Buku latsopano la Mark Mackinnon limayamba ndi nkhani ya nyumba ziwiri zazikulu zomwe zidaphulitsidwa ndi zigawenga. Purezidenti, mpaka nthawiyo anali mtsogoleri wosadabwitsa yemwe ali ndi ubale wozama ndi bungwe lazamalamulo lachinsinsi la dzikolo, akugwira tsokali poyambitsa nkhondo yolimbana ndi zigawenga. Mwadzidzidzi wotchuka chifukwa cha zigawenga zake zazikulu, pulezidenti akutumiza asilikali kudziko laling'ono lachisilamu lomwe linali lolandidwa, lomwe linasiyidwa ndi maboma am'mbuyomu. Amagwiritsa ntchito kufulumira kwa nkhondo ngati chifukwa chophatikiza mphamvu, kutchula antchito ake maudindo akuluakulu. "Oligarchs" a dzikolo, Mackinnon akulemba kuti, adakhazikitsa dongosolo la "demokalase yoyendetsedwa," kumene chinyengo cha chisankho ndi chikhumbo chodziwika cha bata chimaphimba mfundo yakuti zisankho zazikulu zimapangidwa mopanda demokalase ndipo mphamvu zimakhalabe. anakhazikika m'manja mwa ochepa.

Mackinnon, yemwe pano ndi mkulu wa ofesi ya Middle East Globe ndi Mail, ikukamba za Russia, ndi pulezidenti wake, yemwe kale anali wothandizira KGB Vladimir Putin-ngakhale Mackinnon akuwona kufanana ndi dziko lina, sakunena choncho. Dziko lachisilamu ndi Chechnya ndipo zigawenga zidachitika motsutsana ndi nyumba ziwiri zomwe zili m'tawuni ya Ryazan, 200km kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Moscow. Mafunso anadzutsidwa okhudza kuloŵerera kwa KGB.

Buku la Mackinnon ndi The New Cold War: Revolutions, Zisankho Zowonongeka ndi Ndale za Mapaipi ku Soviet Union Yakale.

Pafupifupi, atolankhani aku Canada amapeza kuti ndizosavuta kuthetsa PR ndi mabodza akuluakulu akamalemba maboma akunja - makamaka mabomawo akuwoneka ngati otsutsana ndi Canada kapena mnzake wapamtima, US. Koma pamene nkhaniyo ili pafupi ndi kwawo, chidziŵitso chawo chotsutsa chimatha mwadzidzidzi.

Mackinnon amavutika ndi vuto lofalali poyerekeza ndi atolankhani ambiri. Mmodzi amazindikira kuti ndi kusankha kozindikira, koma kongoyeserera.

Kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zapitazi, Dipatimenti ya Boma la US, Soros Foundation ndi mabungwe angapo othandizana nawo akonza "kusintha kwademokalase" kum'mawa kwa Europe ndi komwe kale kunali Soviet Union. Ndipo, m’zaka zimenezo, “kupanduka” kulikonse, kaya kunali koyesa kapena kopambana, kwasonyezedwa ndi atolankhani monga kuwukira kwachisawawa kwa nzika zokonda ufulu zolandira chisonkhezero ndi chichirikizo cha makhalidwe abwino kuchokera kwa abale ndi alongo awo a Kumadzulo.

Umboni wosonyeza kuti chithandizochi chinakhudzanso madola mamiliyoni ambiri, kusokoneza zisankho za ofuna kusankhidwa ndi kusintha kwa ndondomeko zakunja ndi zapakhomo zapezeka kwambiri. Ndipo komabe, kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zapitazi, chidziwitsochi chakhala chitaponderezedwa kotheratu.

Mwina umboni wowoneka bwino kwambiri wakuponderezedwa udabwera pomwe Associated Press (AP) idalemba nkhani pa Disembala 11, 2004 - pachimake cha "Orange Revolution" - ndikuzindikira kuti Bush Administration idapereka $ 65 miliyoni kumagulu andale ku Ukraine, ngakhale. palibe chimene chinapita “mwachindunji” ku zipani za ndale. Lipotilo linatero, kudzera m'magulu ena. Makanema ambiri aku Canada - makamaka Globe ndi Mail ndi CBC-amadalira AP, koma palibe amene adayendetsa nkhaniyi. Tsiku lomwelo, CBC.ca idasindikiza nkhani zina zinayi kuchokera ku AP zokhudzana ndi chipwirikiti chandale ku Ukraine, koma sanawone kuti ndi bwino kuphatikiza yomwe idafufuza mwachangu ndalama zaku US.

