Pazochitika zazikulu zomwe zidzakhudza kwambiri ndale za ku Mexico ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito, Elba Esther Gordillo, yemwe kwa zaka zoposa makumi awiri ndi zisanu adatsogolera Mexican Teachers Union (el SNTE), anamangidwa pa Feb. 26 pa mlandu wa kuba ndalama zokwana madola mamiliyoni ambiri mโndalama za mabungwe a mgwirizano zomwe akuti anaziika mโmabanki a ku Ulaya ndi kuwononga malo. Loya wamkulu waku Mexico a Jesรบs Murillo Karam adaimba Gordillo mlandu wakuba ndalama, ponena kuti adagwiritsa ntchito ndalama za bungweli kulipira ndege, maphunziro oyendetsa ndege, maopaleshoni ake apulasitiki, ndi kugula zinthu zapamwamba ku United States.
Loya wamkulu wa boma adati kumangidwaku kudachokera pazomwe zidaperekedwa ndi nthambi ya Financial Intelligence ya dipatimenti ya Treasury ya Mexico. Akuti mzaka zitatu zapitazi adawononga ndalama zoposa US $ 2.2 miliyoni m'masitolo a Neiman Marcus okha. Purezidenti Enrique Peรฑa Nieto wa chipani cha Institutional Revolution (PRI) akuti adatsata kafukufuku wa loya wamkulu komanso kumanga a Gordillo, ndipo adalungamitsa kumangidwa kwake ponena kuti boma likuteteza ndalama za mamembala a bungweli.
Kumangidwa kwa Gordillo kukutsatira kupambana kwa Purezidenti Peรฑa Nieto pakukankhira ku Mexico Congress ndi maboma a boma kusintha kwamaphunziro komwe kumafuna kufooketsa bungwe la Mexican Teachers Union. Gordillo ndi mgwirizano wake adatsutsa kusinthako, koma adalephera kuwaletsa kuti asadutse. Kumangidwa kwa Gordillo ndi boma la PRI ndi chizindikiro cha Purezidenti ndi chipani chake kuti sadzalekerera kutsutsa pulogalamu yawo kuchokera ku mabungwe ogwira ntchito kapena gawo lina lililonse la anthu. Atsogoleri ena achinyengo amabungweโndipo alipo ambiriโadziwitsidwa kuti sakanatsutsa Peรฑa Nieto ndi PRI kapena adzalipira mtengowo. Kumangidwa kwa Gordillo makamaka cholinga chake chinali kuopseza a Romero Deschamps, mtsogoleri wa bungwe lodziwika bwino la katangale la Mexico Petroleum Workers Union, yemwe watsutsana ndi mapulani a Peรฑa Nieto ofuna kubisa kampani ya Mexican Petroleum.
Deschamps, yemwe ndi woyimira malamulo a PRI mu Congress, ali ndi mantha ambiri, osati chifukwa cha mbiri yake komanso momwe boma lachitira ndi omwe adatsogolera. Pamene Carlos Salinas de Gortari wa PRI adakhala pulezidenti ku 1988, adasuntha mwamsanga kuopseza Petroleum Workers ndi Miners Union. Pa Januware 10, 1989, patangotha โโโโmasiku ochepa atatenga udindowu, Salinas adatumiza apolisi ndi magulu ankhondo kuti akawukire likulu la gulu la ogwira ntchito ku Petroleum ndi bazooka, ndikuphulitsa zitseko ndikumanga mtsogoleri wa bungweli Joaquรญn Hernรกndez Galicia, yemwe amadziwika kuti "La Quina, โ pa mlandu wopezeka ndi zida popanda chilolezo. Salinas ndiye adasankha Sebastian Guzman Cabrera kuti atsogolere bungwe la ogwira ntchito zamafuta ndipo adalowa m'malo ndi Deschamps mu 1993.
Atsogoleri a mabungwe odziyimira pawokha nawonso asungidwa. Atsogoleri a Vicente Fox (2000-2006) ndi Felipe Calderรณn (2006-2012), onse a National Action Party (PAN), adatsutsa Napoleรณn Gรณmez Urrutia wa Mexican Miners and Metal Workers Union (SMMRM). Oyang'anira Fox adapereka mlandu kwa Gรณmez Urrutia atadzudzula boma la "kupha kwa mafakitale" pa ngozi ya mgodi ku Pasta de Conchos pa Feb. 19, 2006, yomwe idasiya anthu 65 akufa. Chofunika kwambiri, komabe, mwina chinali kuyesa kwa Gรณmez Urrutia kuti atenge utsogoleri wa Congress of Labor (CT), bungwe lodziwika bwino la mabungwe "ovomerezeka" ku Mexico omwe nthawi zambiri amagonjera malamulo aboma komanso zofuna za olemba anzawo ntchito. Pamene adatenga udindo mu December 2006, Calderรณn ndi akuluakulu ake anapitirizabe kuyesa kuzunza mtsogoleri wa migodi ndi kufooketsa mgwirizanowu.
Kulimbanaku kudazungulira makamaka Local 65 ya mgodi waukulu komanso wodziwika bwino wa Cananea kumpoto kwa Sonora. Pambuyo pa mikangano yambiri ya ogwira ntchito ndi kukangana ndi akuluakulu a boma, pomalizira pake pa June 6, 2010, apolisi a boma analowa mumgodiwo, nโkuchotsa mwankhanza anthu ogwira ntchito mโmigodi, achibale awo komanso owatsatira. Ngakhale kuti boma la Calderรณn linayesetsa kuchita zachiwawa pofuna kupondereza anthu ogwira ntchito mโmigodi, Gรณmez Urrutia anapitirizabe kutsogolera anthu ogwira ntchito mโmigodi ku Vancouver, British Columbia, ku Canada, pamene ogwira ntchito mโmigodiwo anapitirizabe kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito ndiponso kumenyedwa kuti apambane mapangano abwino kwambiri ku Mexico mโmigodi ndi mโmafakitale achitsulo.
Pamilandu, Khothi Lachiwiri la Khothi Lalikulu ku Mexico lidagamula 3-1 kuti Mlembi wa Ntchito ku Mexico adachita zinthu mosaloledwa pomwe adasiya kuvomerezedwa ndi Gรณmez Urrutia ngati Mlembi Wamkulu wa National Union of Mine, Metal and Steelworkers (Los Mineros) , mu 2008. Gรณmez Urrutia ndi ogwira ntchito m'migodi adalandira chithandizo champhamvu m'mayiko onse komanso padziko lonse lapansi. Kafukufuku wa bungwe la anthu ogwira ntchito mโmayiko osiyanasiyana anapeza kuti zomwe boma linkaneneza nโzabodza. Chakumapeto kwa masika, khothi lina la ku Mexico lidatulutsa mlandu womaliza wotsutsa Gรณmez Urrutia, yemwe amakhala ku Canada mothandizidwa ndi United Steel Workers kuyambira 2006.
Zomwe milandu yosiyanasiyanayi ikuwonetsa ndikuti a PRI ndi PAN adakonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito boma kuyesa kuphwanya mphamvu za mabungwe omwe amatsutsana ndi ndondomeko zawo ndi mapulani awo. Milandu ina yambiri ingatchulidwe pomwe boma limagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chake pazakatangale zamabungwe kapena zinthu zina zosaloledwa kuti liyimbe milandu akuluakulu abungwe, ndikuwayimba milanduyo atsogoleri a mabungwe ngati njira yowakakamiza kutsatira ndale za chipani cholamula. mzere. Nthawi zina, umboni ndi milandu ingapangidwe kuti ibweretse mgwirizano. Zomwe zikuchitika tsopano motsutsana ndi Gordillo zikuyimira chochitika chimodzi chokha, ngakhale chofunikira kwambiri, m'mbiri yakale yosokoneza maboma a mabungwe aku Mexico.
Mtsogoleri Wamuyaya
Pokhapokha Okutobala watha Gordillo, yemwe watsogolera mgwirizanowu kuyambira 1989, adasankhidwanso kukhala wamkulu wawo. Mโgwirizano umene gulu lake la ndale linkalamulira pafupifupi maofesi onse, iye analandira mavoti 3,205 momukondera popanda omutsutsa, pamsonkhano womwe unali woyendetsedwa bwino kwambiri ndi nthumwi 3,287. Ngakhale pali maiko onse omwe aphunzitsi apamwamba atenga ulamuliro komanso komwe masauzande ambiri amaguba nthawi zonse ndikuwonetsa kutsutsa mfundo zake, otsutsa mgwirizano amatsekeredwa pamisonkhano yapadziko lonse.
Ulamuliro wa Gordillo wa mgwirizanowu unabwerera mmbuyo kupitirira kotala la zaka zana. Pamene, mu 1989, aphunzitsi ku Mexico anapandukira mtsogoleri wankhanza wa mgwirizano wawo panthawiyo Carlos Jonguitud Barrios, Purezidenti Carlos Salinas de Gortari analowererapo, ndipo popanda zifukwa zovomerezeka zochitira izi, adasankha Elba Esther Gordillo kukhala mutu wa SNTE. Gordillo, potengera zonena za aphunzitsi opandukawo adalonjeza kuti mgwirizanowu "siwudzalamulidwanso ndi bwana wandale wopondereza ngati Jonguitud. Koma lero, ali ndi zaka 67, Gordillo wakhala bwana wotero. Ndi m'modzi mwa atsogoleri aku Mexico omwe adakhalapo pampando mpaka atamwalira kapena purezidenti wina abwera kudzachotsa ndikuwalowetsa m'malo.
Chisinthiko cha Gordillo sichiyenera kukhala chodabwitsa. Anayamba ntchito yake yamgwirizano ngati membala wokhulupirika wa bungwe la Revolutionary Vanguard motsogozedwa ndi a Jonguitud Barrios, wogwira ntchito zachinyengo komanso wachiwawa yemwe adagwirizana ndi Secretary of Public Education (SEP) kuti aletse mawu otsutsa komanso otsutsa. Barrios anali, ndithudi, wokhulupirika ku PRI, chipani chomwe chinalamulira Mexico kuyambira 1929 mpaka 2000. Mgwirizano wake unkatumikira monga gawo lofunika kwambiri la makina osankhidwa a PRI, omwe amatha kulimbikitsa mamembala ake miliyoni kuti apite kukavota. Iye anaimbidwa mlandu, ngakhale kuti sanaimbe mlandu, wopha aphunzitsi otsutsa.
Osakhala mbali ya gulu lotsutsa mgwirizano, ngakhale panthawi ya demokalase ya 1988-89, Gordillo anakhalabe wokhulupirika ku makina a Revolutionary Vanguard. Sanalankhulepo motsutsa Jonguitud, sanalowe nawo otsutsa, ndipo sanakhale mtsogoleri wa mgwirizanowu kudzera mu ndale zademokalase, koma adasankhidwa ndi Purezidenti Salinas yemwe adasankhidwa posachedwapa, ndikumvetsetsa kuti asiya udindo wa demokalase. kuwukira mumgwirizano ndikusunga dongosolo la mgwirizano ndi makina andale a PRI. Anatsimikizira zambiri kuposa ntchitoyo.
Gordillo adagwiritsa ntchito zida zonse za dziko la Mexico kuti akonzenso ndale mumgwirizanowu. Mofanana ndi omwe adamutsogolera, adagwirizana ndi SEP. Zimenezi zinamโpatsa chuma chambiri: ndalama zambiri, ntchito kwa anthu okhulupirika, ndiponso mphamvu zolanga anthu otsutsa mwa kuwachotsa ntchito. Mazana a anthu ogwira ntchito ngati mizimu (otchedwa "aviator" ku Mexico) ankagwira ntchito ku makina a Gordillo's union osati m'masukulu ophunzitsa ana. Kupita patsogolo pantchito, maphunziro, ndi mโmaukwati kunadalira chivomerezo cha Gordillo. Ambiri mwa omwe adatumikira mu maudindo a utsogoleri anali achibale ake ndi apongozi ake.
Gordillo adagwiranso ntchito limodzi ndi chipani cha Institutional Revolutionary Party chomwe adalowa nawo mchaka cha 1970, panthawi yomwe boma la chipani chimodzi lidachita zachiwawa zopondereza anthu ogwira ntchito ndi mabungwe adziko lino. Adakhala mtsogoleri wa imodzi mwamabungwe ofunikira kwambiri a PRI, adatumikira PRI monga Mlembi wa bungwe la National Executive Council (1986-1987), Secretary General wa Council of National Popular Organisations (1997-2002), ndi Secretary General. wa National Executive Council, udindo wachiwiri pachipani.
Monga PRI Congresswoman, adatsogolera nthumwi za PRI m'nyumba yapansi mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, pamene Gordillo adatsutsana ndi utsogoleri wa PRI. Kenako adatembenukira ku chipani cha National Action Party (PAN), ndikukhala wotsatira Purezidenti wa PAN Vicente Fox ndi Felipe Calderรณn. Mu 2005, pamene adatuluka ndi PRI, mgwirizano wake unapanganso chipani chake cha ndale, New Alliance Party (PANAL), monga njira imodzi yopezera zipani zina. Pamene chuma cha Calderรณn chinayamba kuchepa, Gordillo adabwerera ku PRI, ndikukhala wothandizira wachinsinsi wa Enrique Peรฑa Nieto yemwe adasankhidwa kukhala pulezidenti posachedwapa.
Kubwezera Kutsutsa
Ngakhale malamulo amgwirizano wawo ali ndi chiganizo, chofanana ndi mabungwe aku Mexico, choletsa kusankhidwanso, sichinanyalanyazidwe. Sanalamulire mgwirizanowu popanda kutsutsa. Pa zaka 24 zomwe wakhala paudindo, wakhala akutsutsidwa ndi National Coordinating Committee (la CNTE), gulu lodziyimira pawokha, la demokalase, ndi zigawenga zomwe zili mkati mwa mgwirizanowu, komanso magulu ena otsutsa. Otsutsa nthawi zambiri amawongolera mgwirizanowu m'maboma a Oaxaca, Chiapas, ndi anthu ena aku Mexico City, komanso posachedwa ku Michoacรกn, komanso kukhalapo kwakukulu m'maboma ena angapo. Komabe ngakhale kuti otsutsa ali ndi bungwe lochititsa chidwi komanso kulimbikitsana kwa anthu makumi ambiri ndipo nthawi zina aphunzitsi zikwizikwi pa maulendo otsutsa, ziwonetsero, ndi ntchito zambiri za mizinda ikuluikulu ya boma komanso nthawi zambiri za nyumba ya Secretary of Education ndi misewu yozungulira ku Mexico City, alephera. kupanga gulu lalikulu lomwe lingamuthetse.
Gordillo wagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake zandale kuti athetse otsutsa. Iye ndi omutsatira ake amayendetsa pafupifupi maofesi onse apamwamba mumgwirizano wadziko lonse ndikudzaza maudindo onse abungwe. Ikafika nthawi ya misonkhano ya dziko lonse kapena misonkhano ikuluikulu, malo nthawi zambiri amasinthidwa pa mphindi yomaliza kuti zikhale zovuta kuti otsutsa apite kapena kuchita zionetsero. Nthawi zina, monga momwe zinalili pamsonkhano wachigawo womwe wangomusankhanso, malo a msonkhano amasinthidwa kukhala malo akutali monga Playa del Carmen m'boma la Quintana Roo ku Yucatan Peninsula kutali ndi otsutsa ku Mexico City kapena mayiko apakati. , kumadzulo ndi kumโmwera chakumโmawa kwa Mexico. Aphunzitsi ochepa otsutsa omwe adawonekerawo amasungidwa kutali ndi chochitikacho ndi apolisi aboma ndi alonda apadera. Nthumwi za msonkhanowo, pafupifupi onse okhulupirika a Gordillo, chaka chilichonse amadalitsidwa ndi zoseweretsa zodula, chaka chimodzi magalimoto a Hummer komanso chaka chatha kompyuta kwa nthumwi iliyonse.
Polankhula kumsonkhanowu, Gordillo anauza nthumwizo kuti: โAnzanga, palibe kukaikira. Mgwirizano umenewu ndi mgwirizano wademokalase, wamitundumitundu, mgwirizano wamphamvu, wamphamvu kwambiri ku Mexico ndi ku Latin America konse.โ Ndi Congress yaku Mexico ikutsutsana pakusintha kwa Federal Labor Law, kuphatikiza malingaliro opangitsa kuti mabungwe aziwoneka bwino, adalengeza kuti msonkhanowu wavomereza malamulo atsopano omwe apanga komiti yoyang'anira ndikukhazikitsa kuwonekera kwathunthu. โTilibe chobisala,โ iye anatero. Iye analonjeza msonkhanowo kuti ngati atagwira ntchito molimbika adzatha kuchita zonse pofika Loweruka ndi kupuma Lamlungu kunyanja.
Ngakhale kuti malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino amaletsa kusankhidwanso kwa zisankho, kapena kuzilambalala, mpaka pano Gordillo ali ndi udindo wa โpulezidenti kwa moyo wake wonse.โ Pamsonkhano watha, Gordillo adapanga bungwe latsopano la utsogoleri lotchedwa Supreme General Council lomwe lili pamwamba pa mabungwe ena a utsogoleri. Bungwe latsopano la utsogoleri linachepetsedwa kuchoka pa mamembala 12 kufika pa 8, ndipo adasiya udindo wake wakale wa "mtsogoleri wamuyaya" kuti akhale mlembi wamkulu wa bungweli, mkulu wa bungwe. National Executive Committee ili ndi maofesala 43, onse ndi omutsatira. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ziganizo za maudindo onse a mgwirizano zinawonjezeka kuchoka pa zaka zinayi mpaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. Adalungamitsa izi ponena kuti, "Tikufuna mgwirizano wopingasa, wopingasa kwathunthu."
Ndipo tsopano wamangidwa akusokoneza gulu la ogwira ntchito ku Mexico komanso ndale.
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