Chimphona chachikulu chopangira magetsi cha Najibiya chili chete. Ngati mainjiniya aku Russia omwe adapanga zida zoyambira zaka 30 zapitazo adayima kuti awone, zitha kukhala zovuta kuzindikira makinawo: kwazaka zambiri mainjiniya aku Iraq asintha mbali zambiri zabuluu zoyambira ndi zoyera ndi imvi. zida zosinthira.
Kudutsa msewu magetsi amazima. Yaruub Jasim, mkulu woyangโanira magetsi mโchigawo cha kumwera, mwamuna wooneka bwino wa zaka zake za mโma 23 wovala bwino suti yotuwa, akupepesa. 'Nthawi zambiri timakhala ndi mphamvu maola XNUMX patsiku koma lero pali vuto. Tinayenera kukonza makina opangira magetsiwa mu Okutobala, koma tinalibe zida zosinthira komanso ndalama.โ
Magawo ofunikira amayenera kuperekedwa ndi Bechtel, kampani yaku California yomwe imayang'anira kukonza magetsi pansi pa mgwirizano wokonzanso zomangamanga za Iraqยน. Mgwirizanowu udaperekedwa popanda kupikisana nawo mu Epulo watha, kutha kwa mkangano waukulu usanalengedwe ndi Purezidenti Bush, komanso kumakhudza njira zonyansa, madzi ndi masukulu. Mgwirizanowu ndiwofunika kupitilira madola biliyoni imodzi ndipo ukukula, zomwe zimapangitsa bizinesi ya Bechtel ku Iraq kukhala yachiwiri kwa Halliburton waku Texas.
Kutangotsala masiku ochepa kuti ticheze pakati pa mwezi wa December, boma la United States linalengeza zoti mayiko amene ankatsutsa nkhondoyo asapambane mapangano omanganso ku Iraq. Zotsatira zandale za chiletsochi, komanso ngati zingakhudze ogulitsa magawo ndi ma kontrakitala ang'onoang'ono kapena ayi zimamulemetsa kwambiri Jasim.
โAtatu mwa anayi mwa malo athu opangira magetsi anamangidwa ku Russia, Germany, ndi France. Tsoka ilo, a Bush adaletsa makampani aku France, Russia, ndi Germany [kulandira makontrakitala] ku Iraq masiku atatu apitawo, "akutero.
Pamene tikuyenda mozungulira fakitale yopangira magetsi, tikuwona makina anayi atsopano otenthetsera mpweya aku York aku York. "Tidapeza ma air conditioners masabata awiri apitawa: Bechtel adatitumizira chifukwa zida zathu zinali zovuta m'chilimwe, koma sanaziyikire ndipo sitikuzifuna m'nyengo yozizira," akutero a Hamad Salem, woyang'anira chomeracho. Kuchedwaku kumachitika chifukwa cha mkangano woti Bechtel kapena malo opangira magetsi omwe ali ndi udindo woyika ma air conditioners.
ALI NDI MPHAMVU NDANI?
Akatswiri a kumwera kwa Iraq ali ndi mwayi woti afotokoze chifukwa chake magetsi amalephera kamodzi patsiku. Wogwira nawo ntchito ku Baghdad, Mohsen Hassan, mkulu waukadaulo wopangira magetsi ku unduna wamagetsiรขโฌยนayenera kufotokozera alendo chifukwa chake kulibe magetsi, nthawi zambiri kwa maola opitilira khumi patsiku, likulu lamzindawu womwe umakhala gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a anthu aku Iraq. .
Hassan ndi munthu wabata osadzikuza, wavala malaya acheke, osavala taye ndi jekete labulauni lomwe lingaoneke mumsewu uli wonse mu mzinda muno.
'Bechtel watiyika pamavuto kwambiri. Mtumiki wanga wanena kwa iwo ngati anthu akwiya, musatiimbe mlandu. Mukudziwa kuti magetsi ndiye vuto loyamba (lalikulu) ku Iraq, ayenera kuthetsa izi posachedwa. Pansi pa Saddam tidakonza zonse mwachangu koma sitidadandaule zaubwino. Sitinagwire ntchito moyenera, zinali zosakhazikika.
โAnthu a ku America ali ndi miyezo yapamwamba kwambiri, yathu ndi yotsika kwambiri,โ akuwonjezera motero, atatambasula manja ake ndi kuwabweretsa pafupi kuti asonyeze mfundo yake. โTiyenera kukumana pakati.โ Timamโfunsa chifukwa chake Bechtel akuchedwa kwambiri, popeza kuti ndithudi iyi ndi kampani yomwe ili yokhoza kwambiri, yomanga dongosolo la magetsi la Saudi Arabia kuyambira pachiyambi. Izi sizachilendo, akutero Hassan. Palibe chitetezo, pali kuwonongeka, dongosolo lasokonezeka.
Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe Bechtel yatenga nthawi yayitali ndi chifukwa chakuti gulu lake lamagetsi lakhala miyezi iwiri likungoyang'ana magetsi, malo ocheperako, ndi mizere yamagetsi apamwamba asanayambe ntchito iliyonse, kukwiyitsa antchito aku Iraq, omwe akuti akanatha kuuza kampaniyo zomwe. zinali zofunika. Kuba ndi kuwononga kwakhala vuto linansoรขโฌยนbechtel atangoyamba kusintha nsanja zamagetsi 10 zomwe zawonongeka pafupi ndi Nassiriya, 10 ina idawonongeka pafupi.