Mofananamo, mabuku a William Robinson, Eva Golinger ndi ena adawulula ndalama za US ku zipani zandale kunja, koma sizinakambidwe ndi atolankhani amakampani.

Udindo wa Canada sunaperekedwe lipoti mpaka patatha zaka ziwiri ndi theka, pamene–kufanana ndi kutulutsidwa kwa Nkhondo Yatsopano Yozizira-ndi Globe ndi Mail potsiriza adawona kuti ndi bwino kufalitsa akaunti, yolembedwa ndi Mackinnon. Mackinnon, ofesi ya kazembe wa ku Canada, “inawononga ndalama zokwana madola theka la miliyoni kulimbikitsa ‘zisankho zachilungamo’ m’dziko limene silikugawana malire ndi Canada komanso likuchita nawo malonda mosasamala.” Ndalama zaku Canada za owonera zisankho zidanenedwapo kale, koma kuti ndalamazo zidangokhala gawo limodzi la kuyesa koyambitsa chisankho sikunatero.

Pazifukwa zomwe sizikudziwikabe, akonzi a Globe anaganiza, patatha zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri za chete, kulola Mackinnon kuuza anthu za zomwe Western ndalama zakhala ku Soviet Union wakale. Mwinamwake iwo adakhudzidwa ndi chisankho cha Mackinnon cholemba buku la mutuwo; mwina anaganiza kuti inali nthawi yoti atulutse mphaka m'chikwama.

Ndi nkhani yochititsa chidwi. Mackinnon akuyamba ku Serbia mu 2000, komwe Kumadzulo, atapereka ndalama kwa magulu otsutsa komanso "zofalitsa zodziyimira pawokha" zomwe zidapereka nkhani zotsutsa boma - komanso kugwetsa matani a 20,000 a bomba mdzikolo - pomaliza adakwanitsa kugwetsa omaliza. kukakamira kolimbana ndi neoliberalism ku Europe.

Mackinnon akufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane momwe ndalama zaku Western - khama lotsogozedwa ndi bilionea George Soros - zidafikira kumadera anayi: Otpor (Serbian for 'resistance'), gulu lachinyamata lolemera lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito grafitti, zisudzo zam'misewu komanso ziwonetsero zopanda chiwawa kutsata njira. malingaliro oipa a ndale motsutsana ndi boma la Milosevic; CeSID, gulu la oyang'anira zisankho omwe analipo kuti "agwire Milosevic ngati atayesanso kusokoneza zotsatira za chisankho"; B92, wayilesi yomwe idapereka mosalekeza nkhani zotsutsana ndi boma komanso zojambula za rock za Nirvana ndi Clash; ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana omwe siaboma adapatsidwa ndalama kuti abweretse "zovuta" - zomwe Mackinnon amazitcha "mavuto ndi mphamvu-ndiko, monga momwe amafotokozera magulu a Kumadzulo." Ananenanso kuti kazembe waku Canada ku Belgrade anali malo ochitira misonkhano yambiri ya opereka.

Pomalizira pake, zipani zotsutsa zosagwirizana zinayenera kugwirizana. Izi zidathandizidwa ndi Secretary of State wa US panthawiyo Madeline Albright ndi Nduna Yowona Zakunja ku Germany Joschka Fischer, omwe adauza atsogoleri otsutsa kuti asathamangire, koma kuti alowe nawo "mgwirizano wa demokalase" ndi loya wosadziwika bwino Vojislav Kostunica ngati yekha wotsutsa pulezidenti. . Atsogoleri otsutsa omwe amathandizidwa ndi ndalama za azungu, omwe sananene zambiri pankhaniyi, adavomereza.

Zinagwira ntchito. Kostunica adapambana mavoti, oyang'anira zisankho adalengeza mwachangu zotsatira zawo, zomwe zidaulutsidwa kudzera pa B92 ndi ma media ena omwe amathandizidwa ndi azungu, ndipo masauzande ambiri adatsanukira m'misewu kutsutsa kuyesa kwa Milosevic kuvota pachiwonetsero chotsogozedwa ndi pseudo-anarchist gulu la Otpor. Milosevic, atataya "zipilala zake zothandizira" m'makhothi, apolisi ndi maofesi, adasiya ntchito posakhalitsa. "Miyezi isanu ndi iwiri pambuyo pake," Mackinnon akulemba, "Slobodan Milosevic adzakhala ku The Hague."

