Nearly two years into the presidency of Evo Morales, government officials and leftist social organizations are determined to break with the past and transform the nation. The opposition calls it a civil war. The government calls it a revolution. Other Bolivian activists and analysts call it business as usual. A look at public opinion and recent conflicts in Bolivia expose the hopes and challenges facing Boliviaโs first indigenous president.
Kumapeto kwa mlungu wa November 24-25, otsutsa otsutsa anamenyana ndi apolisi. Anthu ochita ziwonetsero ankafuna kuti likulu la dziko la Bolivia asamutsire ku Sucre. Anthu atatu anafa ndipo oposa 100 anavulala pankhondoyo. Kumayambiriro kwa sabata lamagazi, anthu osonkhana a Movement Toward Socialism (MAS, chipani cha ndale cha Evo Morales) adawukiridwa pafupipafupi ndi magulu otsutsa omwe amalimbikitsa kusuntha kwa likulu ndikutsutsa MAS ndi malamulo atsopano. Chifukwa cha ziwawa zomwe zimachitika pafupipafupi, a MAS adasamutsa msonkhanowo kupita ku koleji yankhondo yapafupi kuti atetezedwe. Anthu a m'mabungwe otsutsa adanyanyala kusonkhana ku koleji ya asitikali, kutsutsa zomwe zikuchitika komanso mapulani a MAS okhudza malamulo atsopano. Loweruka pa 24 Novembara, a MAS ndi zipani zogwirizana adasonkhana kuti apereke chikalata chatsopano chalamulo popanda otsutsa. Zolemba zatsopanozi zidaperekedwa ndi 138 mwa anthu 255 amsonkhano.
Malinga ndi Evo Morales, ndondomeko yomwe idaperekedwa imatsimikizira kudziyimira pawokha kwa madipatimenti ndi magulu azikhalidwe, kukhazikitsidwa kwazinthu zachilengedwe, kupeza madzi, nthaka, magetsi, maphunziro ndi chithandizo chamankhwala. Morales adalongosola kuti malamulo amalemekeza katundu wamba, komanso katundu wa boma komanso wamba. Msonkhanowu uli ndi mpaka Disembala 14 kuti uvomereze lamulo lomaliza. Lamulo lomalizali likufunika thandizo la 2/3 la msonkhano wonse, kutanthauza kuti nkhanizi sizidzaperekedwa popanda magulu otsutsa. Nkhani zilizonse zomwe zili m'malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino zomwe sizikuvomerezedwa ndi 2/3 zipita ku referendum ya dziko kuti nzika zivotere.
Maonekedwe a Maganizo a Anthu ku Bolivia
Kuti ndimvetsetse malingaliro a anthu onse okhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe ka Evo Morales, posachedwapa ndalankhula ndi anthu angapo aku Bolivia ochokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana azachuma, madera komanso ndale. Kukambitsirana kosakhazikika kumeneku kunachitika mโmabasi, mโmapaki, mโmabala, mโmafamu ndi mโzipinda zochezeramo. Anapereka chidziwitso pazovuta zomwe zikuchitika komanso momwe ndale zilili m'dzikolo. Ndi malingaliro awa ndi malingaliro odziwika omwe adayambitsa ziwawa posachedwa, ndipo mwina angasankhe tsogolo la boma.
Nthawi zambiri, ndapeza kuti anthu osauka, ogwira ntchito komanso akumidzi amakonda kuthandizira MAS makamaka chifukwa Morales ndiye pulezidenti woyamba wadziko la Bolivia, yemwe kale anali mlimi wa coca ndipo ndi wochokera kumidzi yonyozeka ngati yawo. Otsatirawa, omwe makamaka amapanga maziko a boma m'dziko lonselo, amatchula za kukhazikitsidwa kwa gasi, kugawidwa kwa nthaka, kupititsa patsogolo mwayi wopeza ntchito zofunikira komanso ntchito za msonkhano wachigawo (ngakhale mavuto ake) monga zifukwa zazikulu zothandizira. . Mabungwe ambiri okhudza chikhalidwe cha anthu m'dzikoli ali m'gulu lothandizirali. Ngakhale ali ndi zodzudzula, atsogoleri ambiri alowa, kapena akugwira ntchito ndi boma m'malo ena. Ili ndi gulu lomwe liyenera kupitiliza kuteteza boma kwa otsutsa ndikusunga Evo Morales paudindo.