Bechtel akukana kuti ali ndi udindo pazochitikazi. "Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti United States ibwera ndi galimoto yotaya ndalama," Cliff Mumm, wamkulu wa zoyesayesa za Iraq ku Bechtel, posachedwapa anauza San Francisco Chronicle. "Kungolowa ndikuyamba kukonza Iraq - ndiye chiyembekezo chosatheka."
Mfundo imeneyi ikufotokozedwanso ndi akuluakulu a boma la U.S. Paulendo wopita ku ofesi ya U.S. Agency for International Development mโmalo ochitira msonkhano a ku Baghdad otetezedwa kwambiri pafupi ndi Nyumba ya Ufumu ya Republican, tinakumana ndi apolisi atatu a Secret Service atanyamula mfuti mkatikati mwa atrium, akuyenda moponda, kuyangโana mbali zosiyanasiyana, kuyangโana dera lonselo mosalekeza. . Pakatikati mwa bwalo lolingalira lomwe amalenga ndi mwamuna wachikulire mu blazer. Amawoneka ngati wandale pantchito, ndipo akumwetulira pamene akucheza ndi mayi yemwe akuyenda pambali pake.
Izi zikuwoneka bwino kwambiri, akulengeza, polankhula ndi manja pamalo a msonkhano. Tikufunsa munthu wa Secret Service kuti ndi ndani, mwina membala wa Congress? Ayi, iye Kazembe Ted Morse, yemwe amayendetsa Baghdad ndi madera ake ozungulira. Ndinyamuka ndikumufunsa ngati angandilankhule kwa mphindi zingapo za zovuta za zomangamanga mu mzindawu. Amamwetulira mwaulemu. Kumene.
Morse amayang'ana kwambiri zabwino. Titafika kuno, mzinda wonse unali wopanda kuwala. Mzinda wonsewo unali wosatetezeka ndipo kunali nkhondo. Koma tsopano, ponena za mzinda wonsewo, pakhala kupita patsogolo kwakukulu, kopambana.
Tikamuuza kuti takambirana ndi oyang'anira magetsi, ndipo ali ndi nkhani yosiyana, amaumirira kuti zonse zidzathetsedwa nthawi yake. Miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ndiyosatheka kufunsa kuti [kumanganso] kuthe. Chimenechi ndi nthawi yochepa. Ngati muyangโana utali umene unatenga kuti amangenso Bosnia, ku Sierra Leone, ku Rwanda, ku Cambodia, ku Burundi, ku Timor. Kulikonse kumene munakhalapo ndi mikangano yeniyeni, pali kusaleza mtima kuti anthu amaganiza kuti zingatheke mwamsanga. Palibe m'dziko lapansi sizingachitike nthawi yomweyo. Izo sizingakhoze. Ndizovuta chabe zaukadaulo ndipo sizikukhudzana ndi Bechtel.
Mohsen Hassan akufotokoza nkhani ina. Ife, mainjiniya aku Iraq, titha kukonza chilichonse, akutero. Koma timafunikira ndalama ndi zida zosinthira ndipo mpaka pano Bechtel sanatipatse chilichonse. Chinthu chokha chomwe kampaniyo yatipatsa mpaka pano ndi malonjezo. Tabweretsa magetsi okwana 400 megawatts opanda zotsalira zilizonse, koma tifunika zina kuposa mawu ngati tikufuna kupatsa mzindawu ma megawati 2,800 omwe akufuna.
Ma Iraqi akuwonetsa kuti boma lapitalo lidayambanso kuyambiranso pambuyo pa nkhondo yoyamba ya Gulf m'miyezi ingapo, ngakhale kuwonongeka kunali kokulirapo chifukwa United States ndi Britain zidaphulitsa mwadala zida zamagetsi. Nthawi ino kuwukirako kudapewa kulunjika ku mafakitale amagetsi, koma zaka zopitilira khumi ndi ziwiri za zilango za United Nations zidawononga.
Madandaulo sakhala ndi magetsi okha. Matelefoni sagwira ntchito chifukwa ndege za US ndi Britain zidaphulitsa masinthidwe ambiri, ndipo mpaka pano Bechtel sanawakonzebe. Ndipo njira yamadzi nayonso ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu, malinga ndi a Saยนad Mohammed, mkulu wa dipatimenti yamadzi ku Baghdad.
Kuyambira pachiyambi, US idawona Iraq ngati Afghanistanรขโฌยนpopanda zomangamanga ndi ukadaulo, adatiuza. Koma atafika kuno, adazindikira kuti ma Iraqi ndi osiyana kwambiri. Vuto lalikulu ndilakuti ndalama zomwe zaperekedwa kwa madzi ndi zimbudzi kuchokera mu bajeti ya US $ 18 biliyoni sizokwanira. anatiuza ife.
Komabe omenyera ufulu wa anthu akhala akuchenjeza kwanthawi yayitali kuti zaka khumi ndi ziwiri kuphatikizika za zilango za United Nations zidakhudza kwambiri mabungwe chifukwa zinali zosatheka kugula zida zosinthira. Lipoti la bungwe la Global Policy Forum lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ku New York mu August 2001 linati: โNjira zogwirira ntchito za anthu wamba zasokonekera kwambiri chifukwa cha kusowa kosamalira komanso kusunga ndalama. Mwachitsanzo, gawo lamagetsi la Iraqยนs silikugwira ntchito mokhazikika pa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zake mu 1990 ngakhale ndalama zomwe boma limagwiritsa ntchito m'gawoli zikupitilira zomwe adakonza. Kuperewera kwa magetsi, koipitsitsa m'nyengo yotentha, kumawononga chakudya ndi mankhwala ndikuletsa kuyeretsa madzi, kuyeretsa zimbudzi, ndi ulimi wothirira, kusokoneza mbali zonse za moyo.
VUNDUKANI ANA ANG'ONO
Mkhalidwe m'masukulu aku Iraqยนยนomwe Bechtel amayenera kukonzedwanso m'chilimwe-sizili bwino. Madandaulo okhudza kukonzanso kolakwika kapena kusinthidwa kwa sukulu posachedwa kwabweretsa kuunika kwakukulu kwakunja. Kafukufuku wamkati wa ogwira ntchito ku US Army, akufufuza ogwira ntchito ku Unduna wa Zamaphunziro ku Iraq ndi akuluakulu asukulu ndipo posachedwapa adawululira Cox Newspapers, adadzudzula mwamphamvu zoyesayesa za Bechtel kukonzanso masukulu aku Iraq.
"Mafani atsopanowa ndi otsika mtengo ndipo amawotcha nthawi yomweyo akagwiritsidwa ntchito. Onse amene anapimidwa anali atasweka kale,โ analemba motero msilikali wa U.S. "Ntchito ya penti yotayirira. Ntchito yayikulu yoyeretsa ndiyofunikira. Zipinda zosambira sizili bwino,โ analemba motero wina ponena za sukulu ina.
Zotsutsa zambiri zimayang'ana ma subcontractors a Bechtel aku Iraq. โKontrakitala wapempha oyangโanira masukuluwo kuti apereke mipando yabwino ndi yothyoka. Mayina a ma kontrakitala angโonoangโono sitiwadziลตa chifukwa sanapite ku ofesi yathu,โ analemba motero wokonza sukulu wina wa ku Iraq.
โPafupifupi mโmbali zonse, ntchito yopentayo inkachitika mofulumira, zomwe zinawononga kwambiri maonekedwe a sukuluyo kusiyana ndi kupereka mapeto amene angateteze nyumbayo. Nthawi ina, ntchito yopentayo idawononga zida za labu, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zisagwiritsidwe ntchito. โ
Akuluakulu a Bechtel amateteza ntchito yawo. "Anthu a ku Bechtel amasamala kwambiri za izi. Tonse tili ndi ana. Tonse takhala tikupita kusukulu. M'dziko lopweteka kwambiri, izi ndizofunikira. Kotero, ndi dongosolo, ndi anthu omwe amasamala ndipo akuchitika pakati pa chipwirikiti, chisokonezo chikuyamba kukhala chinthu chokhazikika komanso cha Iraqi, "Gregory Huger wa Bechtel, woyang'anira pulogalamu yomanganso, anauza mtolankhani wa Cox.
Kuti tidziลตe tokha, tikuchezera masukulu anayi a ku Baghdad (onse ondandalikidwa monga okonzedwanso ndi Bechtel), kuyambira ndi Al-Harthia, nyumba yoyera yotsika yomwe imakhala ndi ana asukulu apulaimale 570. Apa tikukumana ndi Huda Sabah Abdurasiq, yemwe samataya nthawi potiwonetsa zonse zomwe zili zolakwika. Mvula imalowa m'denga, ndikuchepetsa mphamvu. Utoto watsopano ukusenda ndipo pansi sikunakonzedwenso, akutero.
Chodabwitsa kwambiri kwa Huda ndi mtengo wake: Nditha kukonza chilichonse pano ndi $ 1,000 yokha. Bambo Jeff [kontrakitala wa ku Bechtel] adawononga $20,000! amafukiza. Anapita ku khonsolo ya chigawo ndi kukadandaula, kenako ananyamuka kupita kumalo a msonkhano kukamenyana ndi asilikali. Adakwiya kwambiri ndipo adalankhula ndi aphungu athu a Hassan koma palibe chomwe chidachitika. Ndipo tilibe malisiti a ndalama zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndizopanda ntchito, sangachite kalikonse, akutero.
Timapita kusukulu ya Al-Wathba, movutikira kwambiri m'masukulu onse omwe timapitako. Ahmad Abdu-satar, bambo waubwenzi wovala suti ya dapper yemwe wagwira ntchito pano kwa zaka ziwiri, akutiwonetsa zimbudzi ndi masinki: matepi atsopano amkuwa ndi zitseko zopaka utoto wabuluu wakuda koma masinki ali mumkhalidwe woyipa, samawoneka ngati iwo. akhudzidwa m'zaka khumi. Palibe utoto watsopano pamakoma aliwonse, ndipo, monga sukulu yam'mbuyomu, bwalo lamasewera ladzaza.
Ndakhala ndikuganiza zosintha kukhala dziwe losambira, amalankhula monyodola. Kunena zoona, palibe chomwe chasintha kuyambira nthawi ya Saddamยน. Ndikufunsani, ana a ku America angagwiritse ntchito zimbudzi izi? Timamuuza kuti ndalama zachepetsedwa ku America ndipo aphunzitsi adathamangitsidwa ambiri, koma akubwereza funso lake: Ndikufunsani, kodi ana aku America angagwiritse ntchito zimbudzi izi? Timakakamizika kuvomereza kuti yankho ndilo ayi.
Tilibe mabuku, palibe zoyima, palibe. Osachepera tinali nazo izo mu nthawi ya Saddamยนs. Inde, malipiro athu akwera, koma nawonso mitengo. Nditawafunsa a kontrakitala chifukwa chomwe sanamalizire ntchitoyi, adati: "Sitikugwira ntchito, timagwirira ntchito aku America.
