Pafupifupi zaka mazana awiri alekanitsa miliri iwiriyi - imodzi idayamba zaka zinayi zapitazo mwezi uno ndipo ina m'chilimwe cha 1832 - koma ikufanana kwambiri, ndipo kufananaku kumapereka maphunziro kwa akuluakulu azaumoyo masiku ano. Njira yatsopano yopatsirana, kolera, imalowetsedwa m'zilumba za anthu okhala m'malo odzaza ndi mwauve, ndikupha anthu masauzande ambiri. Mliri waposachedwapa, ndithudi, unachitika pa chisumbu chaumphaŵi cha Haiti. Yoyamba idachitika pamtunda wa makilomita 2,400 kumpoto, pachilumba cha Manhattan. (Ndi nkhani, mamapu ochezera, "Kujambula Kolera: Nkhani ya Mizinda Iwiri, ” ikuwonetsa njira zowotcha za miliri iwiri.)
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timayambitsa kolera, Vibrio cholerae, ayenera kuti anafika ku Haiti pamodzi ndi asilikali a United Nations oteteza mtendere ochokera ku Nepal, omwe msasa wawo unataya zimbudzi mumtsinje womwe unalowa mumtsinje waukulu kwambiri wa dzikolo, Artibonite.1 Mabakiteriyawa anafalikira chakum’mwera mpaka ku likulu la dziko la Port-au-Prince, kumene anthu ambiri a m’tauni omwe analibe madzi akumwa aukhondo komanso a ukhondo anali atayamba kale kugwedezeka chifukwa cha chivomezi champhamvu cha 7.0 chimene chinachitika mu January 2010. kolera kwa zaka zopitirira zana—chotero anthu sanakhale ndi chitetezo chocheperako ku matenda. M’miyezi isanu ndi inayi, dziko la Haiti linali ndi anthu ambiri okhudzidwa ndi kolera kuposa mayiko ena onse.2
Bungwe loona zapadziko lonse lothandiza anthu omwe si aboma la Doctors Without Borders (MSF) ndi lomwe lidatsogolera maiko apadziko lonse lapansi kuthana ndi mliriwu ku Haiti, pothandizira oposa theka la milandu yomwe idanenedwa. "Mapping Cholera" amagwiritsa ntchito deta ya GPS yomwe inasonkhanitsidwa ndi MSF pa zikwi za milandu, pamodzi ndi zaka zingapo zomwe ndakhala ndikulemba za mliri wa ku Haiti kuyambira 2010 mpaka 2014. Panthawi imeneyo, anthu oposa 700,000 aku Haiti adadwala ndi zina zambiri. oposa 8,000 anafa.3
Mu 1832 kolera inafika ku Manhattan kudzera pamtsinje wa Hudson ndi Erie Canal yomwe idatsegulidwa kumene. M'malo osanja omwe ali pachimake cha mliriwu kuchulukana kwa anthu kunali kuwirikiza ka 5,800 kuposa masiku ano. Matendawa adadwalitsa anthu aku New York 2 - opitilira 3,000 peresenti ya anthu amzindawu - ndipo adapha pafupifupi XNUMX.4
Pokhumudwitsidwa ndi kulephera kwa akuluakulu azaumoyo kudziwitsa anthu okhala mumzinda za kufalikira kwa matendawa, gulu la madotolo apadera adalumikizana kuti apereke zidziwitso zatsiku ndi tsiku za momwe mliriwo ukuyendera. "Mapping Cholera" imaphatikiza maadiresi am'mbiri a milandu yomwe madokotala adasonkhanitsa ndi mamapu azaka za zana la 19 omwe adasindikizidwa posachedwa ndi New York Public Library. Mapu a mliriwu, womwe sunayambe wakonzedwa kale, udapitilira zaka makumi awiri ndi mapapo odziwika bwino a John Snow a 1854 a mliri wa kolera ku London, zomwe zidatsimikizira kuti kolera imafalikira m'madzi oyipitsidwa ndikuthandiza kuyambitsa gawo la miliri.
Kuthetsa kolera ku New York City kunatenga zaka zambiri. Matendawa anapitirizabe kuvutitsa Manhattan ndi dziko lonse la U.S. mpaka pamene anthu anayamba kutengera madzi akumwa ndi zimbudzi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20. Dziko la Haiti silinasangalalebe ndi ubwino wa zomangamanga zoterezi. Ngakhale kuti bungwe la U.N. mu 2012 linakhazikitsa dongosolo la zaka 10 lopereka madzi aukhondo pachilumba cha Hispaniola, chomwe dziko la Haiti likugawana ndi dziko la Dominican Republic, ndi gawo lochepa chabe la ndalama zokwana madola 2.2 biliyoni zomwe zikufunika.
ZA WOLEMBA (S)
Sonia Shah ndi mtolankhani wa sayansi komanso wolemba Mwana wa Kolera: Kutsata Mliri Wotsatira, kuchokera kwa Sarah Crichton Books/Farrar, Straus & Giroux ku 2015. "Mapping Cholera" inathandizidwa ndi thandizo lochokera ku Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. Shah, pamodzi ndi oimira a Medézinsinsi za Sans Frontières ndi Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting akhala akukambirana za "Mapping Cholera" pa November 4 ku New York Academy of Medicine ku New York City.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama