Kulowa kwa asitikali aku France munkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Mali kukupangitsa kuti anthu apite ku gehena zomwe dzikolo lakhala likukumana nalo kwa zaka ziwiri zapitazi. Chidwi chachikulu chawayilesi chayang'ana kwambiri za kutuluka kwa Asilamu akumanja omwe amagwirizana ndi Al Qaeda ku Islamic Maghreb, komanso kuwopseza komwe kumayambitsa chikhalidwe ndi anthu aku Mali. Komabe pali mfundo zochepa zokhudza mkangano wonse, makamaka zochitika zomwe zinayambitsa ngozi yomwe ikuchitika.
Mpaka phirilo
Dziko lotchedwa Mali linapangidwa kuchokera ku zomwe kale zinkadziwika kuti "French West Africa." Wotchulidwa pambuyo pa ufumu wotchuka wa Mali (pafupifupi 1200-1600 AD), Mali inaphatikizapo mafuko osiyanasiyana, mofanana ndi madera ena akale a ku Ulaya ku Africa. Nthawi zambiri, mitundu iyi inali yofanana pang'ono, zomwe zidakhala zofunika kwambiri kwa anthu amtundu wa Tuareg kumpoto kwa dzikolo.
Anthu amtundu wa Tuareg, omwe ndi gawo la anthu ambiri otchedwa Berber kumpoto kwa Africa, adachita nawo mikangano yopanda chiwawa komanso yachiwawa ndi dziko la Maliya pafupifupi kuyambira nthawi yaufulu, kufunafuna ufulu wodzilamulira. Izi zakhala gwero la kusakhazikika kosalekeza.
Monga madera ambiri akale aku France, Mali idakhalabe yosangalatsa ku France. M'zaka za Purezidenti wa Maliya Modibo Keita, zoyesayesa zokhala ndi ufulu wodzilamulira wadziko zidatsatiridwa, koma ndi kuchotsedwa kwa Keita, kulowererapo kwa neo-colonial ku France kudayambiranso. Mali, dziko lolemera muzinthu zachilengedwe, kuphatikizapo golidi ndi uranium, lakhala lofunika kwambiri ku capitalism yapadziko lonse.
Algeria, Libya ndi "zotsatira zosayembekezereka"
Nkhondo yapachiลตeniลตeni ku Algeria ya m'ma 1990, pamodzi ndi zipolowe za ku Libyan (zotengedwa ndi kulowererapo kwa NATO), zidakhudza mwachindunji Mali. Nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Algeria, yomwe idatsutsana ndi boma lankhondo motsutsana ndi Asilamu akumanja, idadzaza ndi nkhanza zomwe mbali zonse ziwiri zidachitika, kuphatikiza nkhanza zomwe zimachitiridwa ndi omwe amatsatira mfundo zomwe zimachitidwa ndi mphamvu zolumikizidwa ndi boma. Pambuyo pa kugonjetsedwa kwa asilikali a chikhazikitso, kusinthana kwa ndale-zankhondo kunachitika mumsasa wa Asilamu akumanja komanso ndi izo, kulengedwa kwa Al Qaeda mu Islamic Maghreb (AQIM). AQIM yakhala imodzi mwamabungwe ochita bwino komanso azigawenga ku Africa. Koma chofunika kwambiri, kukwera kwake kwagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chenjezo la USA, kuyambira zaka zingapo zapitazo, kuti atenge nawo gawo lalikulu lankhondo la US kudera la Sahel ku Africa mobisala polimbana ndi uchigawenga.
Mchitidwe woukira boma la Libyan, womwe unayamba ngati zionetsero zopanda ziwawa ndipo kenako unakula mpaka nkhondo yapachiweniweni pambuyo pa kuponderezedwa ndi ulamuliro wa Qaddafi, idapereka maziko oti kusakhazikika kuderali. Pambuyo pa kulowererapo kwa NATO, komwe kudasokoneza zoyesayesa zachilungamo ndi ulamuliro wadziko, zinthu kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa zidayamba kusakhazikika. Gwero la kusakhazikika kumeneku kunali kuphatikiza kwa zida zankhondo zomwe zidakhala ndi ulamuliro womwe tsopano wagwa wa Qaddafi womwe udatha kusefukira kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa, komanso kutuluka ku Libya kwa ambiri omwe anali ogwirizana nawo kale a Qaddafi mu Africa. AQIM, pamodzi ndi otsutsa kumpoto kwa Mali, adapindula kwambiri ndi zida zankhondozi.