Timayima mwachidule pasukulu ya Al Rajaยนa, koma ikukonzedwabe. Jamal Salih, mlonda, akutiwonetsa, kenako akudandaula kuti adapempha kontrakitala kuti amukonzere nyumba yake, koma adakana. Tinasuzumira mโkatimo, kudabwitsa ana ake aakazi aลตiri ndi mkazi wake amene ali kalikiliki kukonza tchipisi ta mbatata kaamba ka nkhomaliro. Antchitowo akutiitananso kuti tidye nawo chakudya chawo chamasana cha falafel, koma timakana ndi kufulumira kuima komalizira kwa tsiku lomaliza sukuluyo isanatseke XNUMX koloko masana.
Iyi ndi sukulu ya Hawa, yoyendetsedwa ndi Batool Mahdi Hussain. Hussain ndi mkazi wamtali, wovala zofiirira, kuphatikizanso mpango wake wachisilamu wachikhalidwe. Akuwoneka wachichepere kwa zaka 11 zomwe adakhala pasukuluyi, zomwe adatenga posachedwa pomwe makolo adamuvotera ngati mphunzitsi wamkulu nkhondo itatha. Mofanana ndi aphunzitsi akulu awiri aja, iye amafunitsitsa kulankhula ndi kutisonyeza zimene zikuchitika.
Komanso amawawidwa mtima ndi makontrakitala. Sukuluyi ili ndi chovala chatsopano cha utoto kunja ndi onse otchulidwa ku Disney version ya Aladdin, yodzaza ndi genie ndi kalonga.
Koma, akuti, zinthu zayipa kwambiri kuposa nthawi ya Saddam. UNICEF inapenta makoma athu ndipo inatipatsa mafani atsopano a ku Japan. Anajambula zojambulazo panja. Pamene makontrakitala aku America adabwera, adatenga mafani athu aku Japan ndikuyika mafani aku Syria omwe sagwira ntchito, akutero mokwiya.
Tili limodzi ndi mlonda wa sukulu, Ali Sekran, yemwe amalankhula mawu ochepa a Chingerezi. Amagwiritsa ntchito AK-47 yake mobwerezabwereza monga cholozera kuti athandize Hussain kufotokoza mavuto onse. Tikupemphera kuti mfutiyo isalowedwe.
Mphunzitsi wamkuluyo amatitengera ku zimbudzi kumene anaikapo madzi atsopano, mapaipi, matepi ndi injini yopopa madzi. Vuto ndilakuti motere sagwira ntchito kotero kuti zimbudzi zimadzaza ndi zimbudzi zosatulutsidwa. Kenako amavundukula chivundikiro chatsopano kuti atiwonetse kuti sichinthu koma chivundikirocho. Amayenda mofulumira, osadikira kuti kamera igwire, kamvuluvulu wawonetsero-ndi-kunena. Zitseko izi, mahinji athyoka. Tinkayenera kupeza zitseko zachitsulo, tinali ndi zitseko zamatabwa. Utoto watsopano ukuyamba. Palibe mphamvu zokwanira zoyendetsera sukulu yathu.
Tikuwona bolodi yatsopano. Hussain akunena kuti aphunzitsi adalipira kuchokera m'thumba lawo. Pamene tikutsazikana, anatitulutsa pachipata nโkutilozera zinyalala zomanga mumsewuwo.
Sanatenge ngakhale zinyalala zawo. Sanatipatse mapepala otiuza zimene anachita ndi zimene sanachite. Tinkayenera kulipira kuti tinyamule zinyalala. Kunena zowona, mkhalidwe wa sukulu yathu unali wabwinoko asanafike makontrakitala.
Mneneri wa Bechtel Baghdad, a Francis Canavan, akuti kampaniyo yalandira mafunsoโ pa masukulu angapo omwe adapangana nawo kuti akonze. Akuti Bechtel adalamula ma contractors ake kuti akonze, ndipo akuletsa 10 peresenti ya malipiro a subcontractors kuti atsimikizire kuti kukonzanso kudzachitika.
Koma bungwe la United States Agency for International Development (AID) silikudandaula ndi momwe sukulu zilili. Mneneri wina wa boma akutiuza kuti: Ngati mupanga nkhani yachipongwe yomwe ikudandaula kuti penti ikusenda pasukulu yomwe sitinakonze, sindikuwona chifukwa chake ndiyenera kulankhula nanu. Sindikudziwanso kuti mudapita kusukulu zomwe zidakonzedwa ndi AIDรขโฌยน26 mwa masukulu 52 omwe adapereka madandaulo sizinali gawo la mgwirizano wathu. Timamutsimikizira kuti tinangoyendera masukulu omwe adalembedwa ndi Bechtel, ndikumuwonetsa mndandanda wake wa Bechtel. Iye adavomereza mndandandawo mwachisomo, atasokonezedwa ndi nkhani zambiri zakulephera kwa pulogalamu yokonza sukulu yomwe akuluakulu amayembekeza kuti idzawabweretsera mbiri yabwino.
KUPANGA KUPHA
Chifukwa chake, Bechtel ndi amodzi mwamakampani ochepa omwe agwiritsa ntchito kwambiri makontrakitala am'deralo ndipo amakhala ndi misonkhano pafupipafupi kuti afotokoze momwe angawapezere ntchito. Ndilonso lomwe limapezeka kwambiri ndi atolankhani apadziko lonse lapansi, kukhala kampani yokhayo yokhala ndi maofesi pamalo ochitira msonkhano ku Baghdad komwe asitikali aku US amachita maphunziro, misonkhano, komanso misonkhano ya atolankhani kumayiko akunja.
