M'zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zapitazi ku Latin America magulu ambiri omenyera ufulu wa anthu apita patsogolo pomenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe, moyo wabwino komanso malo ogwirira ntchito komanso kutha kwa nkhanza zamakampani komanso nkhanza zankhondo. Posachedwa, atsogoleri akumanzere asankhidwa ku Bolivia, Uruguay, Chile ndi Venezuela.
Atsogoleri a ndale awa, omwe kupambana kwawo mu ofesi kumachokera makamaka chifukwa cha kayendetsedwe ka chikhalidwe cha anthu m'misewu, adalonjeza kuti adzalimbana ndi umphawi ndi kuika patsogolo zosowa za anthu pa zofuna za Washington ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse. Kukana uku kumalumikizidwa ndi zaka mazana ambiri zakukonzekera pakati pa magulu azikhalidwe ndi mabungwe aku Latin America. Ndikufuna kuti tikambirane zifukwa zina zomwe kusinthaku kumanzereku kukuchitika pakali pano komanso za mphindi zingapo zofunika ndi zochitika m'mbiri yaposachedwa ya gululi.
Latin America pakali pano ikudzuka kuchokera ku zoopsa zomwe zakhala zikuchitika kwazaka zambiri zomwe zidabwera ndi maulamuliro ankhanza ankhondo omwe adayamba kulamulira ku Latin America mu 1970s ndi 80s, kuphatikiza Augusto Pinochet ku Chile, Jorge Videla ku Argentina ndi General Rios Montt ku Guatemala pakati pa ena.
Pansi pa olamulira ankhanza oterowo, mazana masauzande a anthu osalakwa, otchedwa "zigawenga zamanzere" ndi asitikali, adabedwa, kuzunzidwa ndi kuphedwa. Zambiri mwazovutazi zidaperekedwa ndi boma la US ndipo ena mwa okonza zopondereza adaphunzitsidwa ndi aphunzitsi aku US m'malo monga School of the Americas ku Georgia.
Kupatula kukhazikitsa zigawengazi, olamulira ankhanza adagwira ntchito ndi Washington ndi mabungwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana kuti akhazikitse mfundo zazachuma za neoliberal kuderali. Chitsanzo cha zachuma ichi, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimatchedwa Washington Consensus chinatsegula misika yogulitsira ndalama, kuika ntchito zaboma m'manja mwa mabungwe apadera, kukana kulowererapo kwa boma pazachuma, kugwirira ntchito kuthetsa migwirizano ndi kuphatikizira mayiko osauka kubwereka mamiliyoni ambiri kudzera mu International Monetary Fund ndi Banki Yadziko Lonse. Ngongole zomwe olamulira ankhondo ankhanza zikupundula mayiko aku Latin America mpaka lero.
Kwa zaka zambiri mtundu wachuma uwu wawononga Latin America pomwe akuluakulu a IMF komanso okonda msika waulere akupitiliza kunena kuti, "ingodikirani pang'ono, msika ukonza chilichonse." Inde, msika sunakonze chilichonse. Munjira zambiri kusintha komwe kukuchitika kumanzere ku Latin America ndikutengera kulephera kwa mfundozi.
Hugo Chavez waku Venezuela adakhala mtsogoleri wamkulu wandale mu 1989, pomwe Purezidenti Carlos Perez adabwereka mabiliyoni a madola ku World Bank, kuswa dzikolo ndi ngongole ndikukweza misonkho. Mโmisewu munadzaza zipolowe ndipo ambiri anaphedwa. Chavez adayesa kutsogolera Perez ndipo adalephera. Ndiko kukula kwa mikangano ndi kusakhutira komwe Chavez adakwera paudindowu mu 1998, chifukwa cha chithandizo. Anthu anali atatopa ndi bizinesi monga mwachizolowezi ndipo kusintha kwa Bolivarian motsogoleredwa ndi Chavez, kunapereka kusintha.
