Onani zolemba zoyambira Wopanda kuti muwone zithunzi zosaneneka zomwe zikutsagana ndi nkhaniyi.
M'mbiri yazaka 150 ya ogwira ntchito ku San Francisco Bay Area, chochitika chamadzi ndi chomwe chinachitika zaka 70 zapitazo - kumenyedwa kwakukulu kwa San Francisco. Chaka chimenecho, amalinyero, oyendetsa ngalawa, ndi ena ogwira ntchito panyanja anatseka madoko onse ku West Coast, kuyesera kupanga mgwirizano ndi kuthetsa kukondera, malipiro ochepa ndi masiku otopetsa a maola 10 ndi 12. Eni zombo anaika akasinja ndi mfuti m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndipo anayesa kuswa sitalaka.
Pachimake cha nkhondo yowawa yantchito imeneyi, apolisi anawombera miyandamiyanda ya onyanyala ntchito, kupha omenyera ufulu wa mabungwe aลตiri. Kenako ogwira ntchito adatseka mzinda wonse ndikunyanyala, ndipo kwa masiku anayi palibe chomwe chidasuntha ku San Francisco. Kunyanyalako kunapatsa antchito mphamvu yofotokozedwa mu vesi la nyimbo ya mgwirizano "Solidarity Forever": "Popanda ubongo ndi minofu yathu, palibe gudumu limodzi lomwe lingatembenuke."
Kunyanyala ntchitoku ndi kutha kwa nthawi yomwe, kwa zaka 70, zoyesayesa za ogwira ntchito zopanga mabungwe zidakumana ndi ziwawa komanso kuwomberana. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1930, International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) inali imodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri m'dzikolo; ogwira ntchito anali ndi holo yolemba ntchito m'malo mwa mawonekedwe ochititsa manyazi omwe amafunikira kupempha ntchito, ndipo ogwira ntchito kumbali zonse ziwiri za gombeli anali otanganidwa kumanga mabungwe ena, komanso mabungwe andale omwe pamapeto pake adasankha mameya ndikutumiza oyimira ntchito ku Congress. . Kunyanyalako kunasonyeza chiyambi cha ntchito yathu yamakono.
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zachititsa kuti mabungwe azigwira ntchito bwino kwambiri chinali kukonzanso dongosolo la chipukuta misozi kwa ogwira ntchito pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti ogwira ntchito ovulala ndi odwala alandira chipukuta misozi chokwanira kwa owalemba ntchito kuti apulumuke.
Ngakhale kuti California idapereka lamulo loyamba la malipiro a antchito, lamulo la Compensation Act, mu 1911, kutenga nawo mbali kwa olemba ntchito kunali kodzifunira ndipo kunakhala kokakamizika zaka ziwiri pambuyo pake. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosololi kunali kukhudzidwa kwa kuchuluka kwa kuvulala kwa malo ogwira ntchito kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana limodzi ndi zotsatira za kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake komwe kunkafuna kuchepetsa mphamvu zamakampani akuluakulu. Boma lidakhazikitsa thumba la chipukuta misozi mu 1914 kuti lipereke dongosolo lomwe mtengo wake udatsitsidwa pochotsa mabungwe a inshuwaransi ndi phindu lawo. Pakutha kwa Depression, mabungwe 18 a inshuwaransi adasowa, pomwe thumba la boma lidapitilira kulipira antchito ovulala.
Zaka za m'ma 1930 ndi m'ma 40s anali apamwamba kwambiri mu mphamvu ya ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale ndi amanja. Panthawiyo, magalimoto anali atalowa m'malo mwa ngolo zokokedwa ndi akavalo zomwe zinagwiritsa ntchito Teamsters oyambirira a m'deralo. Ogwira ntchito pamisonkhano ankagwira ntchito m'mafakitale akuluakulu, kutulutsa magalimoto ndi zipangizo zamagetsi; ogwira ntchito yomanga anamanga milatho yomwe imayenda m'mphepete mwa nyanjayi ndipo amalinyero masauzande ambiri ndi anthu ena ogwira ntchito m'madzi anayenda pa sitima zapamadzi zomwe zinkadzaza malo otsetsereka.
Mabungwe azaka za m'ma 30s adathetsa zovuta zomwe zidalipo zaka 70 zapitazi - masiku a maola khumi ndi masabata amasiku asanu ndi limodzi, mikhalidwe yantchito yomwe imatha kudwalitsa ndi kupha, malipiro omwe sangadyetse banja komanso kuopa kuchotsedwa ntchito mopanda chilungamo. . Zosintha zomwe mabungwe adapambana m'zaka za m'ma 30 ndi 40 zidapanga maziko azachuma kuti mabanja ambiri ogwira ntchito agule nyumba ndikutumiza ana awo ku koleji. Boma lidayankha popanga dongosolo la mayunivesite ndi makoleji ammudzi ndipo, kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, adalonjeza kuti mwana aliyense wogwira ntchito yemwe wamaliza maphunziro a kusekondale apeza malo m'modzi mwa iwo. Dongosolo loyamba lolipidwa ndi owalemba ntchito mdzikolo lidayamba m'malo osungiramo zombo za Richmond.
Kukhala mโbungweli kunapatsa antchito ochokera mโzikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana chikhalidwe chofanana, chokhala ndi nyimbo zakezake zantchito ndi zochita zomangidwa mozungulira holo, kuyambira maseลตera ndi usodzi, kuvina, kudya ndi zochitika zina zachitukuko.
Komabe, m'zaka za m'ma 30s ndi 40s, ogwira ntchito ku Bay Area adagawidwa mwamphamvu ndi mtundu ndi kugonana. "Mzere wamtundu" unalepheretsa anthu aku Africa-America kupeza ntchito zaluso mu zomangamanga, mafakitale ndi ntchito zapagulu monga moto ndi apolisi. Azimayi ankatha kugwira ntchito zina, koma sankagwira ntchito zolipira kwambiri. Kunyanyala kwakukulu kudapangitsa ming'alu yoyamba pakhomalo pomwe omenyera akutali adalonjeza kuti, ngati anthu aku Africa-America athandizira ntchitoyi, akakamiza makampani oyendetsa sitima kuti asiye mzere wamtundu pamadoko.
Lonjezoli linakwaniritsidwa, ndipo masiku ano anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi ambiri mwa ogwira ntchito mโmadoko. Pakadali pano, ntchito yanthawi yankhondo m'malo osungiramo zombo idakopa anthu ambiri aku Africa-America kuchokera m'nyumba zakum'mwera kupita kumadera atsopano ku California. Mabanja akuda omwe amakhala ku West Oakland ndi Fillmore ndi Western Addition ku San Francisco anali ndi moyo wokhazikika wachikhalidwe, ndi makalabu ake okhala ndi jazz ndi bebop, pomwe lonjezo la ntchito linapatsa mbadwo watsopano kukhala wotetezeka.
Koma sizinali mpaka bungwe lomenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe la zaka za m'ma 1960 pomwe mzere wamitundu udatsika m'malo ambiri, chifukwa cha malamulo ovomerezeka okhudza ntchito kuyambira malo omanga mpaka nyumba zowotcha. Ziwonetsero ndi ziwonetsero zogwira ntchito zidapinduliranso azimayi ambiri. Chowonadi lerolino, komabe, ndi chakuti amayi ambiri ndi antchito amitundu yambiri amapeza ndalama zochepa ndipo alibe ntchito kuposa ogwira ntchito onse. Kufanana kudakali ntchito yochuluka yomwe ikuchitika.
Kusamukira kudziko lina, nakonso, kunasintha ntchito ndi mafakitale. Osamukira ku Europe ndi mbadwa zawo adapanga anthu ogwira ntchito pantchito zabwino kwambiri muzachuma cha Bay Area chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, pantchito yomanga, mayendedwe ndi mafakitale. Pakadali pano, osamukira ku China, Japan, Mexico ndi Philippines adakhetsa mtsinje wa San Joaquin, adakulitsa ulimi womwe udakhala maziko achuma chaboma, adayala njanji, adapereka chakudya ndikutsuka zovala.
Kusamuka kunabweretsa mavuto ochepa kwa anthu ochokera ku Ulaya, koma ogwira ntchito ku Asia ndi Latin America ankazunzidwa ndi kuthamangitsidwa, makamaka pamene ulova unakula. Ngakhale lero anthu othawa kwawowa akupanga gawo lomwe likuwonjezeka la anthu ogwira ntchito m'madera ambiri, kusagwirizana chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha anthu othawa kwawo, ndi kukwera kwa zigawenga ndi kuthamangitsidwa, kumakhalabe.
Ndi nkhondo yozizira ya 1950s ndi 60s, komabe, zinthu zambiri zinasintha kwa ogwira ntchito ku Bay Area. Zina mwa zosinthazo zinali funso lomwe likuchulukirachulukira lokhudza kukwanira kwa njira zolipirira antchito. Mlandu umodzi umene unasonyeza kukayikirako unali wa Marcos Vela.
Vela anayamba kugwira ntchito pafakitale ya asbestos ya Johns-Manville ku Pittsburg, California, mu 1935. Mu 1959, kampaniyo inayamba kuyezetsa magazi kuti izindikire matenda a mโmapapo. Dokotala wina wa kampani anachita x-ray pachifuwa ndipo anapeza zizindikiro za asbestosis. Koma palibe amene adamuuza Vela. Mu 1962, chinthu chomwecho chinachitika ndipo kachiwiri mu 1965. Mu 1968, x-ray ya Vela inasonyeza maonekedwe a "glass glass". Koma kampaniyo idamuuzanso kuti ali bwino, ngakhale adayamba kutsokomola ndikulephera kupuma. Chakumapeto kwa chaka chimenecho, adagonekedwa m'chipatala ndipo sanabwererenso kumunda.
Mlandu wa Vela udakhala chizindikiro cha kulephera kwa dongosolo lomwe lilipo lachitetezo ndi thanzi lantchito ndipo adathandizira kupambana ndi gawo la Occupational Safety and Health Act, losainidwa ndi Purezidenti Nixon. Koma mlandu wa Vela ndi wa anthu ena omwe adazunzidwa ndi asbestosis adawonetsanso malire a chipukuta misozi cha ogwira ntchito. Christopher Boggs akulankhula zonena kuti olemba anzawo ntchito aziyeretsa malo owopsa pantchito kuti apewe malipiro apamwamba. "Likulu la anthu (mtengo wa wogwira ntchito) unakhala mphamvu yoyendetsera dongosolo lachitetezo," akutero, ndikuwonjezera kuti, "kuzindikira kufunika kwa ogwira ntchito ndi zochitika zina pakati pa 1900 ndi 1911 kunathandizira kulimbikitsa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka anthu. Social system of workers' compensation."
Komabe, ndalama zolipirira inshuwaransi zapamwamba sizinalepheretse a Johns Manville kukhala ndi malo ogwirira ntchito omwe amayambitsa khansa, kapena kunamiza antchito ake. Vela ndi ogwira nawo ntchito adayenera kukhala ndi ufulu wosuma mlandu a Johns Manville kuti atsimikizire kuti ali ndi udindo komanso kuti apambane ndalama zokwanira.
Chikhalidwe cha ndale champhamvu chimene chinamanga migwirizano ya zaka khumi zapitazo chinasokonekera panthaลตi ya nkhondo yozizira. Mwadzidzidzi, ogwira ntchito anafunika kutsimikizira kukhulupirika kwawo kuti ayende pa sitima yapamadzi kapena kuphunzitsa pasukulu, ndipo amene analephera mayeso, kapena kukana kupirira nawo, anachotsedwa ntchito ndi kulembedwa mโndandanda. Mabungwe ambiri adakhala osamala kwambiri poyankha ndipo adataya chikhalidwe champhamvu chomwe chidawapangitsa kukhala gawo la moyo wa ogwira ntchito. Ena anamenya nkhondo molimbika ndikuletsa atsogoleri awo kuti asathamangitsidwe, monga adayesa Purezidenti wa ILWU Harry Bridges ndi mtsogoleri wa bungwe la cannery Lucio Bernabe. Iwo anapambana mโmakhoti oteteza ufulu wa ndale ndipo anapitirizabe kulimbikitsa anthu kuti akhale ndi moyo wabwino.
Koma kusintha kwa luso lamakono kunasintha kwambiri ntchito mโzaka makumi angapo zotsatira ndipo kunakhudzanso mphamvu ya mabungwe. Pamadoko, mgwirizanowu unali wamphamvu ngati kale, koma chiลตerengero cha ogwira ntchito mโmphepete mwa nyanja chinatsika ndi kufika pa gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a zimene zinali pa nthawi ya sitiraka ya anthu onse, popeza ziboliboli zazikulu za makontena zinaloลตa mโmalo mwa mbedza yakale ndi ukonde wonyamula katundu. Kusintha kofananako kwaukadaulo kunakhudza ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale. Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 1970, olemba ntchito akuluakulu adasamukira kudziko lina ndipo mafakitale akuluakulu a Bay Area anayamba kutsekedwa. Kusamuka kovutirapo ndi ulova zidawononga mabanja ogwira ntchito, pomwe malo akale amafakitale adachepa pang'ono pomwe anali. M'mizinda ngati Oakland ndi Richmond, yomwe inali anthu ogwira ntchito athanzi, madera oyandikana nawo, makamaka aku Africa-America, adawonongeka ndi zotsatira zake - ulova wamuyaya, umphawi komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Mafakitale atsopano adawuka nthawi yomweyo, ngakhale osati m'malo omwe kale anali mafakitale, koma m'malo ngati South Bay. Zopangira ma semiconductor ndi makina apakompyuta zidapanga mwayi wantchito kwa anthu obwera kumene, makamaka ochokera ku Asia Pacific rim. San Francisco ndi East Bay anakumana ndi kuphulika kwa ntchito zamakampani ogwira ntchito - ogwira ntchito m'magalasi atsopano ndi nsanja zaofesi zazitsulo, ogwira ntchito m'chipatala m'makampani a zaumoyo ndi ogwira ntchito zamalonda m'mabwalo akuluakulu omwe adalowa m'malo mwa masitolo akale a mumzindawu.
Koma ntchito zatsopanozi sizinali zofanana ndi zomwe anasintha. Nthaลตi zambiri malipiro ake anali otsika, malipiro anali ochepa, ntchito inali yosakhalitsa, ndipo mochititsa kaso, mabwanawa ankadana kwambiri ndi mabungwe. Choncho, kuyambira mโma 1980, gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito linayambanso kuyambiranso, kuthandiza mโbadwo watsopano wa ogwira ntchito kuti umvetsetse ubwino wochita zinthu mwadongosolo, zimene sitiraka ya anthu onse inafotokoza momveka bwino kwa mโbadwo wina.
Kukula kwamakampani opanga zida zapamwamba kudabweretsanso zovuta zatsopano pakuyesa kuteteza chitetezo ndi thanzi la ogwira ntchito. Ngakhale kuti makampaniwa anali ndi chithunzithunzi choyera, opanda utsi wonyezimira woipitsidwa, kugwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira zapoizoni ndi mankhwala ena kunadzetsa mafunde aakulu a antchito ovulala ndi akupha. Nthawi zambiri ogwira ntchito ankanena kuti kukhudzana ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi mankhwala ambiri nthawi imodzi kumawapangitsa kukhala okhudzidwa kwambiri kotero kuti samatha ngakhale kuyenda pansi pa njira yotsukira m'sitolo popanda zowawa. Kafukufuku, ngakhale omwe amapangidwa ndi mafakitale, adawonetsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa zilema zobadwa pakati pa ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale a semiconductor.
Njira yolipirira antchito nthawi zambiri inali yosakwanira popenda zoopsazi ndi kutsimikizira ogwira ntchito za chipukuta misozi ndi chithandizo chokwanira. Ogwira ntchito ena okhudzidwa adapanga gulu la Disabled Workers United kuti likakamize kuletsa mankhwala ena ndi udindo wamakampani chifukwa chovulaza. Iwo ankaona kuti njira zolipirira anthu ogwira ntchito nโzokomera owalemba ntchito mopambanitsa chifukwa zinali zovuta kuti apeze ndalama zolipiridwa ndi mankhwala ndipo zinkachititsa kuti olemba anzawo ntchito asamakhale ndi mlandu.
Nthawi yomweyo, malamulo operekedwa mokakamizidwa ndi ogwira ntchito, opangidwa kuti alimbikitse kulinganiza mabungwe ndi kuteteza zopindulitsa za anthu monga inshuwaransi ya ulova ndi Social Security, adawukiridwa ndi mafunde achitetezo ku Sacramento ndi Washington. Malipiro a nthawi yowonjezereka, omwe amapindula kupyolera mu mibadwo ya ziwonetsero ndi zionetsero, adachotsedwa pa antchito mamiliyoni asanu ndi limodzi m'dziko lonse. Zotsatira zake, pamene mabungwe a Bay Area adaphatikizapo oposa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a antchito onse m'zaka za m'ma 1950, lero akuimira osachepera theka la iwo.
Komabe, pamene mabungwe amalimbana ndi chikhalidwe chatsopanochi, antchito ambiri adapeza ufulu watsopano. Gulu la ogwira ntchito m'mafamu, kuyambira cha m'ma 1960, linakhazikitsa ufulu wa ogwira ntchito osauka kwambiri m'boma kupanga mabungwe ndikukhala ndi moyo wabwino. Mgwirizanowu unathetsa nkhanza monga khasu lodziwika bwino lachidule, kukhudzana ndi mankhwala oopsa komanso kusowa kwa zimbudzi ndi madzi akumwa m'minda. Pa nthawi ya mphamvu zake zazikulu mu 1970s ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, malipiro a ogwira ntchito pafamu ya mgwirizano anali osachepera kuwirikiza malipiro ocheperapo, mlingo wapamwamba kwambiri womwe adapezapo.