Komabe, kampaniyo siyopezeka kwa ma Iraqi wamba. Kufika kumaofesi a Bechtel sikophweka. Zimatenga theka la ola pa tsiku labwino kuti mufufuze katatu ndi waya wamingaminga, zikwama za mchenga, midadada yolimba ya konkriti, ndi asilikali, opangidwa kuti ateteze mabomba odzipha.
Alendo opita kuchipinda chapansi pabwalo lamisonkhano komwe Bechtel amasunga maofesi angakumane ndi Maniram Gurung kunja kwa ofesi ya alangizi aku United States. Atayimilira kutsogolo kwa zithunzi za Bush, Cheney, ndi Powell, Gurung amayang'ana asitikali aku America, akuluakulu aboma la Iraq, ndi makontrakitala akuthamangira pantchito yomanga dziko.
Kwa msilikali wina wa ku Kathmandu, Nepal, yemwe anapuma pamfuti wa mtundu wa Gurkha, ntchito yaulonda imeneyi ndi ntchito inanso yotopetsa koma ya malipiro abwino, imene imam'patsa mwayi wotumiza ndalama zokwana madola 1,300 kunyumba kwawo, zomwe ndi ndalama zochepa m'dziko lake. Sizochuluka momwe amapezera pomwe amapuma pantchito ku Asitikali aku Britain mu 1990 pa $2,500 pamwezi, koma zimathandiza kulipira ngongole. Ndipo pali zabwino zinaรขโฌยนntchitoyi ndi ya miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yokha pomwe ku Gulu Lankhondo Laku Britain amatha kupita kwawo kuchokera kumadera achilendo monga Brunei ndi Hong Kong kamodzi pazaka zitatu zilizonse.
Koma Gurung si membala wamgwirizanowuรขโฌยนbeji yake yofiyira imamuzindikiritsa ngati wogwira ntchito pakampani yachitetezo yapagulu yotchedwa Global Risk. Pafupifupi ma Gurkha 500 ndi a Fiji 500 ndi omwe amapanga unyinji wa antchito ankhondo a kampani yaku Britain, ndipo monga gulu lachitetezo la CPA, amakumana ndi zoopsa komanso mkwiyo monga momwe asitikali amachitira. Kumayambiriro kwa August Gurkha anaphedwa ndi bomba ku Basra. Masiku ano amangokhala m'nyumba zawo usiku, amuna asanu ndi atatu ali m'nyumba ya ngolo, ndipo chakudya chimangotchedwa Chingerezi (kutanthauza chakudya chakumadzulo), choperekedwa ndi Kellogg, Brown & Root sweatshop cooks ochokera ku India omwe malipiro awo oyambira ndi madola atatu okha. tsiku.
Chifukwa chiyani chitetezo chonsechi? Pafupifupi tsiku lililonse msilikali wa ku United States amaphedwa ndi kutsutsa kobisika koma kotsimikizika kwa Iraq, ndipo m'masabata aposachedwa ayamba kutsata makampani omwe akupindula ndi ntchitoyo.
Chilimwe chino, injiniya wina wa ku Bechtel ndi alonda anayi anaukiridwa ndi khamu la anthu limene linaponya zidutswa zikuluzikulu za konkire yongโambika kwa akuluakulu a zamalonda mu SUV imene anali kuyendamo, ndikuphwanya mazenera ambiri.
Masiku ano amalonda aku US ndi ku Europe amayenda mosamala munjira zomwe zakhala zosavomerezeka za opindula pankhondo: zonyezimira zatsopano za GMC Suburbans. Nthawi zambiri magalimoto awo amakhala m'mphepete mwa ma SUV ena awiri odzaza ndi mfuti.
Pomwe alonda ngati Gurung amalandila malipiro apamwamba kwambiri malinga ndi miyezo yaku Middle East, anzawo aku Iraq amapeza zochepa kwambiri. A Mohammed al-Husany, yemwe ndi mkulu wa chitetezo pamalo otchingidwa ndi hotelo ya Palestine, akutiuza kuti amangopeza ndalama zokwana madola 100 pamwezi, zosakwanira kusamalira mkazi wake ndi ana ake awiri. Ndikufuna ntchito kumakampani aku America. Ndili ndi digiri yachiwiri ya lamba wakuda mu karate ndipo ndikudziwa kuwombera zida zamtundu uliwonse. Ma AK-47, M-16, onsewo. Koma anzanga omwe amagwira ntchito yachitetezo ku Halliburtonยนs amapanga $400 $ pamwezi ndipo alonda aku America ochulukirapo, amatiuza zakukhosi.
Osati kuti chitetezo ndi zotchinga zalepheretsa onse otsutsa aku Iraq. Tidawona kuphulitsidwa kwa hotelo sabata yatha?, akufunsa. Maroketiwo anadutsa mita imodzi yokha pamwamba pa mutu wanga, akutero, akutsanzira phokoso la mzinga. Anaiponya pangolo ya abulu. Tsopano palibenso nyama zololedwa kuzungulira pano.
Koma momwe takwanitsira kudziwa, alonda ambiri aku Iraq sapeza ndalama zoposa $100 pamwezi kwa mashifiti asanu a maola 12 pa sabata. Olemba ntchito awo, komabe (ndipo pali makampani ambiri achitetezo aku Western ku Iraq masiku ano), amapha kugulitsa ntchito zawo. Mgwirizano womwe udawonedwa ndi Southern Exposure kuchokera ku Gulu la 4 Falck, kampani yachitetezo yaku Britain, idapatsa CPA alonda awiri okhala ndi zida ola la 24 patsiku panyumba iliyonse $6106 pamwezi, pomwe malipiro a alonda aku Iraq amangokwana 10 peresenti ya ndalamazo.
KUPINDULIRA NKHONDO?
Ogwira ntchito atatu a Kellogg, Brown, ndi Root (wothandizirana ndi Halliburton), atayima m'munsi mwa masitepe pabwalo la msonkhano akucheza pa nthawi yopuma tiyi, ali okondwa. Khaled Ali amayesa kangapo kutchula mawu oti zikomo koma amalephera. Atakwiya, akutembenukira kwa ine kuti andifunse ngati pali mawu abwinoko. Ndikupempha kuti amumenye bwenzi lake kumsana nโkunena kuti: โNtchito yabwino! Mwachita bwino! Koma akugwedeza mutu mwamphamvu. Ayi, sindinganene kutiรขโฌยนBambo. Lewis ndi waku America, bwana wanga. Ndiyenera kunena china chaulemu.
Timayamba kuyankhula. Khaled Ali ndi injiniya yemwe amayang'anira ntchito yomanga pamalo a msonkhano, Sabah Adel Mostafa ndi womasulira, ndipo Daoud Farrod ndi woyang'anira. Farrod ndi wamkulu koma awiri oyambirira ali ndi zaka makumi awiri. Ndi mabwenzi ndipo amakhala mโdera limodzi. M'mawa uliwonse Halliburton amatumiza galimoto kuti iwatenge ndi kuwabweretsa kuntchito 8 koloko ndikuwabweretsanso 4 koloko.
Amakhala ndi chidwi ndi ntchito yawo. Ndi ntchito yanga yoyamba. Poyamba sindinkatha kuphunzira Chingelezi changa. Ndipo malipiro [a boma lapitalo] anali $10 chabe pamwezi, Mostafa amandiuza. Ali akuti ndi ntchito yake yoyamba, nayenso. Ndi inu amene mukuyang'anira ntchito yonse yomanga pano, ndikufunsani. Amagwedeza mutu monyadira, akuwala tikamati Congratulations! Mostafa amalandira $200 pamwezi, pakati pomwe pamalipiro a anthu ogwira ntchito ku Halliburtonยนs aku Iraq, omwe amachokera ku $100 mpaka $300 pamwezi. Poyerekeza, mainjiniya aku Houston amatha kupanga ndalama zokwana $900 patsiku.
Ngati ogwira ntchito m'deralo amalandira malipiro ochepa kwambiri, funso ndilakuti kodi ndalama zotsalazo zimatani? Mpaka pano, Halliburton wapanga ndalama zoposa $ 2.2 biliyoni kuchokera kunkhondo ya Iraq koma, mosiyana ndi Bechtel, ndalama zambiri sizili zokonzekera zowonongeka ndi zowonongeka za Iraq. Ena 42% amagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi moto wamafuta ndi kukonza mapaipi amafuta, 48% ndikuthandizira zosowa za gulu lankhondo (monga nyumba ndi zoyendera za asitikali), kusiya 10% yokha kuti ikwaniritse zosowa za anthu ku Iraq.
Kuphwanya manambala kukuwonetsa zambiri zodabwitsa: Halliburton wawononga $ 40 miliyoni kuti athandizire kufufuza kosatheka kwa zida zowononga anthu ambiri-zokwanira kuthandiza mabanja a 6,600 ku Iraq kwa chaka chimodzi (pa $ 500 pamwezi, chiwerengero chotchulidwa ndi ma Iraqi ambiri ngati chofunikira moyo wabwino).
Ziwerengero zina ndizodabwitsa kwambiriรขโฌยนPhindu la Halliburton mu gawo lachiwiri la 2003 linali $26 miliyoni, zomwe zikusiyana kwambiri ndi ndalama zonse zomwe kampaniyo inataya $498 miliyoni mu kotala yomweyi ya 2002. Zambiri mwazopeza zake zatsopano zimachokera ku makontrakitala aku Iraq. Iraq idalimbikitsa kwambiri kampaniyo, wofufuza adauza The Wall Street Journal.
Mosavuta mgwirizano wovuta kwambiri womwe kampaniyo yapambana ku Iraq ndi yonyamula mafuta. Kuitanitsa mafuta a petulo kuchokera kunja kwasonyeza kuti ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zowononga kwambiri pa ntchito yomanganso. Ngakhale Iraq ili ndi nkhokwe zazikulu kwambiri zamafuta padziko lonse lapansi, kupanga kwayima chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa mapaipi, kulephera kwa magetsi, komanso kuwonongeka kwachikale komwe kudakhudzidwa ndi zaka zopitilira khumi ndi ziwiri za zilango za United Nations.
United States yakhala ikulipira Halliburton pafupifupi $2.64 galoni kuti atumize mafuta a petulo ku Iraq kuchokera ku Kuwait, kuwirikiza kawiri zomwe ena akulipira ku galimoto yamafuta aku Kuwait, zikalata za boma zikuwonetsa. Nthawi zina a Halliburton amalipira boma ndalama zokwana $3.09 galoni. A Wendy Hall, wolankhulira ku Halliburton, amateteza zomwe kampaniyo ikuyimbidwa ndi zakuthambo zamafuta. "N'zokwera mtengo kugula, kutumiza, ndi kutumiza mafuta panthaลตi yankhondo, makamaka pamene mukulephera kugwira ntchito kwakanthawi kochepa.