Mu 2000, ku Cochabamba, Bolivia, kuukira kwa anthu ku Bechtel kugulitsa madzi abizinesi kunatheka. Bungwe la Bechtel (lomwe lakhala likuchita ntchito yomanganso ku New Orleans ndi Iraq) linakankhira mgwirizanowu ndi Cochabamba womwe udakweza mtengo wamadzi mpaka 300%. Anthu ankalipidwa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito madzi amvula komanso kumwa mโzitsime zomwe anazipanga okha. Anthu a ku Cochabamba adakonza zionetsero, kutsekeka kwa misewu komanso sitiraka za m'mizinda yolimbana ndi kubizinesi. Pamapeto pake Bechtel ananyamula katundu ndi kuchoka mtawuni ndipo madzi anapangidwanso ntchito yapagulu.
Nyumba ya makadi ya mgwirizano wamakampani padziko lonse lapansi idagwa ku Argentina mu Disembala 2001. Mfundo za neoliberal zothandizidwa ndi IMF ndi kukhazikitsidwa ndi Purezidenti Carlos Menem m'zaka za m'ma 1990 zidawonedwa mofala kuti zidayambitsa kugwa. Kupsinjika kwachuma komwe kungafanane ndi Kukhumudwa kwazaka za m'ma 1930 ku US, kudagunda ku Argentina ngati kugwa pansi. Tsiku limodzi, dziko la Argentina linachoka pakukhala limodzi mwa mayiko olemera kwambiri mโderali, nโkukhala limodzi mwa mayiko osauka kwambiri. Boma linali ndi ngongole, mabanki anatseka ndipo mafakitale anachotsa antchito ndi zikwi zambiri. Anthu sakanathanso kutulutsa ndalama kubanki.
Chifukwa cha zimenezi, nzika za magulu osiyanasiyana zinachita zionetsero, kuthamangitsa pulezidenti, ndi kufuna kuti aliyense mโboma ndi mabungwe amene anayambitsa chisokonezocho atule pansi udindo. โQue se vayan todos,โ anali mfuu yakuti รขโฌโ โatulutseni onseโ akanakhala Baibulo lachingelezi la mawuwa. Panthawiyi, anthu a ku Argentina sanangothamangitsa atsogoleri awo achinyengo, koma adakonza misonkhano yoyandikana nawo, ziwonetsero zamalonda, minda yamaluwa ndi ndalama zina - zonse kuti apulumuke. Dzikoli linali litasweka ndipo mโnthawi yamavutoyi anthu ankayangโanana wina ndi mnzake kaamba ka chithandizo, mgwirizano ndi kupanga dziko latsopano kuchokera mโmavuto รขโฌโ popanda thandizo la boma. Ogwira ntchito ena omwe adachotsedwa adalanda malo awo antchito รขโฌโ mahotela, mafakitale ndi mabizinesi adalandidwa ndikuyendetsedwa ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito. M'malo mwake, ichi ndi chimodzi mwazopambana zokhalitsa za gulu ili la 2002; mazana a mafakitale ndi mabizinesi akadali m'manja mwa ogwira ntchito ku Argentina konse.
Ndayendera angapo mwa mafakitale amenewa ndi kulankhula ndi antchito. Ambiri a iwo sanali anarchist, chikominisi kapena otsalira amtundu uliwonse pamene iwo analanda mafakitale. Ena a iwo anali ngakhale mamembala a maphwando akumanja. Analanda mafakitale ndi mabizinesi osati pazifukwa zamalingaliro, koma chifukwa analibe chakudya, chifukwa ena a iwo analibe ngakhale ndalama zokwanira kukwera basi kupita kunyumba pamene abwana anawathamangitsa; choncho anakhala pafakitale. Anachita izi kuti adyetse ana awo, chifukwa panalibenso njira ina.
Mavuto amtunduwu ndi ena omwe akuyambitsa zipolowe ku Latin America pompano. Anthu akunena kuti, โSindingathe kulipira madzi, chakudya, gasi. Sindingakwanitse kulipira ndalama zachipatala ndipo ndikufuna tsogolo labwino la ana anga.โ Neoliberal system siigwira ntchito. Anthu amafuna kuyesa chinthu china. Ambiri akuyembekeza kuti "chinachake" chikuyimiridwa mu ndale zomwe zimatsogoleredwa ndi Hugo Chavez ku Venezuela, Evo Morales ku Bolivia , Nestor Kirchner ku Argentina ndi ena.
Zigawenga zoterezi m'misewu ya ku Argentina kuti zitulutse zipolopolo ndi kuyambitsa dziko lina, ku Bolivia kuti athetse malonda a gasi, ku Brazil kumene alimi akutenga malo osagwiritsidwa ntchito - magulu awa adatsegula njira kwa atsogoleri a ndale omwe alipo m'boma, adatsegula malo kuti anthu ngati Chavez ndi Morales ayambe kulamulira.
Ndiye zikutanthawuza chiyani kuti gulu lamanzere lalowa munyumba yandale?
Pankhani ya Argentina, Purezidenti Nestor Kirchner adakambirana ndi IMF kuti atulutse dziko lake ku ngongole komanso kupsinjika kwachuma posachita zonse zomwe IMF ikunena. Chiyambireni ngozi ya 2001, Argentina ndi Kirchner pa helm yapereka chitsanzo pophwanya ndi IMF ndikuyika kamvekedwe pa matebulo okambirana ndi obwereketsa apadziko lonse lapansi. Mu 2003, dziko la Argentina lidawopseza kuti sililipira ndalama zake ku IMF, zomwe sizidamveke kumayiko akulu ake. IMF idayankha posiya mfundo zina ndi ziwongola dzanja zomwe zimafuna. Kukambitsirana kolimba kwa Kirchner kunali chitsanzo kwa mayiko ena ndipo kunathandizira Argentina kuchoka pamavuto ake.
Tabare Vasquez ku Uruguay wapindula pa ufulu wa anthu ndikuthetsa chilango kwa akuluakulu ankhondo omwe adachita nawo maulamuliro ankhanza akale. A Morales ku Bolivia alonjeza kuti asintha zomwe zidachitika pankhondo yolimbana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo ku Bolivia, kutulutsa mpweya wa dzikolo (mwanjira ina), kukonza msonkhano woti alembenso malamulo adzikolo ndikukana mapangano amalonda oyendetsedwa ndi US. Hugo Chavez ku Venezuela wagwiritsa ntchito chuma chambiri chamafuta kuthandizira kusintha kwachikhalidwe.
Komabe, maboma akumanzerewa sali angwiro: Vazquez waku Uruguay wadutsa njira ya neoliberal yomwe ena amati yapita kumanja kuposa boma lakale. M'malo mokhazikitsa kusintha kwakukulu komwe akufuna, Purezidenti Lula ku Brazil watsatira mosamalitsa malangizo a IMF, ndipo m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito ndalama za boma kulimbikitsa ntchito zamaphunziro ndi zaumoyo, apitiliza kulipira ngongole ya $230 Biliyoni.
Njira zandale za ku Venezuela zimayendetsedwa kwambiri ndi ndalama zamafuta, kutanthauza kuti kusinthaku kutha kukhala nthawi yayitali mafuta, ndipo kusinthaku sikungatumizidwe kumayiko opanda zachilengedwe. Evo Morales ku Bolivia akuimbidwa kale mlandu wofuna kugulitsa gasi zomwe zili kutali ndi zomwe mabungwe amafunikira. Ndipo ngakhale "nkhondo yamadzi" yolimbana ndi Bechtel ku Cochabamba mu 2000 idachita bwino kuthamangitsa kampaniyo, njira yamadzi yapagulu yomwe idapangidwa m'malo mwake ili ndi mavuto ndi katangale ndi kusayendetsa bwino. Kuthamanga ndi mgwirizano womwe unaphulika ku Argentina pavuto lawo la 2001-2002 zonse zatha. Kugawikana kwa magulu, mphwayi ndi kusowa kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chizindikiro cha magulu a chikhalidwe cha dziko.
Zovuta zina pakusintha kwamanzereku zimayambitsidwa ndi boma la US ndi mabungwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Asitikali aku US akhazikitsa malo ku Paraguay, makilomita 200 kuchokera kumalire ndi Bolivia. Akuti asilikali mazanamazana ali kumeneko. Ofufuza ku Bolivia ndi Paraguay omwe ndidalankhula nawo akukhulupirira kuti asitikali alipo kuti aziyang'anira kayendetsedwe ka Morales, magulu otsalira m'derali komanso kuyang'anitsitsa malo osungiramo gasi ku Bolivia (omwe ndiwachiwiri ku Latin America) ndi Guarani Aquifer. yomwe ndi imodzi mwa malo osungira madzi aakulu kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Monga hegemony ya US ikuopsezedwa m'derali, asilikali ndi njira zina zothandizira sizili kunja kwa funso. Monga momwe Eva Golinger adalembera m'buku lake, "The Chavez Code," boma la United States linathandizira ndikuthandizira ndalama zachidule zotsutsana ndi Hugo Chavez mu April, 2002. Washington yakhala ikugwira ntchito mwakhama kuti iwononge malonda aulere ku Central America , Colombia ndipo ikupitirizabe. , pamodzi ndi mabungwe ambiri ofalitsa nkhani, kuti awononge chiyembekezo cha ndale ku Latin America.
Zinthu sizingayembekezere kusintha nthawi yomweyo. (Mawuwa ndinawamva kwambiri ndili ku Bolivia posachedwapa.) Pali chifukwa chokhalira ndi chiyembekezo cha zimene zikuchitika ku Latin America . Malo atsopano a demokalase ndi mtundu wina wa ndale ndi zachuma watsegulidwa; nyengo yatsopano pomwe zosowa za anthu zimakondedwa kuposa zofuna za Washington ndi osunga ndalama.
Pakhoza kukhalanso chitetezo pamawerengero. Atsogoleri ambiri akumanzere apakati akuyembekezeka kupambana pazisankho zaku Latin America m'miyezi ikubwerayi. Pa Epulo 9, Ollanta Humala, mtsogoleri wa gulu lamanzere, akuyembekezeka kusankhidwa kukhala Purezidenti wa Peru. Meya wakale wakumanzere waku Mexico City, Andrez Lopez Obrador amatsogolera zisankho pa mpikisano wa Purezidenti waku Mexico. Chisankho kumeneko chidzachitika pa 2 July. Zisankho ku Ecuador zidzachitika mu Okutobala, ndipo wa Socialist Leon Roldos akuyembekezeka kupambana.
Mgwirizano wopita patsogolo wamalonda, ndale ndi zachuma รขโฌโ wolimbikitsidwa ndi zigonjetso zachisankho - ndizothekanso kwambiri. Bloc yamalonda iyi ingakhale njira ina ku US hegemony ndi neoliberalism m'derali. Chavez akutsogolera njira kuti izi zitheke. Mkati mwa bloc yotere, m'malo mogwadira Washington ndi zofuna zamakampani, mayiko omwe akupita patsogolo ku Latin America alumikizana kuti apange njira ina yotengera mapangano abizinesi omwe amathandizidwa ndi US. Mgwirizano wachigawo woterewu ndi kugwirizanitsa kumapereka njira yothetsera nthawi yayitali, yokhazikika pakugwiritsa ntchito makampani.
[Nkhaniyi yachokera mโnkhani yokambidwa pa โMsonkhano wa The Wind of Change in the Americas Conferenceโ ku Burlington, Vermont pa March 5, wokonzedwa ndi Toward Freedom ]
Benjamin Dangl ndi mlembi wa "The Price of Fire: Resource Wars and Social Movements in Bolivia", (kuchokera ku AK Press). Iye amasintha www.UpsideDownWorld.org, kuwulula zachiwonetsero ndi ndale ku Latin America ndi www.TowardFreedom.com, kawonedwe kopita patsogolo ka zochitika za dziko. Imelo kwa Ben(pa)upsidedownworld.org
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