TOKYO - Ndi liti pamene zisumbu zazing'ono zosesedwa ndi nyanja, zopanda anthu zimakhala zambiri kuposa mulu wa miyala? Zikakhudzanso usodzi wopindulitsa komanso zovuta zamalingaliro zomwe zimayambira m'masiku a Ufumu wa Japan.
Tizilumba tating'ono tating'ono tomwe tazunguliridwa ndi miyala yaying'ono 33 imayimiranso ulamuliro ndi kunyada kwa dziko la Japan ndi South Korea - ngakhale Seoul akuwalamulira pano komanso usodzi wopindulitsa m'derali. Mikangano pazilumbazi - yotchedwa Tokdo yolembedwa ndi aku Korea ndi Takeshima yolembedwa ndi Japan - ikuwopseza kuyanjana kwaposachedwa pakati pa oyandikana nawo awiriwa ndikuyimira zovuta zandale komanso zachuma. Anthu aku South Korea akwiya kwambiri moti anthu mazana ambiri athamangira m'misewu kuti achite zionetsero ndipo gulu logwirizana lolimbana ndi zilakolako za nyukiliya ku North Korea likuyenda bwino.
Mkangano waposachedwa kwambiri udayamba pa February 23 pomwe msonkhano wa ku Shimane Prefecture, gawo la Japan lomwe lili pafupi ndi chilumbachi, udapereka chikalata chokhazikitsa lamulo lokhazikitsa February 22 ngati Tsiku la Takeshima, lotchedwa chilumba chomwe akuti chilumba cha Japan - ndikukwiyitsa. South Korea. Ndemanga pa February 23 ndi Takano Toshiyuki, kazembe waku Japan ku Seoul, akunena kuti zilumbazi ndi gawo la gawo la Japan zidakulitsa vutoli.
Bokosi ili silinanyalanyazidwe kwazaka zambiri, ndipo tsopano laphulika, mophiphiritsa komanso mwandale, ndi zotsatira zamphamvu zachuma, zamalonda ndi zaukazembe kumayiko onsewa - komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Asia konse.
Pa Marichi 22, Nduna Yowona Zakunja ku Japan, Machimura Nobutaka, adati Tokyo ipeza zovuta kuyambiranso zokambirana zomwe zayimitsidwa posachedwa kusaina mgwirizano wamalonda waulere ndi South Korea chaka chino chifukwa cha mkangano wagawo la Takeshima / Tokdo, Kyodo News idatero.
Tsiku lina m'mbuyomo, dziko la South Korea lidalengeza kuti likhazikitsa komiti yanyumba yamalamulo kuti ikakamize zomwe Seoul ikunena pazisumbu zomwe zikukanganidwa.
Mkangano wokhudza zisumbu zamiyala ndi zakutali mu Nyanja ya Japan (yomwe ku Korea imadziwika kuti Nyanja ya Kum'mawa) zomwe Tokyo ndi Seoul zimanena zachepetsa kale kutentha kwaposachedwa kwa ubale wa mayiko awiriwa. South Korea ikuwona zilumbazi ngati gawo loyamba la Japan pomenya nkhondo ndi atsamunda ndikulowa ku Korea, yomwe idalanda kuyambira 1910-45. Dziko la Japan linaloลตetsamo zisumbuzi mu 1905. Koma asodzi ndi andale a ku Japan amanyansidwa kwambiri ndi kutaikiridwa kwa malo amene iwo amakhulupirira kuti nโkoyenera kukhala gawo lawo ndi moyo wawo.
Nkhaniyi yadzetsa zionetsero ku Seoul, pomwe ziwonetsero zimati ulamuliro wawo ukuphwanyidwa. Owonetsa awiri aku Korea adadula zala zawo kunja kwa kazembe wa Japan ku Seoul kuti awonetse mkwiyo wawo. Omenyera nkhondo omwe asonkhana mozungulira kazembeyo awotcha mbendera ya dziko la Japan ndi zithunzi za Prime Minister Koizumi Junichiro, pomwe magulu ena aboma komanso "ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti" alengeza kuti akunyanyala katundu waku Japan, malinga ndi atolankhani aku Japan ndi aku Korea.
Ubale wa mayiko awiriwa ukhoza kusokonezeka m'mwezi ukubwerawu, chifukwa dziko la South Korea latsala pang'ono kuchita zisankho zofunika kwambiri za aphungu a dziko pa April 30. komanso kusamvana pa nkhani ya dera lomwe silinathetsedwe ndi Tokyo, kuti awonetse ziyeneretso zawo zautundu ndikupeza ulamuliro wambiri pamsonkhano wadziko lonse.