Mitengo yomwe Halliburton amalipira pa petulo idavumbulutsidwa koyamba ndi ma Democrat ku Congress, John Dingell waku Michigan ndi Henry Waxman waku California. Zolemba zomwe adapeza posachedwa kuchokera ku Army Corps of Engineers zikuwonetsa kuti Halliburton amalandira masenti 26 galoni pamtengo wake ndi chindapusa, koma izi sizikuphatikiza phindu la kampaniyo, lomwe lidzatsimikizidwe kumapeto kwa mgwirizano ndipo lingakhale lokwera mpaka 9. peresenti, kutengera kuwunika kwa Asilikali a ntchito zoperekedwa.
"Sindinawonepo izi m'moyo wanga," adatero Phil Verleger, katswiri wa zachuma ku California komanso pulezidenti wa kampani yopereka uphungu PK Verleger anauza New York Times. "Ndilo mtengo wokhazikika -ndiwo mawu okhawo ofotokozera. Kampani iliyonse yonyamula katundu kapena kampani yamafuta ku United States ndi ku Europe ikanati ikhale ndi mgwirizano woterewu. โ
Pakadali pano, kampani yamafuta aku Iraq, SOMO, ikulipira masenti 96 galoni kuti ibweretse mafuta. Onse a SOMO ndi a Halliburton subcontractor amabweretsa mafuta kumalo omwewo ku Iraq ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito operekeza ankhondo omwewo.
Uthenga wabwino wokhudza kuchulutsa kwa Hallliburtonยน ndikuti mitengoyi sinapatsidwe mwachindunji kwa ogula aku Iraq. Mtengo wamafuta ogulitsidwa ku Iraq, wokhazikitsidwa ndi boma, ndi masenti 5 mpaka masenti 15 pa galoni, mtengo womwewo monga nkhondo isanayambe.
Komabe ziwerengerozi ndizotonthoza kwa nzika zambiri za Baghdad, chifukwa pali mafuta ochepa omwe amagulitsidwa. Munthu ayenera kuthera maola osachepera anayi kugula gasi pa mpope ndipo nthawi zambiri motalika.
Nkhani yoyipa kwa anthu aku Iraq ndi yakuti ndalama za mgwirizano wa gasi wa Halliburton zachokera ku bungwe la United Nations la mafuta a chakudya (lomwe tsopano limatchedwa Iraq Development Fund), ndalama zomwe ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa chakudya ndi zofunikira zofunika kwa anthu aku Iraq. m'malo molipira ku Halliburton chifukwa chotengera mafuta okwera mtengo kunja, ngakhale zina mwazomwe zimaperekedwa ndi okhometsa misonkho aku America.
Kafukufuku wamkati wa Pentagon watsimikizira kuchulukirachulukira, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti Halliburton adalipira boma $ 61 miliyoni yamafuta amafuta (komanso adayesa kuchulukitsa ndi $ 67 miliyoni pazodyera zankhondo).
Pobwerera kuchokera ku zokambirana zathu, tinadutsa njira inanso yopangira mafuta a petulo: imayenda mozungulira mdadada mpaka kuwoloka mlatho wa mtsinjewo. Tinaganiza zocheza ndi amuna omwe akudikirira pamzere. Mwamsanga tazunguliridwa ndi anthu okwiya.
Tinali dziko lolemera, tsopano chuma chathu chomwe chabedwa ndi Achimereka, akutero mmodzi. Pansi pa Saddam sitinadikire pamzere wa benzene [mawu akumaloko a gasi kapena petulo], tsopano tiyenera kuthera theka la tsiku ndiyeno nthawi zina amatha, akutero wina. Chiphunzitso chodziwika bwino ndi chakuti aku America akugulitsanso mafuta apamwamba aku Iraq kumayiko ena kapena kudzisungira okha. Amatigulitsa mafuta aku Turkey kapena Kuwaiti kapena Saudi. Izi ndizoyipa kwa injini zathu ndipo zimapanga kuipitsidwa kwambiri. Mnyamata wina wamng'ono alowa nawo nkhondoyi: George Bush Ali Baba, George Bush Ali Baba. (Ali Baba ndi liwu lodziwika bwino la m'deralo la mbala, lomwe limadziwika ndi asitikali aku US kutanthauza olanda. Tsopano, malinga ndi New York Times, anthu aku Iraq amagwiritsa ntchito mawuwa kutanthauza magulu ankhondo.)
Pafupi ndi mdadada kuchokera pamalo okwerera mafuta, ndizotheka kugula mafuta amsika wakuda pa dola imodziรขโฌยนยนkuchulukirachulukira kakhumi kuposa papampu. Tinaganiza zogula kwa amalonda akuda, ndi kufunsa munthuyo chifukwa chake amasankha kugulitsa ndalamazo pamtengo wapamwamba chonchi. Mvetserani, ndinali injiniya wamagetsi. Tsopano ndilibe ntchito. Ndani angadyetse mkazi wanga ndi ana atatu? akufunsa.