Ndakumananso ndi anthu angapo omwe ngakhale amatsutsidwa, amazindikira kufunika kwa mbiri ya pulezidenti woyamba wamtundu, komanso kuti MAS ndi chida cha ndale chopangidwa ndi magulu a anthu. Anthuwa amavomereza mavuto omwe akuluakulu a boma akukumana nawo, komabe sakukhutira ndi kusintha komwe kwachitika pansi pa boma la MAS. Amanena kuti malo ochulukirapo achinsinsi ndi mabungwe ayenera kulandidwa, kuti gasi ayenera kukhazikitsidwa kwathunthu, komanso kuti MAS imadalira dongosolo lakale la dziko lachinyengo, m'malo mosintha boma. Zodzudzula zikuchulukirachulukira mkati mwa gululi, makamaka pambuyo pa ziwawa ndi zovuta zomwe zidachitika pamsonkhano wachigawo. Ngakhale gululi likhoza kufooketsa chithandizo chonse cha boma, pakadali pano alibe ndondomeko yogwirizana ya ndale kapena chipani chachikulu kunja kwa MAS.
Ena anatchula kusowa kwa ukatswiri kwa boma, kasamalidwe ndi luso la ukadaulo ngati zifukwa zomwe zimafunikira kudzudzula. Amatsutsa kuti m'malo mosankha anthu omwe ali ndi luso komanso ndale, a MAS adasankha kulemba ganyu anthu omwe ndi ogwirizana nawo pazandale, komanso anthu ammudzi omwe ali ndi luso lokonzekera migwirizano. Otsutsawa ati zisankho zotere zathandiza kuti boma lisamayende bwino bwino. Ndikofunikira kunena kuti m'mbuyomu ndi akatswiri andale omwe adagwiritsa ntchito luso lawo kulanda dziko. Mโboma lino, pakhala pali khama lophatikizirapo ogwira ntchito, azibambo ndi atsogoleri ochokera mโmagawo osakhudzidwa omwe amamvetsetsa kuzunzika ndi zosowa za anthu zomwe boma lidasankha kuti lizigwira ntchito.
Ndakumananso ndi anthu ochepa omwe amatsutsana ndi purezidenti wachibadwidwe chifukwa cha tsankho. Ena amatsutsa boma pazifukwa zamalingaliro, ndipo amalimbikitsa kupitiriza ndondomeko za neoliberal. Mkati mwa gulu lotsutsali muli kudzudzula kwa apo ndi apo kuti Evo Morales sakulamulira anthu aku Bolivia, akungotsatira malamulo a Purezidenti waku Venezuela Hugo Chavez, ndi Fidel Castro waku Cuba. Izi sizowona. Njira yomwe boma likuyenda ndi kayendetsedwe ka zachilengedwe, kulembedwanso kwa malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino ndi zina zakhazikitsidwa ndi zofuna zodziwika za anthu a ku Bolivia. Kwa zaka zambiri, kulimbikitsana ndi ziwonetsero zambiri zidakankhira msonkhano wachigawo ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa gasi pazandale. Ndizowona kuti pali chikoka chochuluka ndi chithandizo chochokera ku Cuba ndi Venezuela. Komabe anthu ambiri ku Bolivia amaona kuti zimenezi nโzabwino. Ndi ubale wogwirizana wolemekezana, komanso wocheperako kuposa maubwenzi omwe atsogoleri akale aku Bolivia adakhala nawo ndi Washington kapena mabungwe akumayiko osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, pamene dziko la Venezuela likubwereketsa ndalama ku Bolivia, palibe zingwe za neoliberal zomwe zimalumikizidwa, monga kusungitsa zinthu zamadzi.
Pomaliza, pali kutsutsa kwakukulu komanso komveka kwa ndale kwa kayendetsedwe ka Evo Morales. Chitsutsochi chimakonzedwa makamaka kudzera m'zipani za ndale za kumanja ndi mabungwe aboma kumadera akum'mawa kwa dzikolo. Maguluwa atsogola mlandu wa MAS mumsonkhano, atolankhani komanso m'misewu. Madipatimenti asanu ndi mmodzi mwa asanu ndi anayi a ku Bolivia ananyanyala ntchito posachedwapa. Kunyanyala kumeneku kukuyimira mgwirizano wa ufulu, ndi magawo a zigawo m'dziko. Ngakhale MAS idapambana paudindo wapulezidenti, siinapambane maudindo angapo a prefect ndi mameya. Maboma awa ndi atsogoleri akumanja agwirizana motsutsana ndi MAS. Ndikutsutsa uku komwe kumabweretsa vuto lalikulu ku boma la MAS.
Chitsutso chofala chomwe chinadutsa njira izi zothandizira ndi kutsutsa boma chinali mikangano ndi ziwawa zomwe zili m'dzikoli. Imfa ndi kuvulala kwaposachedwa ku Sucre ndi mbali ya ziwawa zomwe zakhala zikuchitika kuyambira pomwe zidayamba kugwira ntchito, zidayamba kale ku Cochabamba, Santa Cruz ndi kwina kulikonse mdzikolo. Kuphulika uku sikuli vuto la olamulira a Morales, koma ndi gawo la mkangano wamphamvu womwe wabuka pakati pa MAS ndi otsutsa. Ndipo, monga Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti Alvaro Garcia Linera adafotokozera mu a
kuyankhulana kwaposachedwa ku Americas Program, mikangano imeneyi, ponse paลตiri yaufuko ndi yachuma, siiri kanthu kena katsopano ku Bolivia: โChachilendo lerolino nchakuti kwanthaลตi yoyamba chitaganya chikukakamizika kudziyangโana pagalasi, ndipo chiyenera kuwona zopereลตera zake, mingโalu yake, kusowa kwake. zofooka. โฆ Vuto lenileni likanakhala ngati sitinawathetse, tikanangochita zimene maboma apitawa achita ndi kuwasesa pansi pa kapinga.โ
"Ndi Evo Kapena Popanda"
Gulu lina la anzeru ndi atolankhani lidapereka kuwunika kwawo kwa boma lomwe lilipo komanso udindo wa anthu kunja kwa nyumba yachifumu.
Mu ofesi ya Bolivian Workers' Center yomwe inatha ku El Alto, ndinakumana ndi Julio Mamani, mtolankhani amene wakhala akufotokoza kwa zaka zambiri za mzinda wake, ndale ndi magulu a anthu. Mamani adadandaula chifukwa cha kusowa kwa malo odzudzula mu MAS: "Mukadzudzula boma, amati ndiwe chida cha neoliberalism." Ena m'boma adatsutsa izi, akudandaula za "malingaliro athu kapena otsutsana nafe" mkati mwa MAS omwe amalepheretsa kukambirana komanso kutsutsa.
Mamani adafotokozanso vuto lina ndikusowa kwa ndale kumanzere kumanzere kwa Bolivia. Magulu ambiri asonkhana pansi pa ambulera ya MAS. "Kodi chidzachitika ndi chiyani kwa iwo Evo atachoka?" Amani anafunsa.
Felipe Quispe, mtsogoleri wakale wachibadwidwe/wakumanzere, ndi Felix Patzi, katswiri wazachikhalidwe cha anthu komanso nduna yakale ya zamaphunziro m'boma la MAS, anali ndi mayankho ku funsoli.
M'chipinda cholandirira alendo ku hotelo pafupi ndi pakati pa Plaza Murillo ku La Paz, Quispe wa mustachioed, yemwe amasuta ndudu ndi kutafuna coca nthawi yomweyo, adapendekera chipewa chake pamwamba pamphumi yake ndikugwedeza nkhonya yake m'mwamba polankhula za kusonkhanitsa anthu amtundu wazaka zaposachedwa. "Tayesetsa kukonzanso malo athu ndi mphamvu zathu. Komabe mphamvuyi ili m'manja mwa olanda athu, kuphatikiza a MAS. Tiyenera kukonzanso, kufotokozanso mphamvu zathu kumadera akumidzi ndi m'mizindaโฆ Ndindani atipangire kusinthaku? Ndi ife, osauka, amene ali pansi, atsankho, ogwira ntchito, ife amene tinamanga dziko lino, zili kwa ife. Tiyenera kudzilamulira tokha.โ
Patzi wophunzira analankhula za kayendedwe ka chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe anali achangu kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa ndikuthandizira njira yopita ku chisankho cha Evo Morales. "MAS ndi gawo limodzi lachitukuko chamagulu ochezera a anthuโฆ Ngati gululi lipite patsogolo, zili ndi ife. Tiyenera kupitiliza ntchitoyi ndi Evo kapena popanda. โ
Ena kumanzere akukonzekera dziko la Bolivia lopanda Evo, kapena kusintha kwakukulu kwa boma lomwe liripo. Wolemba mabuku komanso katswiri wofufuza Luis Tapia nayenso sanangoganizira za masiku onse. Tapia ali ndi ndevu, tsitsi lalitali lothamanga, komanso magalasi ofiira. Polankhula motsimikiza komanso mosasunthika, iye anafotokoza kuti dziko la Bolivia lili ndi magulu ambiri andale ndi achikhalidwe cha anthu omwe boma silimaphatikizapo. Tapia anafotokoza kuti: โKu Bolivia, ndale nโzosiyana kwambiri kuposa za boma. Anatchulanso zaulamuliro wachikomyunizimu pakati pa magulu azikhalidwe, mabungwe, mabungwe odana ndi privatization ndi makhonsolo oyandikana nawo omwe amakayikira kusalingana kwakukulu komwe kuli m'dziko muno. โKusiyana kwa ndale ndi mphamvu zimenezi nthawi zambiri sizigwirizana ndi zipani kapena maudindo aboma. Demokalase si yofanana ndi boma. โ Tapia adati dziko la Bolivia likungoyimira gawo lamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya dzikolo, ndipo adafanizira apurezidenti ndi mafumu - onse ali ndi maudindo akuluakulu omwe amathandizira kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zomwe zimavulaza anthu. Tapia adati pakufunika "kuchotsa" ndale ndi demokalase ku Bolivia.
Kumbali inayi, MAS imatsutsa kuti ndi boma lopangidwa ndi magulu a anthu, ndipo likuyesetsa kusintha boma kuti lizitha kukwaniritsa zosowa za anthu osauka kwambiri. Monga Morales posachedwa
anafotokoza: "Ndi zomwe zachitika komanso khama la mabungwe okhudza chikhalidwe cha anthu zomwe zikupangitsa kuti demokalase ithetse mavuto omwe amakhudza kwambiri anthu osauka ndi osowa ... Demokalase ndi yoposa zisankho zachizolowezi zaka zinayi zilizonse." Zowonadi, nduna zambiri ndi mamembala azipani mkati mwa MAS ndi ochokera ku mabungwe amgwirizano ndi azikhalidwe. Munjira zambiri, komanso ndi zotsatira zochepa, zoyeserera ndi ndondomeko za MAS zawonetsa zofuna za magawo osaphatikizidwawa.
Chiyembekezo ndi chisangalalo cha chaka choyamba cha kayendetsedwe ka Morales chatha. Zolinga zoyamba ndi zolengeza za 2006 zakhala zikuwululidwa kwambiri mu 2007. M'malo mwa chida chosinthira, msonkhano wachigawo wasinthidwa kukhala dambo la ndale lomwe MAS silingathe kudzichotsa. Ngakhale kuti gasiyo anagaลตidwako pangโono, malo ena agaลตidwanso, ndipo mwayi wopezera zinthu zofunika pa moyo wawonjezeka, zambiri zikufunikabe kuchitika. Pakhoza kukhala kukhalapo kwamphamvu kwa atsogoleri amagulu m'boma, koma mpaka MAS itasintha dziko kukhala chinthu chomwe chikuwonetsa kusiyanasiyana kwa dziko la Bolivia, zitha kukhala pachiwopsezo chambiri chifukwa cha dzimbiri la dziko lakale. Ngakhale kuti anthu osauka athabe kuthandizira utsogoleri wa Morales, zaka ziwiri zoyambirirazi zawonetsa zovuta zomwe dziko losamvana likukumana nalo.