okhudza derali, za ndondomeko zathu za Kumadzulo m'mayiko omvetsa chisoni amenewo, komanso za ubale wa America ndi Israeli. Koma tsopano, potsiriza, utsogoleri wochulukirachulukira wa Purezidenti Bush wawona kulumikizana "" ndipo akupanga malingaliro olakwika.
Pakuti, pamene masiku ndi masabata akudutsa, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuzindikira m'mawu a anthu aku America '" komanso m'manyuzipepala awo '" Middle East, dera lomwe ndakhalamo kwa zaka 26. Ngakhale cocooned mkati zitsimikizo wamba kuti Chisilamu ndi chimodzi mwa zipembedzo zazikulu padziko lonse ndi kuti United States kokha motsutsana 'zigawenga', osati Asilamu, tsoka lankhanza ndi nkhanza akukonzekera Arabs, dziko limene oposa mphambu ya. maiko akupatsidwa zala ngati 'zigawenga' kapena 'odana ndi demokalase' kapena 'makoro a zoipa'. Richard Armitage, Wachiwiri kwa Secretary of State wa US, sabata yatha adaganiza zophatikizira Hizbollah ya Lebanon. Mosamveka, ngakhale mosadziwika bwino, ponena za asitikali 291 aku America omwe adaphedwa pakuphulitsa bomba ku US Marine base ku Beirut mu 1982, adalengeza kuti 'ali pamndandanda, nthawi yawo idzafika, palibe funso pa izi. Ali ndi ngongole ya magazi kwa ife…'.
List? Ndi zomwe ziri tsopano? Mndandanda womwe sutha ngati a Mr Bush omwe amatchedwa 'nkhondo yachigawenga'? Kodi Hizbollah ili pamwamba pa al-Qa'ida pamndandanda masiku ano? Kapena pambuyo pa Iraq? Kapena mwina pambuyo pa Iran? 'Iwo ali ndi ngongole ya mwazi kwa ife' ndi mawu owopsa monga momwe aliri akhanda; zikusonyeza kuti zomwe United States ikuchita, osati kukhala nkhondo yabwino kwambiri vs zoipa, ndi mndandanda wa kubwezera. Mmodzi amadabwa zomwe Tony Blair akuganiza pa zonsezi. Kodi nayenso ali ndi ngongole ya magazi? Ndipo ndi funso lanji lomwe silimafunsidwa konse kuti ''kodi Asilamu amapanga zachabechabezi?
Ndiyenera kunena kuti sindinakumanepo ndi Msilamu yemwe adanenapo chilichonse chowopsya pa September 11. Koma sindinakumane ndi Msilamu yemwe adanena kuti adadabwa. Inde, pambuyo panthaŵi yaitali chotere ku Middle East, ndiyenera kunena kuti sindinadabwe pamene, pamwamba pa nyanja ya Atlantic, woyendetsa ndege yanga yopita ku America anauza apaulendo ake odabwa kuti ndege zinayi zamalonda zagwera mu United States. . Kudabwa ndi mkhalidwe wochititsa mantha wa umbanda, inde. Zodabwitsidwa ndi nkhanza zosaneneka za kupha anthu ambiri, ndithudi. Koma anadabwa? Kwa milungu ingapo ndinali kudzuka m’maŵa uliwonse ku Beirut, ndikumadabwa pamene kuphulikako kudzafika. Momwemonso ma Arabu ambiri omwe ndalankhula nawo mchaka chathachi. Kodi kuphulikako kudzachitika motani komanso liti, iwo sankadziwa '" koma kuti kuphulikako kudzachitika sizinali zokayikitsa. Ndipo m’mbali ina ya dziko imene munali mwazi kwambiri, mwina zinali zomveka kuti nzeru ndi zimene anthu anachita pa September 11 zinali zocheperapo kusiyana ndi dziko lonse lapansi.