Kusuntha kwa ogwira ntchito kumidzi kunathandizidwa kwambiri ndi ogwira ntchito m'tauni kudzera mu kunyanyala kwa zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba. Kumadera akumidzi ku California, Chicanos, Mexico ndi Filipinos adatha kuthetsa tsankho m'masukulu ndi ntchito zapagulu. A United Farm Workers nawonso anathandiza kutsitsimulanso mzimu womenyana wa mabungwe ena ndi kuwathandiza kuti aphunzirenso njira zokonzekera za gulu la anthu.
Ogwira ntchito zaboma, adakanidwa ufulu wokonzekera ndikumenya mpaka m'ma 30s ndi 40s, adakhala ena mwa mamembala okangalika komanso ochulukira mgulu la ogwira ntchito pofika m'ma 1980. Aphunzitsi ndi anamwino atayamba kupanga mabungwe m'zaka za m'ma 50s, adayenera kusiya ntchito zawo pochita ziwonetsero pofuna kukakamiza mabungwe aboma kuti achitepo kanthu. Masiku ano, malamulo amaika malipiro ochepa m'kalasi ndipo amateteza ufulu wokonzekera, pamene m'zipatala, ogwira ntchito apambana malamulo atsopano okhazikitsa chiwerengero chochepa cha antchito, kuteteza ntchito ndi odwala.
Izi zapangitsa kuti mabungwe ogwira ntchito za boma akhale chandamale cha ufulu wa ndale, womwe umafuna kuchepetsa mphamvu za mgwirizanowu pomenyana ndi malo omwe gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito tsopano liri lamphamvu kwambiri. Vuto lalikulu kwambiri lazachuma kuyambira pamavuto azachuma lakhala chifukwa chochepetsera maphunziro, ntchito zapagulu ndi ntchito, pomwe misonkho yoperekedwa ndi mabungwe ndi olemera ikupitilirabe kutsika.
Kukwera mtengo kwa inshuwaransi ya chipukuta misozi ya ogwira ntchito kunakhala nkhani yotsutsana kwambiri kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000 ndipo ngongole zotsutsana za "kusintha" zinaperekedwa ndi Democrats ndi Republican. M'zaka zomwe mabungwe adakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri ku Sacramento, adakonza zosintha kuti achepetse ndalama ndikuteteza ufulu wa ogwira ntchito kuti alandire malipiro okwanira. Mabungwe atataya mphamvu, kusintha kwasintha komwe kunapangitsa kuti anthu masauzande ambiri asalandire phindu. Kupitirizabe kupulumuka kwa dongosolo la malipiro a ogwira ntchito monga lomwe lingapereke phindu lokwanira kwa ogwira ntchito ovulala ndi odwala likuwonekera momveka bwino kuposa kale lonse kumangiriridwa ndi kukula ndi mphamvu za kayendetsedwe ka ntchito.
Ogwira ntchito zaka zana zapitazo amapeza kuti Bay Area ndi malo osiyana kwambiri. Mafakitale atsopano alowa m'malo akale. Mabungwe amavomerezedwa kwambiri mwalamulo, koma amayenera kumenya nkhondo molimbika. Chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito ndi zopindulitsa zakhala zikudziwika mwalamulo, koma zikuwukiridwa. Tsankho la mtundu ndi kugonana likadalipobe, koma kumenyera nkhondo kuti lithetse kwapeza zipambano zofunika.
Ndipo nโzimene asilikali akale a sitalaka yonseyo angazindikire bwino lomwe. Dziko limafunikira ntchito ya ogwira ntchito masiku ano monga momwe linkafunira antchito akale. Ndipo kuyesetsa kwa anthu ogwira ntchito ku Bay Area kuti apambane mphamvu, kufanana ndi moyo wabwino kwa mabanja awo kukuchitikabe, kutentha komanso mwakhama monga kale. Yankho lawo ku mavuto amenewo - kukhala okonzeka mu migwirizano yamphamvu ndi ya demokalase - ndi lomwe mabanja ogwira ntchito amafunafuna lero.
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