"Chisinthiko" cha ku Serbia chinakhala chitsanzo: thumba la "media zodziyimira pawokha," mabungwe omwe siaboma ndi oyang'anira zisankho; kukakamiza otsutsa kuti agwirizane kuzungulira wosankhidwa mmodzi; ndi kulimbikitsa ndi kuphunzitsa gulu lopopera utoto, lokonda ufulu la ophunzira okwiya ogwirizana popanda pulogalamu ina koma kutsutsa ulamuliro. Chitsanzocho chinagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino ku Georgia ("Rose Revolution"), Ukraine ("Orange Revolution") ndipo sizinapambane ku Belarus, kumene denim inali chizindikiro chokondedwa. Nkhondo Yatsopano Yozizira ili ndi mitu ya iliyonse ya izi, ndipo Mackinnon amafufuza mozama za ndondomeko ya ndalama ndi migwirizano ya ndale yomwe inamangidwa ndi thandizo la Western.

Mackinnon akuwoneka kuti ali ndi malingaliro ochepa okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa US. Malingaliro ake onse ndi akuti, ku Soviet Union wakale, US idagwiritsa ntchito "kusintha kwademokalase" kupititsa patsogolo zofuna zake zandale; kulamulira mafuta ndi mapaipi, ndi kudzipatula kwa Russia, mpikisano wake waukulu m'deralo. Amanenanso kuti nthawi zambiri-Azerbaijan ndi Turkmenistan, mwachitsanzo-maboma opondereza amalandira chithandizo chamtima cha US, pomwe maboma ogwirizana ndi Russia okha ndi omwe amasankhidwa kuti alimbikitse demokalase.

Ndipo ngakhale Mackinnon angakhale waulemu kwambiri kuti asatchule, nkhani yake imatsutsana kwambiri ndi malipoti omwe amayesedwa nthawi zonse ndi akonzi ake komanso olembedwa ndi anzake. Milosevic, mwachitsanzo, si "Butcher of the Balkan" wa Western media lore. Serbia "sinali ulamuliro wankhanza womwe nthawi zambiri unkawonetsedwa m'manyuzipepala aku Western," Mackinnon akulemba. "M'malo mwake, zinali ngati mtundu wakale wa 'demokalase yoyendetsedwa' [ya Russia ya Putin]." Akunena mosabisa kanthu za zotsatira za kuphulitsidwa kwa mabomba ndi zilango ku Serbia, zomwe zinali zopweteka kwambiri.

Koma mwanjira ina, Mackinnon amameza zabodza zonse. Amabwereza mzere wovomerezeka wa NATO ku Kosovo, mwachitsanzo, kunyalanyaza kuti US ndi ena anali kupereka ndalama kwa magulu ankhondo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo monga Kosovo Liberation Army, nkhani yachinyengo, malipoti oyamikira ndi anzake a Mackinnon cha m'ma 2000.

Kuphatikiza apo, Mackinnon amanyalanyaza gawo lalikulu la West pakusokoneza Yugoslavia pambuyo poti boma lawo silinakhazikitsenso kusintha kwa IMF komwe kumayambitsa mavuto. Mackinnon akukumana ndi kukambirana za zochitika za kusokoneza-ndi-privatization m'mayiko ambiri omwe akuphimba, koma akuwoneka kuti sangathe kuzitsatira zomwe zimayambira, kapena kuziwona ngati mfundo za US ndi European Foreign Policy.

Katswiri wakale wa Politburo ku Russia, dzina lake Alexander Yakovlev, akuuza Mackinnon kuti andale aku Russia "adakankhira kusintha kwachuma patali, mwachangu kwambiri" kupangitsa "chuma chaupandu komanso dziko lomwe nzika zimatengera mawu oti 'ufulu' ndi 'demokalase' ndi ziphuphu, umphawi komanso kusowa thandizo. .”

Mu imodzi mwa mphindi zochititsa chidwi kwambiri m'bukuli, Yakovlev wazaka 82 akutenga udindo, nati: "Tiyenera kuvomereza kuti zomwe zikuchitika tsopano si zolakwa za omwe akuchita ... Ndife omwe ali ndi mlandu. Tinalakwa kwambiri.”

M'dziko la Mackinnon, kutha kwachuma komanso kukhazikika kwachuma chaboma - komwe kudasiya anthu mamiliyoni ambiri ali muumphawi komanso okhumudwa - ndikufotokozera za chikondi cha anthu aku Russia ndi Belarus ndi apurezidenti amphamvu omwe amaletsa ufulu, kunyalanyaza kutsutsa, kuwongolera ma TV ndi ma TV. sungani bata, kukhazikika. Koma mwanjira ina, malingaliro omwe adayambitsa chiwonongeko choyendetsedwa ndi IMF sapangitsa Mackinnon kusanthula zomwe zidayambitsa "Nkhondo Yatsopano Yozizira."

Mackinnon amawona zokonda zenizeni zaku US: mafuta ndi nkhondo yaku America pakukoka madera ndi Russia. Koma chomwe sichingachitike ndi kusalolera kwa maboma omwe amadziyimira pawokha ndikusunga luso lowongolera chitukuko chawo chachuma.

Ndale za mphamvu ndi mapaipi ndikufotokozera komveka bwino kwa chidwi cha US ku mayiko omwe kale anali kumwera kwa Soviet Union. Ayenera kuti anawonjezera kuti US idagwiritsa ntchito Georgia ngati malo ochitirako nkhondo ku Iraq. Zikafika ku Serbia, Mackinnon akukakamizika kudalira nkhani yosatheka ya NATO yomwe ikuchita ntchito yoletsa kupha anthu. Zonenazo sizikupanganso zomveka, kupatsidwa umboni wopezeka, koma zikufalabe m'manyuzipepala aku Western.

Mackinnon amatchula za Haiti, Cuba ndi Venezuela podutsa. M’malo onsewa, anthu akhala akuyesa kugwetsa maboma. Ku Venezuela, kuukira boma kochirikizidwa ndi US kunathetsedwa mwachangu. Ku Haiti, chipwirikiti chotsogozedwa ndi Canada ndi US chidabweretsa tsoka laufulu wachibadwidwe lomwe likupitilira ndipo zisankho zaposachedwa zidatsimikizira kuti chipani chomwe chidachotsedwacho chidakhalabe chodziwika bwino kuposa njira ina yoperekedwa ndi akuluakulu azachuma. Ku Cuba, zoyesayesa kulanda boma zalephereka kwa zaka theka la zana.

Kuti tifotokoze zoyesayesa zowonjezera izi, zachiwawa zambiri pa "kusintha kwaulamuliro," sikokwanira kutchula zokonda zenizeni. Venezuela ili ndi mafuta ochulukirapo, koma zachilengedwe zaku Cuba sizikupanga kukhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri, ndipo, malinga ndi muyezo uwu, Haiti ngakhale zochepa. Kuti tifotokoze chifukwa chake boma la US linapereka madola mamiliyoni ambiri ku zipani za ndale, mabungwe omwe siaboma ndi magulu otsutsa m'mayikowa amafuna kumvetsetsa maganizo a neoliberal ndi chiyambi chake mu Cold War ndi kupitirira.

Izi zikanakhala zoonekeratu ngati Mackinnon awonjezera nkhani ina yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri yake ya njira zamakono zosinthira maulamuliro. M'buku lake Kupha Chiyembekezo, William Blum akulemba zolemba za 50 za US m'maboma akunja kuyambira 1945. Mbiri yasonyeza kuti izi ndi zotsutsana ndi demokalase, ngati sizili zoopsa kwambiri. Ngakhale kusintha pang'ono kwa demokalase m'maboma m'maiko ang'onoang'ono kunathedwa nzeru ndi ziwawa zankhondo.

Ngati demokalase yeniyeni imakhudza kudziyimira pawokha-komanso kuthekera kwamalingaliro kukana zomwe "Washington Consensus" kapena IMF-ndiye kuwunika kulikonse kokwezetsa demokalase monga chida cha mfundo zakunja zaku US kuyenera kuwerengera mbiriyi. Nkhani ya Mackinnon sichoncho ndipo imakhalabe yodziwika bwino kwambiri.

Mutu wotsiriza wa Nkhondo Yatsopano Yozizira, yamutu wakuti “Afterglow,” ndi yodzipereka kupenda zotsatira zazikulu za kukwezeleza demokalase m’maiko amene kale anali maiko a Soviet Union. Ndi gawo lofooka kwambiri la Mackinnon. Mackinnon amadzifunsa ngati zinthu zili bwino tsopano kuposa kale. Fungo la funsoli limachepetsa ziyembekezo ndikudodometsa kwambiri malingaliro a demokalase.

Ngati wina ayika pambali mfundozi, ndiye kuti zimakhala zothekabe kuti chidwi chikhale chopambana kwa owerenga. Kodi n'zotheka kuti zinthu zabwino zikhoza kubwera ngakhale chifukwa chosuliza? Olemba zaufulu monga Michael Ignatieff ndi Christopher Hitchens anapanga mfundo zofanana pochirikiza nkhondo ya Iraq ndipo Mackinnon amakopeka ndi lingaliro pamene akudabwa ngati achinyamata a ku Serbia ndi Ukraine akugwiritsa ntchito US, kapena ngati US anali kuwagwiritsa ntchito.

Ndiye kodi zinthu zinayamba kuyenda bwino? Zomwe Mackinnon akupereka mu yankho lake ndizosamveka bwino.

Ku Serbia, akuti, moyo ndi wabwino kwambiri. Kusinthaku sikunabweretse phindu lochulukirapo pamiyoyo yatsiku ndi tsiku ya Aserbia, woyendetsa cab akuuza Mackinnon. Komabe, iye analemba kuti: “Nyengo ya kupereŵera kwa mafuta a petulo ndiponso ya anyamata kutumizidwa kukamenyera nkhondo ku ‘Serbia Yaikulu’ inali itapita kale kwambiri ndipo kuseka kwausiku ndi nyimbo zomwe zinkamveka m’malesitilanti odzaza ndi anthu ku Belgrade zinachititsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi chiyembekezo. pansi pa ulamuliro wakale.”

Muzochitika izi ndi zina zambiri, Mackinnon amagula mzere wabodza wofalikira popanda kuyang'ana zenizeni. Pochoka mwatsatanetsatane zomwe amabweretsa pazambiri za ins ndi kutuluka kwa demokalase, Mackinnon akuwoneka kuti akukhulupirira kuti chinali chiwembu chochitidwa ndi Milosevic - osati zilango zazachuma kapena kuphulitsa mabomba komanso kuwononga kwakukulu kwa mafakitale aboma ku Serbia. zomangamanga - zomwe zidapangitsa kusowa kwa mafuta. Mackinnon amalangiza Aserbia kuti ayang'ane nawo pankhondo, ndikulola kuti ntchito yophulitsa mabomba ya NATO, yomwe idasiya matani a uranium itatheratu, idasefukira ku Danube ndi matani mazana amankhwala oopsa, ndikuwotcha matani a 80,000 amafuta (motero kusowa kwa mafuta) , pa mbedza.

Ku Georgia, Mackinnon amadaliranso moyo wausiku mu likulu la dziko ngati chizindikiro cha demokalase ya dzikolo. "Mzindawu udadzaza ndi malingaliro akuti zinthu zayamba kuyenda moyenera ... Zochita zosangalatsa za anthu apamwamba pazachuma ndizo; pali njira zambiri zoweruzira momwe dziko likuyendera, koma kudalira zowoneka ndi mawu a anthu okhala m'mizinda omwe ali ndi zidendene zabwino akusangalala ndikusiya njira zina ndi zachilendo.

Mackinnon akutero pofotokoza kuti boma lothandizidwa ndi azungu la Saakashvili lapangitsa "kuchepa kwa ufulu wa atolankhani," koma "zakulitsa chuma."

Ku Ukraine, "manyuzipepala ndi mawayilesi akanema amatha kudzudzula kapena kunyoza aliyense amene akufuna," koma Yuschenko wokhulupirira msika waulere wothandizidwa ndi azungu adachita zolakwika zingapo komanso zosasangalatsa, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti chipani chake chisokonezeke kwambiri pazaka zingapo “kupanduka” komwe kunawabweretsa ku ulamuliro.

Chodabwitsa, magwero a Mackinnon-kupatula oyendetsa galimoto yosamvetseka-akuwoneka kuti ndi anthu omwe amalandila ndalama kuchokera Kumadzulo. Otsutsa odziyimira pawokha, kuwonjezera pa okalamba ndi omwe adachotsedwa kale pazandale, kulibe m'mawu ake.

Komabe, funso: Kodi Kumadzulo kunachita bwino? M'masamba omaliza, Mackinnon ndi wofanana komanso wosatsimikiza.

Mayiko ena ndi "omasuka ndipo motero ali bwino," koma ndalama za Kumadzulo zapangitsa kuti maboma opondereza athetse mphamvu zomwe zingapangitse demokalase. Ku Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan ndi Azerbaijan, akutsutsa kusowa kwa ndalama zothandizira demokalase, kusiya mabungwe a NGOs am'deralo ndi magulu otsutsa atapachikidwa. Akunena kuti kusagwirizanaku kumabwera chifukwa cha makonzedwe omwe zosowa zaku America zimathandizidwa bwino ndi maboma opondereza. M'magawo ena a mutuwo, amawona kukwezeleza demokalase kukhala kovuta.

Panthawi ina, iye ananena kuti “thandizo limene [mabungwe a ku United States] anapereka ku zipani za ndale za m’mayiko monga Ukraine likanakhala loletsedwa bungwe lopanda boma la Ukraine likanakhala likupereka chithandizo choterocho kwa a Democrat kapena a Republican.” Mmodzi akuganizanso kuti anthu aku Canada sangasangalale ngati Venezuela, mwachitsanzo, apereka mamiliyoni a madola ku NDP. Zowonadi, chiyembekezocho chikuwoneka ngati chopusa monga momwe sichingatheke ... komanso chosaloledwa.

Zambiri za Mackinnon zikuwonetsa kuti, ngakhale sananene izi, kuphatikizira lingaliro la "demokalase" ndi ufulu wa anthu omwe ali nawo ndi ndalama zaku Western komanso kulowerera motsogozedwa ndi US muulamuliro wamayiko kungathe kusokoneza zoyeserera zovomerezeka zademokalase. Mwachitsanzo, anthu otsutsa ku Russia amauza Mackinnon kuti akasonkhana kuti achite zionetsero, nthawi zambiri anthu amawayang’ana mwachipongwe n’kufunsa amene amawalipira kuti aime mumsewu. Nthawi ina, Mackinnon akuwonetsa kuti lipoti lochokera ku boma laulamuliro lomwe likunena kuti otsutsana ndi mayiko a Kumadzulo ndi lakufa.

Kuwunika kwa Mackinnon sikutsatira umboniwu mpaka kumapeto kwake; sakusochera pakuwona kuti kulumikizana ndi US kapena Russia ndi njira zokhazo zomwe mayiko a m'derali angasankhe.

Ngakhale kulumikizana ndi ufumu umodzi kumawoneka ngati kosapeweka, chinyengo cha Mackinnon cha Russia-kapena-US chimachotsa njira zina zolimbikitsira demokalase. Mackinnon amanyalanyaza, mwachitsanzo, mwambo wazaka zambiri wogwirizana ndi magulu a demokalase m'maiko - makamaka ku Latin America - komwe olamulira ankhanza nthawi zambiri amathandizidwa ndi ndalama komanso kukhala ndi zida ndi boma la US. Kusuntha koteroko nthawi zambiri kumangochepetsa kuponderezana kwakukulu m'malo mochirikiza zisinthiko zademokalase, koma kusowa kwa mphamvu kumeneku kungabwere chifukwa cha kusowa kwa nkhani zofalitsa nkhani kuchokera kwa atolankhani ambiri ngati Mackinnon.

Ngati munthu akhudzidwa ndi zisankho zademokalase, ndiye kuti akhudzidwanso ndi kuthekera kwa mayiko kupanga zisankho popanda kulowerera kwa mayiko akunja. Mackinnon sakulongosolanso momwe ufulu woterowo ungabweretsedwe. Wina akhoza kuganiza kuti kungaphatikizepo kupewa kulowerera komwe kwatchulidwa pamwambapa.

Nkhondo Yatsopano Yozizira ndizodziwikiratu chifukwa chofotokozera bwino momwe ntchito zamkati zolimbikitsira demokalase zimawonera komanso momwe amawonera omwe akulandira ndalamazo. Iwo omwe akufuna kuwunika komwe kumabweretsa kuwerengera kokwanira koteroko ku zolinga zake zenizeni ndi zotsatira zake, komabe, ayenera kuyang'ana kwina.

---