Mwachitsanzo, ngati mutalankhula ndi munthu wa ku Palestine ku Lebanoni za kuphedwa kwa September, angaganize kuti mukukamba za kuphedwa, m'manja mwa asilikali ankhondo a Israeli, a 1,700 Palestinians ku Beirut mu September 1982. Monga momwe aku Chile, akumva. Mawu akuti 'September 11' '' monga mlembi wachiyuda wabwino Ariel Dorfman adanenera "" adzaganiza za 11 September 1973, pamene wothandizidwa ndi America. coup d'état zinayambitsa kugwetsedwa kwa boma la Allende ndi imfa ya zikwi za anthu aku Chile. Lankhulani ndi anthu a ku Syria za kupha anthu ndipo iwo ayamba kuganiza za "" ngakhale sadzanena mawu "" za kuphedwa kwa Asuri 20,000 pa zipolowe za Chisilamu ku Hama. Lankhulani za kupha anthu a Kurds ndipo adzakuuzani za Halabja; kwa ma Irani ndipo adzakuuzani za Khorramshahr; kwa anthu a ku Algeria ndipo adzaganiza za Benntalha ndi mndandanda wonse wa nkhanza za m'midzi zomwe zawononga miyoyo ya 150,000 Algeria.
Zoona zake n'zakuti Arabu '" monga aku Chile ndi anthu ena omwe ali kutali ndi likulu latsopano la ulamuliro wamphamvu padziko lonse lapansi'" amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupha anthu ambiri. Amadziwa momwe nkhondo ilili, ndipo ambiri aku Lebanon adandifunsa m'masiku pambuyo pa Seputembara 11 '“ wathu Seputembara 11, ndiye '" ngati George Bush adaganizadi kuti America ili pankhondo. Iwo sanali kukayikira chikhalidwe cha kuukira. Iwo ankangodabwa ngati Pulezidenti wa ku United States ankadziwa kuti nkhondo yeniyeni ndi yotani. Ku Lebanoni, muyenera kukumbukira, amuna, akazi ndi ana 150,000 anaphedwa m'zaka 16; 17,500 a iwo "" pafupifupi kuwirikiza kasanu ndi chiwonkhetso cha anthu amene anafa pa September 11, ndipo pafupifupi anthu wamba '" anaphedwa m'chilimwe cha 1982, pamene Israeli anaukira dziko lawo laling'ono, kuwukira kumene US inapereka. kuwala kobiriwira.
Ndipo nthawi zambiri, anthu akufa "makamaka ku Lebanoni, ndipo kawirikawiri m'madera olandidwa ndi Israeli" akuphedwa ndi zida za America. M'tawuni ya Palestina ya Beit Jala, mwachitsanzo, pafupifupi mizinga yonse yomwe inaponyedwa m'nyumba za Palestina inapangidwa ndi kampani ya Boeing. Ndi dziko la Aarabu lokha lomwe ndi lodabwitsa kwambiri: kuti kampani yomweyi yomwe modzitukumula idapanga zidazo "'zonse za m'modzi ndi imodzi kwa onse' ndi chizindikiro cha missile ya Boeing's Hellfire" inapanganso ndege zomwe zidazolowera. kuukira United States. Atapirira zida za kampaniyo, Aarabu anasandutsanso ndege zawo kukhala zida.
Sizikuwakhululukira omwe adapha Seputembara 11 mlandu wawo woyipa wotsutsana ndi anthu kuti alembe kuti ku Middle East, nthawi zambiri mumamva lingaliro loti US ikudziwa zomwe zimavutira. Sizinalinganizidwe kusonyeza kuti United States imayenera kukhala ndi zoopsa zoterezi; Chiyembekezo chochepa chabe choti anthu aku America amvetsetsa momwe ena avutikira ku Middle East pazaka zapitazi. Ndiyenera kunena, ndithudi, kuti ili si phunziro limene Achimereka ali ndi maganizo aliwonse oti aphunzire.
Zowonadi, chimodzi mwazinthu zodabwitsa kwambiri "" komanso zopanda pake" zomwe zidachitika pambuyo pa Seputembara 11 America ndi njira yomwe boma la Bush lasinthira mosasunthika kusakira zigawenga zapadziko lonse lapansi kukhala nkhondo yolimbana ndi Mdyerekezi wobadwa m'thupi. Mdyerekezi adayamba ndi ndevu komanso chizolowezi chokhala m'mapanga aku Afghan. Kenako zidapezeka kuti adavala bereti yankhondo ndipo anali ndi chidwi ndi mpweya wapoizoni komanso zida zowononga kwambiri. Ndipo pofika sabata yatha, pamene Richard Armitage ankanena kuti Hizbollah ikhoza kukhala 'A-timu ya zigawenga' '" al-Qa'ida akutsitsidwa kukhala 'B-team' '' Mdyerekezi anali atasamuka kuchoka ku Baghdad kupita ku Beirut. . Kuwonjezera pa zonsezi Iran ndi Mtsogoleri Wokondedwa yemwe si Msilamu yemwe amakhala ku North Korea ndipo alidi ndi zida za nyukiliya '" chifukwa chake sitidzamuwombera "" ndipo chithunzi chodabwitsa kwambiri cha dziko chikuwonekera. Mwambiri, komabe, dzikolo, ngakhale litapotozedwa, ndi dziko lachi Muslim.
Tsopano, pamodzi ndi kusinthaku kwabwera ndondomeko zonse zowonetsera kupambana kwa chitukuko chathu cha Kumadzulo "" zokhazikika pa kufunikira kwa dziko la Aarabu kusangalala ndi 'demokalase'. Aka si nthawi yoyamba kuti US akuwopseza Arabu ndi demokalase, koma ndi ntchito dodgy kwa mbali zonse ziwiri: choyamba, chifukwa Arabu alibe kwambiri demokalase; chachiwiri, chifukwa ambiri Aarabu angafune pang'ono; ndipo chachitatu, chifukwa maiko omwe angafune zinthu zamtengo wapatalizi akuphatikizapo Saudi Arabia, Egypt ndi maulamuliro ena omwe Achimereka angafune kuwateteza m'malo mowawononga ndi zoyesayesa za demokalase. A Palestine, Purezidenti Bush watiuza, ayenera kukhala ndi demokalase. Ma Iraqi ayenera kukhala ndi demokalase. Iran iyenera kukhala ndi demokalase. Koma ayi, zikuwoneka, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Egypt, Syria ndi ena onse. Mwachidziwikire, mapulojekiti onse ofunitsitsawa ayambitsa zokambirana zambiri kumayiko achiarabu '" mwina chimodzi mwa zipatso zochepa za Seputembara 11 zomwe sizinakhale zowawa.
Kafukufuku waposachedwapa ku United States "" wolembedwa ndi Pippa Norris ku Harvard ndi Ronald Inglehart wa ku yunivesite ya Michigan "" adawonetsa motsimikiza kuti 'kusamvana kwachitukuko' kwa Samuel Huntington ndi katundu wakale wakale. Kafukufuku wapeza kuti Asilamu anali okonda kwambiri demokalase monga azungu '" mwachiwonekere palibe Akhristu otsala "" ndipo nthawi zina amakhala okondwa kwambiri kuposa aku America ndi ena. Kusiyana pakati pa awiriwa kudawonekera pazachikhalidwe; za kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ufulu wa amayi, kuchotsa mimba ndi kusudzulana. Norris ndi Inglehart adatsimikiza kuti kungakhale kufewetsa kwambiri kunena kuti Asilamu ndi azungu amakhala ndi malingaliro osiyana pa ndale.
Kwa masabata angapo apitawa, aluntha achiarabu akhala akuwonjezera gloss yawo pa izi, makamaka ku Egypt. Iwo akhala akutsutsa Huntington. Aigupto ndi a Moroccan komanso Saudis akhala akuyesera kuti ateteze chikhalidwe cha Arabism, kukana lingaliro la 'kufalikira kwapadziko lonse' '' liwu lomwe ndimadana nalo koma lomwe limatembenuzidwa mu Chiarabu ngati. awalameh (kwenikweni 'World inclusivity') '“ Ndipo ganizo loti kudalirana kwa mayiko ndikogwirizana ndi Azungu ndipo kutsutsana nawo ndikutsutsana ndi chitukuko. Koma chitukuko si demokalase, ndipo funso limakhalabe: chifukwa chiyani palibe demokalase yayikulu m'dziko la Aarabu? Ngakhale Ayatollah Khomeini adapanga makina aumulungu kuti amasule demokalase ya anthu aku Iran, zisankho za Iran, komanso kupambana mobwerezabwereza kwa Purezidenti Mohammad Khatami, mosakayikira zinali zachilungamo; Ndemanga za a Bush za momwe akufuna 'kubweretsa demokalase ku Iran' zasokonekera.
Koma ndi Aarabu amene sanakhazikitsepo dziko la ndale zamakono. Ngati akanatero, kodi September 11 akanapewedwa? Ili linali lingaliro loyambirira la Chitsamba; odzipha, adadziwitsa dziko lapansi, adaukira America chifukwa 'adadana ndi demokalase'. Vuto ndilakuti opha anthu 19 sakanadziwa kuti demokalase ndi chiyani akadadzuka nayo pakama. Koma tisapewe funso: chifukwa chiyani apolisi amangonena ndi zipinda zozunzirako m'dziko la Aarabu?
Wolemba mbiri akhoza kutchula zaka mazana ambiri zapitazo. Pamene Ankhondo a Mtanda anafika ku Middle East m’zaka za zana la 11, anali Aarabu amene anali asayansi; Azungu '" a 'Franj' '" anali osadziwika bwino pazandale ndi zaumisiri. Ndipo pamene Arabu anayamba kukhala mtundu wa dongosolo chikhalidwe pansi zotsalira za Abbasid mu Spain medieval, mu Andalusia El Cid, Aarabu "" pamodzi ndi Akhristu ndi Ayuda abale ndi alongo "" anakumana chinachake ngati kutsitsimuka chikhalidwe. Ku Middle East, komabe, Aarabu adawona kuti akukakamizidwa ndi a Kumadzulo "" kuchokera ku mphamvu zankhondo zakumadzulo ndi mphamvu zachuma" ndipo adapitiliza kuteteza. Kufunsa caliph wanu '' kapena, choipitsitsa, kupita patsogolo mu nzeru zaumulungu '' kunali njira yosokoneza, ngakhale chinyengo. Pamene mdani ali pazipata, inu simumakayikira ulamuliro. M'malo monga anthu aku America pambuyo pa Seputembara 11 "pamene kufunafuna zolinga zakupha kunkawoneka ngati chinthu chofanana ndi mlandu "" kufunsa kwanzeru kulikonse kunali koletsedwa. Maulamuliro a Kumadzulo adachitanso chimodzimodzi kwa Aluya pambuyo pa nkhondo ya 1914-18. Anadula ufumu wa Ottoman, kuwaza olamulira ankhanza ndi mafumu ku Middle East, kenako "" ku Egypt ndi Lebanon, mwachitsanzo "" anatsekera aliyense wotsutsana ndi boma. Ngati otsutsa sakanapeza mphamvu pazandale mwademokalase… chabwino, akanapanga a coup d'état. Ndipo izi zakhala tsogolo la ku Middle East kuyambira pomwe: kuukira kotsatizana "" m'malo mwa kuwukira kwa mtundu waku Iran" komwe kumayenera kuthandizidwa ndi magulu ankhondo ndi apolisi achinsinsi ndi zipinda zozunzirako anthu.
Ku gulu la makolo "" ndi ku gulu lomwe kunalibe chitukuko chaumulungu chofanana ndi kubadwanso kwatsopano kwa European "" kunawonjezedwa kutsimikiza mtima kwathu kwa azungu kuchirikiza maulamuliro opanda demokalase. Tikadakhala ndi demokalase ku Middle East, anthu omwe amakhala kumeneko sangachite zomwe tikufuna. Chifukwa chake tidathandizira mafumu ndi akalonga ndi akazembe omwe adachita zomwe tidafuna, pokhapokha atatulutsa mwadzidzidzi ngalande ya Suez, kuponya mabomba ku Berlin disco kapena kuukira Kuwait, pomwe tidawaphulitsa. Osama bin Laden sanachite mwangozi kuti awononge malasha akalewa. Akufuna kugwa kwa ulamuliro wa Saudi "" momwe ayenera kuti adakondera mphunzitsi wa bungwe la Rand yemwe adatcha Saudi Arabia 'koro la zoipa'" ndipo akufuna kugwa kwa olamulira ankhanza a Aarabu aku Western.
M'kati mwa mawu okhotakhota omwe akutuluka ku Washington '" mkangano wa zilankhulo ukumveka mokulira ngati liwu lenileni la bin Laden '" zikukhala zovuta kukhulupirira kuti Mr Bush akukonzekera mtundu uliwonse wa demokalase ku Iraq. Kapena ku 'Palestine'. Kupatula apo, Yasser Arafat sanakanidwe chifukwa chakulephera kupanga demokalase; iye anakanidwa chifukwa sanagwire ntchito ya wolamulira mwankhanza mokwanira. Analephera kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi bata m'magawo ang'onoang'ono a malo omwe adapatsidwa chifukwa cha maudindo ake abwino.
Koma chinachake chachikulu kwambiri chikuchitika lero. Pafupifupi mayiko onse achiarabu akuimiridwa ndi United States, molimbikitsidwa ndi Israeli. Palestine iyenera kukhala ndi 'kusintha kwaulamuliro'; Iraq iyenera kukhala ndi 'kusintha kwaulamuliro'; Iran "" posachedwa akuimbidwa mlandu, popanda umboni uliwonse, kutumiza golide wa al-Qa'ida kupita ku Sudan "ayenera kukhala ndi demokalase; Saudi Arabia ndi 'njere ya zoipa'; Syria tsopano iyenera kuloledwa chifukwa cha 'kuthandizira uchigawenga'; Lebanon ikuimbidwa mlandu wosunga mamembala a al-Qa'ida '" zabodza, koma zomwe zayamba kale kulowa. The New York Times; ndipo Yordani atha kukhala ngati poyambira kuwukira kwa Iraqi (komwe, mwina, kungatanthauze kutsazika kwa mfumu yathu yaying'ono). Dziko la United States likusiya thandizo lazachuma ku Egypt chifukwa limatsekera munthu waku Egypt waku America chifukwa chonena zoona "kuti zisankho zaku Egypt ndi zachinyengo. Kodi, Aarabu akudzifunsa okha, kodi Achimereka ali nawo? Kodi akukonzekera kusintha mapu a Middle East? Kodi ichi chizikhalanso ntchito ina yokonzekera atsamunda, yofanana ndi yomwe Britain ndi France idachita pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse? Kodi tikukonzekera kugwetsa maulamuliro onse achiarabu?
Mwanjira ina, kodi tsopano tikuyesera kutembenuza buku lachitatu la Huntington kukhala nkhani yopambana? Kodi tsopano tikuyamba kulimbana kwa zitukuko? Kuyambira kale, Asilamu ndi Azungu sanagawikanepo motere, mikangano yawo ikukulirakulira kwambiri "" ndipo ziyembekezo za Aarabu zidadzutsidwa mwachinyengo. Sitikukonzekeranso kupatsa Arabu amenewo 'demokalase' kuposa momwe tidakonzera kuti tikwaniritse lonjezo lathu la ufulu wodzilamulira kumapeto kwa nkhondo ya 1914-18. Chomwe tikufuna kuchita ndikuwabwezeretsa pansi pa ulamuliro wathu wolimba, kutsimikizira kukhulupirika kwawo. Ngati Nyumba ya Saud ikugwa mwakufuna kwake, aku America akuwoneka kuti akunena, ndiye kuti igwe. Ngati Mfumu Abdullah ya Jordan sasewera mpira pa mapulani aku Iraq, ali ndi phindu lanji? M'manyuzipepala achiarabu, pali kukayikira pang'onopang'ono koma kukukulirakulira kuti 'kusintha kwaulamuliro' kungakhale kusintha kwa Middle East.
Koma tiyeni tikumbukire zinthu ziwiri; kuti omwe anapha September 11anali Arabu. Ndipo iwo anali Asilamu. Ndipo dziko la Aarabu silinachite mtsutso pa izi. Pakhala pali nkhani zambiri zotsutsana ndi izi: kuti akupha a 19 anali kugwira ntchito kwa Achimereka kapena Israeli; kuti mazana a Ayuda Achimereka anachenjezedwa kuti asapite kuntchito pa tsiku la chiukirocho; ngakhale kuti ndegezo zinali zoyendetsedwa patali ndipo zinalibe oyendetsa konse. Zinyalala zachibwana komanso nthawi zina zowononga anthu ambiri amakhulupirira m'madera ena a ku Middle East. Chilichonse choyimba mlandu, kupewa chowonadi.
Ndipo ndi chinthu chachilendo chimene chikuchitika tsopano. Anthu aku America akufuna kuti dziko lonse lapansi lidziwe kuti ophawo anali Aarabu. Koma safuna kukambirana za tsoka la dera limene anachokera. Aarabu, kumbali ina, akufuna kukambirana za tsoka lawo "" koma akufuna kukana kuti Arabu ndi ndani wakupha. Achimereka apanga fano labodza la dziko la Aarabu, akulipanga ndi zilombo ndi olamulira ankhanza. Ma Arabu atengera malingaliro olakwika a US, akukhulupirira malonjezo ake a 'demokalase' koma akulephera kumvetsetsa kuchuluka kwa mkwiyo waku America ambiri akumvabe chifukwa cha ziwawazo.
Komabe pali milingo iwiri yogwira ntchito pano. George Bush atha kudzudzula kuphedwa kwa ophunzira aku Israeli aku Israeli kuti akumukwiyitsa, koma mwachidwi kupha ana aku Palestine ndi bomba lomwe linagwetsedwa mu ndege ya Israeli yopangidwa ndi US ngati 'yolemera'. Komabe si mawu omvetsa chisoni a Purezidenti Bush okha, koma miyezo iwiri ya anthu onse. Izi ndi zomwe ndikutanthauza. Lero, pa 11 September, manyuzipepala ndi ma TV athu adzaza ndi zithunzi zonyansa za nsanja ziwirizi ndi kubadwa kwake kwa Baibulo. Tidzakumbukira ndi kulemekeza zikwi za anthu amene anafa. Koma m’nthaŵi ya masiku asanu okha, Apalestina adzakumbukira kupha kwawo kwa September 1982. Kodi kandulo imodzi idzayatsidwa kwa iwo Kumadzulo? Kodi padzakhala mwambo umodzi wachikumbutso? Kodi nyuzipepala imodzi yaku America ingayerekeze kukumbukira zankhanzazi? Kodi nyuzipepala imodzi ya ku Britain idzakumbukira chaka cha 20 cha kuphedwa kochuluka kumeneku kwa anthu osalakwa 1,700? Kodi ndikufunikanso kupereka yankho?
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