Kupanduka
Kutengera mwayi ku boma lofooka la Maliya ndi zida zomwe adapeza ku Libya, a National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA - chidule cha Chifalansa; Azawad ndi dzina loperekedwa ndi a Tuareg kuderali), adayambitsa zipolowe. Okonzeka bwino kuposa gulu lankhondo la Mali, adasamukira ku chigonjetso, makamaka kulanda kumpoto kwa Mali. Komabe, omwe adalowa nawo pachiwonetserochi, panali magulu osiyanasiyana achisilamu akumanja, kuphatikiza omwe ali ndi ubale ndi Al Qaeda.
Asilikali a Maliya, omwe adagonjetsedwa mobwerezabwereza ndi MNLA, adapandukira boma lodziwika la Maliya ndikuyambitsa kulanda boma. Mchitidwe wosaloledwawu udatsutsidwa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndipo sunachite chilichonse chothandizira kuthetsa mkangano ndi a Tuareg.
Kumpoto kwa Mali, zochitika zinasintha mosayembekezereka. Asilamu akumanja, omwe adagwirizana ndi MNLA, tsopano adawatembenukira. Zinadziwika mwachangu kuti zolinga zawo zakuukira kumpoto kwa Mali zidasemphana ndi a MNLA (otsatirawo akufunafuna boma lodziyimira pawokha la kumpoto kwa Mali kapena "Azawad"). Ngakhale kuti MNLA idakonza ndi kutsogolera zipolowe, mgwirizano wa Asilamu akumanja adapandukira MNLA ndikugonjetsa kumpoto kwa Mali. Asilamu amapiko akumanja, kuphatikiza koma osawerengeka ku AQIM, adapitiliza nkhondo ndi boma la Mali, akukankhira kumwera. Boma la Mali litayamba kukhazikika, anthu aku West Africa (ECOWAS) adakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi "kuwonongeka" m'maiko oyandikana nawo, kuphatikiza zigawenga za Tuareg komanso zigawenga zachisilamu zamanja.
Nthawi
Boma la Maliya, lomwe latsimikizira kukhala losakhazikika, lachinyengo komanso lodalirika pang'ono, lapeza kuti silingathe kugonjetsa Asilamu omwe ali ndi mapiko abwino. Kulira kwake kopempha thandizo kunayamba poyamba kukambirana za kulowererapo kwa asilikali a ECOWAS kuti akhazikitse zinthu, ndipo, pamapeto pake, kulowererapo kwa France ndi asilikali apansi ndi ndege. Kusintha kwatsopano ndikuti MNLA, yomwe ili ku Niger, idalengeza pa Januware 20 kuti ikukonzekera kulowa nawo nkhondoyi. motsutsana Asilamu akumanja.
Nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Maliya ili ndi magwero akusakhazikika kwa zigawo. Ngakhale akulamulidwa ndi Asilamu akumanja kumpoto kwa Mali, vuto lalikulu ndi ndale. Mwachindunji, popanda kuthana ndi zomwe anthu aku Tuareg akumpoto kwa Mali, mosasamala kanthu za Asilamu akumanja, kuwonjezera pa mikangano yomwe ikuchitika pakati pa anthu amtundu wa Tuareg ndi mafuko kumwera kwa dzikolo, dziko la Mali silipeza bata. Pachifukwa chimenecho chokha kuloลตererapo kwa France, mโmalo mothandiza kuthetsa mkanganowo, kungafutukuke kwambiri ndi onjezerani mkangano.
Mfundo yachiwiri ndi yakuti kufooka kwa mayiko ambiri a mu Africa kumawachititsa kuti asathe kupirira katangale ndi neo-colonialism, osatchulapo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chikhazikitso (Chikhristu, Chisilamu, mafuko, ndi zina zotero). Ngakhale kuti ichi ndi cholowa chaulamuliro wa atsamunda ndipo, nthawi zambiri, malire a mayiko odabwitsa omwe anapangidwa panthawi ya ufulu komanso kusowa kwa ufulu weniweni wa zachuma, izi sizidzathetsedwa ndi wina aliyense koma anthu a ku Africa. Kutengapo gawo kwa African Union ndi ECOWAS kungakhale kothandiza, koma pokhapokha kupititsa patsogolo ulamuliro wa dziko, mtendere, chilungamo ndi mgwirizano wa Africa. Monga momwe bungwe lililonse mwamabungwewa limaonedwa ngati wothandizira zofuna zakunja kwa ufumu, sangathe kukwaniritsa ntchitoyi.
Mfundo yachitatu ndi yakuti sizingatheke kunyalanyaza Chisilamu choyenera, makamaka, uchigawenga wa Islamist. Zolinga za Asilamu akumanja, mwachitsanzo, AQIM, ndizovuta komanso zowononga, monga tikuwonera muulamuliro wachigawenga womwe achita kumpoto kwa Mali. misogynism yawo ndale pamodzi ndi kukonzekera kwawo pa nthano zakale zachisilamu, sizimatumikira chifukwa cha chilungamo cha zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, osatchula mgwirizano wa Africa. Ngakhale amati mbendera ya "anti-imperialism," iwo salinso odana ndi imperialism monga momwe analiri achi Japan a fascists mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse omwe amati akumenyera "Asia kwa Asiya," m'malo mwake akupititsa patsogolo zolinga zawo. Pa nthawiyi, munthu sangakwanitse chisokonezo chilichonse.
Zikatere, USA iyenera kusiya ntchito yake yopusitsa komanso yokopa. Kuyambira nthawi ya ulamuliro wa George W. Bush, pambuyo pa zigawenga za 11 September 2001, dziko la United States linakula kwambiri m'dera la Sahel ku Africa. Ngakhale uchigawenga-Asilamu ndi/kapena osakhala Asilamu anali osati Chiwopsezo chachikulu ku Africa (pamene, nkhondo zapachiweniweni, umphawi, HIV / Edzi, ndi umbava wachifumu zinali), US idaumirira kuti chigawochi chikhazikike, kuphatikiza mgwirizano wapamtima ndi maboma opanda demokalase. Kulowerera kumeneku sikunapititse patsogolo demokalase, ndipo sikunaletse kupita patsogolo kwa uchigawenga. M'malo mwake, kulowererapo mosasamala kumeneku komanso kubedwa kwa NATO pakuukira kwa Libyan, kwadzetsa zosiyana.
Kukhazikika kwandale kuyenera kuchitika ku Mali. Izi ziphatikizepo kubwezeretsedwa kwathunthu ndi kopanda malire kwa ulamuliro wademokalase mโdziko. Asilikali akuyenera kubwerera kumalo osungira. Asitikali aku France akuyeneranso kubwerera kumalo awoโฆku France, ndikuchoka pankhondoyi. ECOWAS ndi African Union, komabe, ali ndi ntchito yosiyana. Ayenera kukwera pamwamba ndikupereka magawo angapo othandizira panjira ya demokalase ndi kukhazikika. Amafunika ngati ankhoswe pothetsa mkangano wankhondo. Ayenera kubweretsa kukakamizidwa koyenera kuti abweretse asitikali aku Maliya kuti abwezeretse ulamuliro wovomerezeka wandale mdzikolo. Ayenera kuthandiza anthu a ku Mali kuthetsa mikangano yeniyeni komanso yodziwika ya mafuko yomwe yagawanitsa dzikolo. Izi zikuphatikiza, koma sizimangokhala, funso la a Tuareg.
Udindo wa African Union ndi ECOWAS si, makamaka, udindo wa asilikali. Ngakhale maulamuliro ovomerezeka ku Mali angafunikire thandizo lankhondo ngati njira yokhazikitsira bata, kusuntha koteroko kuyenera kupangidwa ndi anthu aku Mali osati a French, USA, kapena chifukwa chake, aliyense wa othandizira. za capitalism yapadziko lonse lapansi mkati mwa olamulira osiyanasiyana aku Africa. Udindo uwu wa ECOWAS ndi African Union uyenera kulemekezedwa ndi kuthandizidwa ndi United States, m'malo monyozedwa ndi kusokonezedwa kuti apititse patsogolo zofuna za US hegemony ndi capitalism yapadziko lonse lapansi.
Zili kwa anthu a ku United States of America, makamaka, koma osati mwapadera, ife a mbadwa za ku Africa, kuti tiyime pankhaniyi ndikuwonetsa mgwirizano weniweni ndi anthu a ku Mali m'malo mogwera mumsampha wa demagoguery. nkhani zabodza zomwe zimayang'anira ma airwaves ambiri.
Kukhala chete si njira.
BlackCommentator.com Membala wa Board of Editorial komanso Columnist, a Bill Fletcher, Jr., ndi Scholar Senior ndi Institute for Studies Policy, pulezidenti wakale wa TransAfricaForum, ndi wolemba "Akutisokonezaโ - Ndi Zikhulupiriro Zina Makumi Awiri Okhudza Mgwirizano. Iyenso ndi wolemba nawo Mgwirizano Wagawikana: Vuto la Ntchito Yogwirizana ndi Njira Yatsopano Yopita Ku Chilungamo Chachikhalidwe, yomwe imayang'ana zovuta za anthu ogwira ntchito ku USA. Dinani Pano kulumikizana ndi Bambo Fletcher.
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