Pamene tikuchoka m'derali tikukumananso ndi asilikali ena oyendayenda, omwe amawoneka ngati filimu yowonetsera filimu ya nkhondo ya ku Vietnam yomwe idasinthidwa kufika m'zaka za 21st. Ma Humvee atatu okhala ndi asitikali ataphimbidwa kuchokera kumutu mpaka kumapazi obisala komanso masks amaso, aliyense akuyang'ana mbali ina, amakwawa mumsewu kuseri kwa thanki. Anyamatawa ali ndi zala zawo pakuwombera; inu mukhoza pafupifupi kuwawona iwo akunyodola.
Komabe ngakhale chitetezo chachinsinsichi komanso masauzande ambiri ankhondo, moyo wa ma Iraqi wamba mosakayika wafika poipa kwambiri: midadada iwiri kuchokera ku hotelo yathu, bambo wina adawomberedwa mmutu ndikugona magazi. Munthu wina wodutsa mโnjira anamupeza nโkupita naye kupolisi, koma apolisi anakana kufufuza.
Kodi chachitika ndi chiyani ku Iraq? Tili mumkhalidwe wachisokonezo, uku ndikuwonongeka kwathunthu kwa chitukuko chathu. Tsiku lina anandiitana kuti andisindikize pasipoti yanga ndi akuluakulu a boma. Ine, nzika yaku Iraq, ndiyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi anthu aku America awa. Ndipo ndiyenera kupereka chiphuphu kwa bamboyo kuti ndikafunse mafunso. Nditauza anthu aku America kuti ndiyenera kupereka chiphuphu, adandiuza kuti sindiyenera kupereka ndipo ndidati: chabwino, ngati mutamulipira malipiro abwino, mwina sangapemphe chiphuphu. Koma ayi, amalipira anthu mofanana ndi pansi pa Saddam.
PROPAGANDA KWA ANTHU
Ovekedwa mu regulation camouflage khakis, G.I. kuchokera ku First Armored Battalion inali kuchititsa kupanikizana kochepa kwa magalimoto popereka manyuzipepala pakati pa magalimoto ku Sahar Antar (Sahar amatanthauza kuzungulira) m'dera la Al Adamiyah. Asilikali anzake adangoyang'ana mwachidwi gulu lawo la Humvee ndi Bradley lomwe lidayima pambali, kungoti wina angoganiza zomujambula mnzake.
Tinachita mantha kwambiri pamene tikutsegula nyuzipepala yathu ya Baghdad Now, yofalitsidwa ndi asilikali a zilankhulo ziwiri. Mitu iwiri inati Operation Iron Hammer Nets Terrorists ndi Iraqi-American Friendship ikukwera. Pratap anali ndi mawonekedwe abodza ku Cold War ku India zaka 20 zapitazo (Ubwenzi wa Soviet-Indian ukuwonjezeka). Mofananamo, nkhani ya patsamba XNUMX yonena za mwambo wodula riboni pakupatulira nyumba yauinjiniya yokonzedwanso inatikumbutsa za nkhani zodzaza madzi zimene munthu angaone mโnyuzipepala zochokera kumayiko amene kale anali Soviet Union.
Pachikuto chakutsogolo panali chithunzi cha msirikali wa Iraqi Civil Defense Corps (ICDC) atanyamula M-16 ndipo akuwoneka wowopsa momwe angathere. Tsamba lachisanu ndi chimodzi lomwe linali ndi mutu wa Iraqยนs New Defenders idayamba, Kuphatikiza pa gulu lankhondo latsopano lomwe likupangidwa kuti liteteze malire a Iraqยนยนยนยนs mu pambuyo pa Saddam adagwira ntchito, ICDC yapangidwa kuti izithandizira apolisi m'mizinda yadziko. Sipanatchulepo za malipiro osauka pano, ngakhale opitilira theka la omwe adalowa usilikali ku Iraq asiya kale chifukwa cha malipiro ochepa.
Akulemba Colonel Brad May wa Gulu Lankhondo Lankhondo Lachiwiri Lankhondo, Iraq ndi la anthu aku Iraq. Tsiku ndi tsiku ndimaona zizindikiro zowonjezereka zosonyeza kuti mawuwa ndi oona. Anthu aku Iraq ali panjira yotsogolera dziko lawo m'tsogolo: ana amayenda kupita kusukulu, mabasi amadzaza mumsewu atanyamula anthu kupita komwe akupita, ndipo ogulitsa m'misewu amapikisana wina ndi mnzake pa bizinesi yanu.
Tikuwonetsa pepalali kwa Dr. Aziz, yemwe amachita bizinesi yaying'ono yosindikiza kunja kwa hotelo ya Sheraton ku Baghdad. Iye akuyang'ana pa izo ndi grimas. Iye akufotokoza kuti boma la America liyenera kusiya kuuza anthu aku Iraq kuti ali ndi mwayi ndikuyamba kukonza mavuto, apo ayi ngakhale owatsatira awo ayamba kuchita zionetsero. Chonde auzeni owerenga anu kuti ndife anthu otukuka ndipo sitingathenso kulekerera zimenezi.โ
Pratap Chatterjee ndi woyang'anira mkonzi wa Corpwatch (www.corpwatch.org) ku Oakland, California, ndipo Herbert Docena amagwira ntchito ku Focus on the Global South (www.focusweb.org) ndi Iraq International Occupation Watch Center. Izi zidatheka mwa zina chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi Fund for Investigative Journalism, Fund for Constitutional Government, ndi Bob Hall Investigative Action Fund.
(Nkhaniyi idasindikizidwa koyamba mu nkhani ya Southern Exposure Winter 2003-2004.)
ยฉ Southern Exposure, 2003-2004
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama