“Mwinamwake chowonadi chenicheni chokhutiritsa chimene anthu otsutsa m’nthaŵi yathu sanayang’anizane nacho mokwanira,” analemba motero Murray Bookchin mu 1991, “ndicho chenicheni chakuti ukapitalizimu lerolino wakhala chitaganya, osati chuma chokha”. Zomwe zafotokozedwa m'chiganizo chimodzichi ndizomwe zidapangitsa katswiriyu, yemwe adamwalira pa 30 Julayi 2006, wazaka 85, kuti alembe zambiri komanso kufufuza zaka 50 zapitazi. Mfundo imeneyi inali kudzipereka ku chikhulupiriro chakuti kusanthula kwavuto ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndi kusintha komwe kumafunika kutero, kuyenera kukhala ndi chidwi chachikulu kusiyana ndi zachuma.
Mwachilengedwe, kudzipereka pamalingaliro otere kukanabweretsa Bookchin mkangano wachindunji ndi tanthauzo la kutanthauzira kwachuma pakusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu: Karl Marx. Njira yomwe inazikidwa pa 'kusintha kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu', monga momwe Bookchin anafotokozera, chinthu chomwe chinayambira kutali ndi nkhondo yachikhalidwe yomwe Bookchin anali wokangalika kuyambira m'ma 1930 mpaka m'ma 1960, kunja kwa zovuta zachuma za kayendetsedwe ka antchito. , zikanabweretsa Bookchin osati kokha mkangano waukulu waluntha ndi filosofi ndi zolemba za Marx, komanso mkangano wachindunji ndi otsatira a Marx. Ndipo kulimbana kumeneku sikungakhale kwapachiweniweni. M'nkhani yake yoyipa ya 1969, Mverani, Marxist!, Bookchin akutsegula motere: "Zinthu zonse zakale za zaka makumi atatu zabwereranso - zoyipa za "mzere wa kalasi", "udindo wa gulu la ogwira ntchito", "makada ophunzitsidwa bwino." ", "chipani cha vanguard", ndi "ulamuliro wa proletarian". Zonse zabwereranso, koma mwanjira yonyansa kwambiri kuposa kale. ”
Msilikali wakale wa ndale za m'ma 1930 ku New York, wophunzira wa maphunziro omwe anaphunzira ku Spanish Civil War - wina yemwe anavulala ndi chipani cha Communist Party pa Hitler-Stalin Pact - Bookchin adatsutsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa matanthauzo akale a Marxism m'zaka khumi monga madzimadzi monga 1960s; kutanthauzira zakale zomwe matenda ake oopsa adawululidwa ku Soviet Union zaka khumi zapitazo. Koma koposa izi, Bookchin sanali kungoyesa kutetezera Marxism yosinthira ku zophophonya za matanthauzidwe akale, koma anali kuyesa kupulumutsa Marxism kwa iwo okha, ku zophophonya zake zamkati. Kwa Bookchin, mavuto omwe adasokoneza gulu lachisinthiko mpaka pano sanabwere kuchokera ku mbiri yolakwika ya Marx, koma kuchokera ku Marxist kuwerenga molakwika mbiri.
Zomwe zinkawoneka ngati zomveka zofotokozera kusintha kwa Marx - chikhalidwe chachuma chonse cha moyo pansi pa capitalism yomwe ikubwera komanso kukula kwachipongwe ndi kusintha kosayerekezeka komweko - zinali chabe chotulukapo cha nthawi yake, ndondomeko yakuya ya kusintha kochokera. kusintha kuchokera ku bungwe la feudal kupita ku gulu la capitalist. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, malo ochezera a anthuwa sanali malo oti akhazikitsepo kuunika momwe kusintha kwa anthu kunachitika komanso komwe kudzachitike. M’malo mwake, zinali zotulukapo zenizeni zenizeni za mchitidwe wa kusintha kuchoka ku feudalism kupita ku ukapitalist, wa kusandulika kwa mtundu umodzi wa gulu la anthu wamba kupita ku mtundu wina wa gulu la magulu. Pambuyo pake kuyesa ndikugwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo ichi kufotokoza kuchoka ku capitalism kupita ku communism - kuchoka ku gulu la anthu kupita ku gulu lopanda maphunziro kunali kulakwitsa kwakukulu kwa Marx, ndipo chifukwa chachikulu cha kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa gulu la chikomyunizimu pazaka 50 zomwe zinatsatira imfa ya Marx. Motero zinali zoonekeratu kwa Bookchin kuti njira ina yofotokozera za kusintha kwa chikhalidwe inali yofunika.
Pamene Bookchin anayamba kulemba za zolephera za Marxism m’zaka za m’ma 1960, sizinadziŵike mwamsanga kuti chitsanzo chofotokozera chimenechi chingakhale chotani. Mwachibadwa, monga woganiza wokhwima, mwina samadzidziwa. Chomwe chiri chodziwikiratu ndikuti adadziwa kuti komweko komwe kumachita zambiri m'malo ochezera a anthu omwe adasiyidwa pambali ndi chitsanzo cha Marxian analytical. The New Social Movements (NSMs) ya 1960s - makamaka, kayendetsedwe ka akazi, anthu ammudzi, ndi zachilengedwe - zinali umboni woonekeratu kwa Bookchin wa dera losiyana kwambiri la kusintha kwa tsiku lake, lomwe linali ndi zochitika zomwe Marx sakanatha kuziwoneratu. Koma monga kuyenera kuyembekezeredwa kuchokera kwa woganiza mozama ngati Bookchin, pali lingaliro la kufalikira mu ntchito ya Bookchin, njira yolongosoledwa pomwe munthu angatsatire kukula kwa lingaliro lake monga chotulukapo chakuchitanso kwake ndi ntchito ya Marx, kukulitsa mphamvu zake. filosofi yake mu ndondomekoyi. Chifukwa chake, m'malemba apambuyo pake, zinthu zomwe adaziwona poyambirira ngati kusiyana chabe pakati pa nthawi yake ndi Marx zidakhala zina zambiri - zidakhala zenizeni zomwe zidakhalapo koma zomwe Marx adaphonya kotheratu. .
Motero a NSM anadza kuimira mpumulo weniweni wa kusintha kwa Bookchin, koma osati chifukwa cha zochitika kapena tsatanetsatane wa kayendetsedwe ka munthu aliyense, koma chifukwa cha kukhudzidwa kwakukulu kwa nkhani zomwe amagawana zomwe onse amadzutsa. Ndiko kuti, siziri muzodetsa nkhawa zamagulu onsewa - osati kulimbana ndi owononga zachilengedwe, okonda kugonana ndi akuluakulu aboma - koma nkhani zomwe zimatsegula zonse: zomwe ndizo, malingaliro a utsogoleri ndi ulamuliro zomwe izi. mayendedwe adakangana motsutsa. Mwamwayi, awa anali malingaliro a utsogoleri ndi ulamuliro omwe analibe chochita pang'ono ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chuma. Bookchin anayamba kuona kuti mosasamala kanthu za mmene kusinthika kozikidwa pa chitsanzo cha Marxian kungakhalire kokwanira, pakakhala unyinji wa maulamuliro, ndi ulamuliro umene umatulukamo, umene ukasiyidwa wosakhudzidwa. Mwachindunji, cholinga cha Marxist cha kuthetsedwa kwa boma lachikapitalist lopondereza likanangothetsa ulamuliro waulamuliro wa zachuma ndi ulamuliro, motero, chimene chinafunikira chinali kusintha kotheratu kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kumene kukatenga ulamuliro ndi ulamuliro kulikonse kumene iwo anapezeka.
Mwachionekere, ma 1960 Bookchin oeuvre sanali apadera kotheratu: kukonzanso kwa chiphunzitso cha Marx kunali kofunika kwambiri kwa mbiriyakale pambuyo pa kulephera kwake m’kuchita kwake, koonekeratu m’ma 1960. Komabe, Bookchin anali wapadera pamlingo wa kutsutsa kwake kwa Marx: palibe wanthanthi ya Leftist, wodzipereka kugonjetsa capitalism, kotero kuti anakaniratu malo apakati a Marx (mwachitsanzo, kaimidwe kamene sikakanamupezera malo Sukulu ya Frankfurt). Monga anatsutsa mu 1969, 'Marxism yasiya kugwira ntchito m'nthawi yathu', osati chifukwa ndi yosinthika kwambiri, kapena masomphenya kwambiri, 'koma m'malo mwake, chifukwa sichiwona kapena kusintha mokwanira'. Pambuyo pake, adayenera kupita patsogolo, munkhani yotchedwa Marxism as Bourgeois Sociology (1979), momwe adatsutsa kuti zolakwa zazikulu za Marx zidachokera ku malo ake okhazikika mkati mwa malingaliro a bourgeois 19th century.
Kwa Bookchin, ‘nthano’ ya Marx ya gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito m’malo monga nthumwi zoukira boma, pamene inalowetsedwa mokwanira, ili chitsanzo chowonekera bwino cha kulingalira kwa mabwinja a woganiza. Pano, kulamulira ndi kugwirizanitsa kwa unyinji mu dongosolo la fakitale pansi pa capitalism kumavomerezedwa ndi Marx monga njira yabwino, yoganizira zamagulu. Ndi kudzera munjira iyi m'pamene njira yomaliza yopita ku chikominisi iyenera kupangidwa. Komabe, panthawiyi, mfundo yakuti unyinji wa anthu akugwirizanitsidwa kukhala pliant, subservent mass ananyalanyazidwa, ngati sanalandiridwe. Momwe unyinji wogwirizaniranawu ungasinthire kuchoka ku chigwirizano cholinganizidwa kupita ku chikapitalist kukhala gulu lachisinthiko silinakhudzidwe mokwanira ndi chiphunzitso cha immizerization. Ndiponso, lingaliro la kuloŵerera m’dziko, kuneneratu za m’tsogolo pamene unyinji udzakhala panthaŵi ya chisinthiko, linatanthauza kuti mikangano yoloŵererapo yoyang’anizana ndi mibadwo ya ogwira ntchito pansi pa ukapitalzimu, chitukuko cha maindasitale, ndi imperialism, ngakhale kuti ikudziŵika kukhala yosayenera, iyenera kulandiridwa. mu chithunzi chachikulu; zinthu izi zikanakhala zovuta, koma anayenera kulandiridwa monga kupita patsogolo kochitidwa ndi kayendetsedwe ka mbiri ya anthu. Mwanjira imeneyi, Marx anali womamatira momvekera bwino ku ganizo la ‘kupita patsogolo’: ulamuliro umene unabuka chifukwa cha kusamuka ku khalidwe lankhanza unali chinthu chatsoka koma chofunika; momveka bwino kudzipereka komwe adagawana ndi atsamunda azaka za zana la 19, omwe amatha kulungamitsa nkhanza zamtundu uliwonse m'dzina lopititsa patsogolo dziko lonse lapansi (ndipo zomwe Marx adalemba pa Briteni ku India ndi chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi cha izi).
Kuphatikiza apo, kwa Bookchin, kuzindikira kwaukatswiri kwa Marx kumachokeranso ku chikhumbo chake, mogwirizana ndi malingaliro a bourgeois a nthawiyo, kutsimikizira mosatsutsika kulondola kwachindunji kwa malamulo ake opezedwa kumene achitaganya; monga momwe asayansi achilengedwe a Victorian anali kupititsa patsogolo nzeru zaumunthu ndi zonena zawo ku cholinga chovumbulutsa umboni, kotero Marx ankafuna kuchita mu sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu. Koma pali chotsalira chofunikira ku sayansi ya chitsanzo cha Marx, monga apa otsogolerawo akukhala osatsutsika mu kusanthula kwake, monga momwe polojekiti yonse yosinthira - zonse zamakhalidwe ndi makhalidwe zimachotsedwa, motsogoleredwa ndi kayendetsedwe ka mbiri yakale. Ndiponso, kupatuka kulikonse kuchokera m’dongosolo la Marx tsopano kungatchulidwe kukhala kosagwirizana ndi sayansi, kukhala kodzidalira, monga chikhulupiliro chochokera m’ntchito ya olota ndi zina zotero (chinthu chimene Marx angachite ndi kutsimikiza mtima kwakukulu m’kukambitsirana kwake ndi Fourier et al). Pakuti ‘chitsanzo cha sayansi’ cha Marx chokha chinali chitavumbula zolinga za kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Apanso, ndi malingaliro awa ali m'malo, chipinda chotsutsa mwamakhalidwe kapena mwamakhalidwe zenizeni za moyo wa ogwira ntchito m'zaka za zana la 19 chimachotsedwa, kapena kuchepetsedwa kukhala malo achiwiri kumbuyo kwa ukulu wa ulendo wopita ku chikominisi.
Kukana kwa Bookchin chiphunzitso cha Marxism monga dongosolo lanthanthi ndi ndale, ndiyeno, kunam’lekanitsa ndi ena omwe kale anali Achikomyunizimu a m’ma 1960, ndipo anamuika iye mwamphamvu kumbali ya otsutsa. Apa Bookchin akadakhala - mwachidziwikire, osasiyanitsidwa ndi otsutsa ena ambiri - pakadapanda kukulitsa malingaliro ake m'mawu ake omwe adachitika pomwe ma 1960 adapita ku 1970s. Izi zitha kutsatiridwa bwino ndi mfundo ziwiri zazikulu zomwe Bookchin adafikira mpaka pano. Choyamba, ngati kusintha kunali kokhudza kuthetsedwa kwa chinthu china chokulirapo kuposa kalasi - mwachitsanzo, maulamuliro ndi ulamuliro - ndiye kuti kutuluka kwa mikhalidwe iyi, ndi njira yopita ku kukonzanso kwawo, kunayenera kulungamitsidwa ndikufotokozedwa; Monga momwe Marx anafotokozera chiyambi cha magulu ndi boma, kotero Bookchin anayenera kufotokoza momveka bwino kutuluka kwa utsogoleri ndi ulamuliro. Chachiwiri, popeza Bookchin anali atachotseratu gulu la ogwira ntchito ngati nthumwi yosintha zinthu, kodi tsopano lingasinthidwe ndi chiyani? Izi zikutanthauza kuti, ngati sichowonadi, ndi chinthu chimodzi chanji kapena wothandizira yemwe angakhale woyambitsa kusintha?
Zinthu zonse ziwirizi - kufunika kofufuza maulamuliro ndi kufunikira kopeza wina wolowa m'malo mwa akatswiri osintha zinthu - zingapangitse Bookchin kunenanso chimodzimodzi: ku chilengedwe. M’chochitika choyamba, ecology ikanapanga maziko a kutsutsa kwa Bookchin kwa ulamuliro waulamuliro: palibe paliponse m’dziko lachilengedwe pamene dongosolo lofanana ndi laulamuliro limene linayambukira chitaganya cha anthu lingapezeke. Machitidwe osankhidwa pakati pa zinyama, inde; nkhanza ndi kulamuliridwa ndi amphamvu kwambiri m'magulu a nyama, inde - koma osati dongosolo lokhazikika komanso losasinthika la maulamuliro omwe amayamba m'magulu a anthu. Pachitsanzo chachiwiri, kufooka kwa chilengedwe cha dziko lapansi - kutanthauza kuti chilengedwe cha dziko lapansi - chinabweretsedwa pafupi ndi maondo ake ndi capitalism, tsopano chikanakhala choyendetsa chachikulu cha kusintha kwachisinthiko. Umunthu tsopano unalibe chosankha chofuna kugwetsa ukapitalisti kapena ayi (kapena ngati izi zikanachedwetsedwa kufikira nthawi yamtsogolo yomwe ingakhale yabwino kwambiri kusintha) chifukwa kupulumuka kwake kunadalira kufalikira kwanthawi yomweyo kwa capitalism. Pansi pa chitsanzo cha Bookchin, okumba manda a capitalism angayambike osati chifukwa cha kulowetsedwa kwa ogwira ntchito, koma chifukwa cha kulowetsedwa kwa dziko lonse lapansi.
Kuchokera m’kulumikizana kwa mfundo ziŵirizi kudzatuluka filosofi yathunthu ya Bookchin, imene iye akanatcha chikhalidwe cha anthu. Ndipo kuphatikizika kwa ziganizozi kungapereke lingaliro lake ndi zomwe akufuna kuchita kukhala mgwirizano wathunthu: chifukwa ngati capitalism ikupangitsa dziko kukhala losatheka kukhalamo, makamaka chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwaulamuliro komanso osati kugwiritsa ntchito chuma kokha, ndipo ngati maulamuliro angawonekere kukhala osakhala achilengedwe, pamenepo. sichipezeka kwina kulikonse m’chilengedwe, ndiye kuti kupasuka kwake kuyenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito mwa kumvetsetsa ndi kutsatira malamulo osakhala a utsogoleri wa chilengedwe cha chilengedwe. Apa, lingaliro la Bookchin limabwera mozungulira, ndipo limalowetsa mbali zonse za zomwe adatulutsa ndi malingaliro ozama: malo omwe anthu akufuna kukafika ayenera kukhala malo omwe anthu amayesera kukhala pano. Izi zikutanthawuza kukonzanso dongosolo lililonse la chikhalidwe cha anthu, mkati mwa anthu omwe alipo, kuti agwirizane ndi malamulo osagwirizana ndi maudindo. Chofunikira, komabe, kukonzanso uku kuyenera kuchokera kumagulu a anthu - malo okhawo omwe amawunikira - ndikuphatikiza kuyika kwabwino kwa anthu pachilengedwe: gawo la chikhalidwe cha anthu lomwe lingakope Bookchin kutsutsana ndi zachilengedwe zambiri za chilengedwe. kuyenda.
Ndi chiganizo chokulirapo ichi, nkhani yayikulu iyi ya dziko lonse lapansi - ya anthu mkati mwa chilengedwe chake - yomwe ikuwonetsa kuti Bookchin ndi 'woganiza bwino' wazaka 50 zapitazi. Kupambana kwa Bookchin ndikudzinenera za masomphenya ake ndikodabwitsa kwambiri chifukwa pa nthawi yomweyi taona kukana kotheratu kwa lingaliro la 'nkhani yopambana', m'dziko lamaphunziro ndi lachiwonetsero, mokomera. wa relativism, kapena munthu payekha, nthawi zambiri osadziŵika monga momwe sungagwire ntchito. Ndipo nkhani ya Bookchin ndi yopambana monga momwe ingakhalire: kukonzanso kwathunthu kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kuti chigwirizane kwambiri ndi kuyesayesa kopanda utsogoleri ndi kukula komwe kumapezeka m'chilengedwe. Bookchin ankadziŵa bwino lomwe kukula kwa ntchito yakeyo, ya mmene ntchito yake inaliri. Zowonadi, iye nthaŵi ina analemba za ‘khalidwe laumesiya losanyozeka’ la ntchito yake, za kuyesayesa kufotokoza njira yofikira ku ufulu wautopian. Koma mogwirizana ndi kudzipereka kwake ku mawu a dialectic, mesiya Bookchin anaika chiphunzitso chake kukhala chotseguka ku kukangana kwa dialectical komwe ‘anali kuyamikira koposa’: pakati pa woŵerenga buku ndi wolemba. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ntchito yake inayenera kutengedwa ndi ena, kuyeretsedwa ndi kukonzedwanso.
Tsoka ilo, m'zaka zake zakutsogolo, chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwa mikangano ndi anthu omenyera ufulu wa anthu komanso maphunziro, komanso kalembedwe kake ka Bookchin komwe kamawonekera nthawi zonse, ambiri amamuimba mlandu kuti wayiwala kudzipereka kwake pakukakamira kwake kofunikira kwambiri, komanso kusokoneza. palibe kutsutsa. Koma mawonedwe osavuta awa amakana zotsutsana zambiri ndi zotsutsana zomwe zilipo pakutulutsa konse kwa Bookchin. Komanso, zimalephera kuzindikira kufunikira kwa kutsutsana m'malingaliro ake, komanso malingaliro ozama a Hegelian omwe adagwiritsa ntchito lingalirolo. Kwa Bookchin, kutsutsana kunali kokhudza kulimbana, ponse paŵiri m’maganizo ndi m’zochita. Kupanga makambitsirano ake a kulimbana kwa moyo m’chilengedwe cha chilengedwe kumenyera moyo wa anthu osauka kwambiri pansi pa ukapitalist, munthu amapeza lingaliro lakuti si chirichonse chimene chidzakhala chosangalatsa m’kuguba kwa chitaganya chabwinoko. Momwemonso pakupanga malingaliro: kufunikira kwa zosangalatsa kapena chikhalidwe chambiri pamakangano ndi kukangana kunali chidwi kwa Bookchin m'dziko lomwe chikhalidwe ndi chitukuko chomwe chili pachiwopsezo.
Kuphatikiza apo, kunyada komwe kumapezeka nthawi zonse muzolemba za Bookchin kudachokera ku mbiri yake, wophunzitsidwa m'misewu m'ma 1930 ku New York. Wobadwa mu 1921 kwa othawa kwawo aku Russia, omwe adachita ndale kwambiri chifukwa chothawa chipwirikiti cha Revolution Russia, Bookchin adadula mano ake ngati womenyera ufulu wachipani komanso wolankhula pagulu panthawi yomwe nkhani zokambidwa - imperialism, fascism, ndi kuponderezana - zinali zenizeni zenizeni za moyo ndi imfa. Komanso, malo a mkangano womwewo - m'mphepete mwa misewu ya zigawo za anthu osauka a New York City - kumene makamuwo, Bookchin anatiuza mu 1997, 'anali odana kwambiri', anali oti akhazikitse malingaliro olimbana ndi Bookchin wachichepere. Kuti izi ziganizidwe mozama m'mikangano iyi, kunena mosapita m'mbali ndi kachitidwe kakumenyana mumsewu kunali kofunika kwambiri.
Nthawi yodziwika bwino iyi yamalingaliro amphamvu, mothandizidwa pambuyo pake ndi zomwe zidachitika kufakitale, zidayenera kulimbikitsa ku Bookchin mwachangu kuti achepetse zovuta zamakangano, kuthetsa ukadaulo - komanso kukhala wolimba pakukangana komanso kuyankha. Pambuyo pake, pamene ambiri a mayiko otukuka adadutsa m'magawo osiyanasiyana a demokalase ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, momwe munayamba chikhulupiriro chodziwika kuti kusakhazikika kwa dziko lapansi, zoopsa zenizeni za dziko la WWII isanayambe zinali zakale, Bookchin - kuyambira mu 1962 Our Synthetic Environment - anali kulemba za mtengo wachilengedwe wa capitalism, komanso zovuta zomwe zingabweretse. Chifukwa chake, kufulumirako sikunatheretu kwa Bookchin, zovutazo zinali zisanayime, zidangosintha dziko, kuchoka pazachikhalidwe kupita ku chilengedwe.
Kufulumira uku kufotokozera za chikhalidwe cha anthu, kufulumira kutsutsa zonse zomwe zinali patsogolo pake, zinayambitsa zidziwitso zazikulu zomwe Bookchin watisiyira mu ntchito yake, zidziwitso zonse za chikhalidwe ndi zachilengedwe. Ndipo kuphatikizana kwa magawo awiriwa mkati mwa Bookchin - m'modzi mwa olemba oyamba kuchita izi - kungapangitse kuti ntchito ya Bookchin ikhale yayikulu komanso yoyambira ngati ya zaka zana za Marx iye asanabwere. Ponena za kalembedwe kake, kwa ife amene tikufufuza m’nkhani ya anarchism ndi ecology, dziko lidzakhala lopanda nzeru podziŵa kuti sipadzakhalanso cholembera chonyezimira cha Murray Bookchin. Ndipo mosasamala kanthu za mikangano yomwe inayambitsa zotsatira za pambuyo pake za Bookchin, khalidwe lomwe tidzaphonya kwambiri ndilo makhalidwe aumunthu omwe adawonekera kuchokera pamasamba a ntchito yake - kuyesetsa kumvetsetsa dziko lapansi, ndi kuyesetsa kulipanga kukhala malo abwino okhalamo. Bookchin wasiya mnzake wa nthawi yaitali, Janet Bielh, mkazi wake wakale komanso mnzake, Bea, komanso mwana wamwamuna ndi wamkazi.
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