Mkangano wa buku la mbiri yakale kusukulu ya sekondale ya ku Japan ukhozanso kuwonjezera moto ku Seoul, pamene Unduna wa Zamaphunziro, Chikhalidwe, Masewera, Sayansi ndi Ukadaulo ku Japan ukuyembekezeka kulengeza zotsatira za kuwunika kwake bukuli. kumayambiriro kwa April. Ngakhale kuti chaka cha 2005, chomwe chidzakhala chaka cha 40 cha kubwezeretsedwa kwa ubale waukazembe pakati pa Japan ndi South Korea, chadziwika kuti Chaka cha Ubwenzi, chisankho chachibwerezabwereza komanso kuvomereza buku lophunzirira zidzasokoneza ubale.
Kwa anthu a ku Japan, makamaka anthu a ku Shimane omwe amakhala pafupi ndi malo ophera nsomba, mkanganowu ndi nkhani yaikulu ya usodzi ndi zachuma osati mkangano wa dera ndi ndale chabe. Takeshima amadziwika ku Japan ngati malo osodza olemera omwe kwenikweni amakhala ndi South Korea. Asodzi a ku Japan akudandaula kuti akhala akuthamangitsidwa mโderali kwa zaka zambiri. Pakadali pano, anthu aku South Korea amakhulupirira mwamphamvu kuti a Tokdo anali woyamba kuzunzidwa ndi atsamunda ku Japan kudera la Korea ndipo amawona kuti chigawo cha Tokyo chikuphwanya zofuna zawo komanso ulamuliro wawo. Kwa iwo, nkhaniyi ndi gawo laling'ono laulamuliro wankhanza wa Japan.
Uwu siwokhawo mkangano wokhudzana ndi dera lomwe dziko la Japan likukumana nalo. Kum'mwera, ikuchita mkangano wodziyimira pawokha pazilumba za Senkaku (ku China zomwe zimadziwika kuti zilumba za Diaoyu) komanso kupikisana kwamalo opangira gasi ku East China Sea. Kumpoto, ili ndi vuto la minga la Madera aku Northern omwe ali ku Russia, omwe amadziwika kuti Kurils akumwera.
Pokhapokha ngati Japan ndi South Korea achitapo kanthu mwachangu kuti aletse kusagwirizana komwe kulipo pakati pa anthu aku Korea komanso kusakhulupirirana pakati pa anthu aku Korea, zinthu zitha kuipiraipira, zomwe zingawononge kwambiri kupita patsogolo kwa ubale wabwino pakati pa mayiko awiriwa womwe wakhalapo kuyambira pomwe mayiko awiriwa adagwirizana. adachita nawo mpikisano wa World Cup wa 2002, ndipo posachedwa, kusinthana kwa chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe komwe kukuwonetsedwa ndi chikhalidwe chaposachedwa chotchedwa Han-Ryu (Korean wave) ku Japan.
Pakalipano, ndale za ku Japan, makamaka olungama, ayenera kupewa kuchita zinthu zosokoneza maganizo ndi ndemanga pa mkangano wa derali ndi mndandanda wa mabuku okhudzana nawo, pamene boma la South Korea ndi atolankhani ayenera kukhazika mtima pansi, kupuma mozama kuti athetse mkwiyo wawo ndikupewa kukhala. kudayambika m'gulu lotsutsa dziko.
Takeshima ili pamtunda wa makilomita 157 kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa chilumba cha Oki ndi 74km kuchokera pachilumba chapafupi ndi South Korea, ndipo ili ndi tizilumba tiwiri tating'ono tokhala ndi malo okwana ma kilomita 0.23, komanso kubalalitsidwa kwa miyala pafupi. Kukula, uku ndikocheperako - kuchepera gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a Central Park ku New York City komanso kukula kofanana ndi Hibiya Park ku Tokyo. Takeshima kwenikweni amatanthauza "chilumba cha nsungwi" mu Japanese. Izi zili choncho chifukwa akuti kuphulika kwa miyala ya mapiri kumeneku kunali kooneka ngati nsungwi, kokhala ndi mโmbali mwake mwaukali, monga momwe timaonera patali. Msungwi, komabe, sungathe kumera pamenepo. Tsopano zisumbuzi zimawoneka zozungulira chifukwa cha nyengo. Pakadali pano, ku Korea, Tokdo amatanthauza "chilumba chosungulumwa" kapena "chilumba chodziyimira pawokha".
M'mbuyomu, mbali zonse ziwiri zakhala zikusunga zonena za madera ndipo zakhala zikusemphana ndi malire. Komabe, vuto losauka, limabuka nthawi ndi nthawi, monga momwe zakhalira posachedwapa.
Kumbuyo kwa skirmping iyi pali mfundo zazikulu zitatu zomwe zimakangana:
ยท Ndi dziko liti lomwe linapeza zisumbu poyamba ndiyeno kuzilamulira bwino.
Kutsimikizika kwa chisankho cha nduna ya ku Japan chophatikiza Takeshima m'gawo lake mu Januwale 1905, panthawi yomwe Japan idalanda dziko la Korea mphamvu zake zamakazembe ndi katundu. Pa February 22 mโchaka chomwecho, prefecture ya Shimane inalengeza kuti chilumbacho ndi gawo la gawo lake. South Korea idatcha kuphatikizidwa kwa Takeshima zaka zana zapitazo kukhala zopanda pake, ndikuzindikira kuti sikunali koyenera kuchita ziwonetsero zamphamvu ku Tokyo panthawiyo.
Mfundo yomaliza ndi kusamveka bwino kwa matanthauzidwe a Mtsogoleri Wamkulu wa Allied Powers Douglas MacArthur's Instruction Note No 677 ya January 29, 1946, panthawi yomwe dziko la Japan linkalanda dziko la Japan nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse itatha. Cholembachi sichinaphatikizepo zilumbazi ku boma la Japan. Komabe, malangizowo ananena mwachindunji kuti sikunali โchitsimikiziro chenicheniโ cha ulamuliro wamtsogolo wa zisumbuzo. Zisumbu zina zonse zotchulidwa mโchikalatacho pomalizira pake zinabwezedwa ku Japan. Pangano la 1952 la San Francisco, lomwe linathetsa ulamuliro wa zisumbu zina zambiri zomwe zinali zotsutsana, silinatchule Takeshima.
Mbali ziwirizi zili ndi malingaliro osiyana ndi matanthauzidwe a mfundo zitatuzi. (Kuti mumve zambiri, onani Unduna wa Zachilendo ku Japan' Nkhani ya Takeshima [mu Chingerezi] ndi South Korea Gyeongsangbuk-do Province's The Island Dokdo [mu Korea].)
Kuyambira kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse komanso ulamuliro wachitsamunda wa Japan ku Korea Peninsula, South Korea yakhala ikulamulira zilumbazi ndikukhalabe ndi mphamvu pazilumbazi kuyambira 1952, pomwe pulezidenti waku South Korea Syngman Rhee adalengeza zomwe zimatchedwa Rhee Line, kulengeza ulamuliro wa dzikoli. madzi oyandikana ndi Korea Peninsula, kuphatikizapo Tokdo.
Popeza iyi inali nkhani yovuta kwambiri yogawanitsa maiko awiriwa, iwo anaisiya pamene anamaliza pangano loti zinthu ziyende bwino mโzilumbazi mu 1965. Magulu awiriwa adagwirizana kuti asakhazikitse dera lokhazikika lazachuma kuzungulira zilumbazi ndipo adafotokoza momveka bwino malamulo amadera omwe zombo zitha kugwirira ntchito. Komabe, mabwato osodza a ku Japan atsekeredwa mโderali.
Malinga ndi Asahi Shimbun lipoti, โKuyambira cha mโma 1980, zombo zapamadzi za ku Japan ndi ku South Korea zakhala zikugwira ntchito moyandikana kwambiri pafupi ndi Takeshima moti maukonde asodzi awonongeka. Izi zidapangitsa asodzi a Shimane kupempha boma kuti lichitepo kanthu kuti apewe mavuto ena. โ
Izi zidapangitsa kuti andale a chigawochi apemphe boma lalikulu kuti linene kuti dziko la Japan ndilofunika kulamulira Takeshima. Koma akuluakulu aboma komanso ndale zadziko akhala akuzengereza kuchitapo kanthu, mwachiwonekere akufuna kupewa mkangano wina ndi Seoul. Ichi ndichifukwa chake otsutsa akuti akuluakulu aku Tokyo ndi andale mwina adagona pakusintha. Chomwe chinayambitsa mkanganowu chinali chosankha cha Seoul mu 2002 chosintha zilumbazi kukhala malo osungira nyama komanso ku South Korea mu Januwale 2004, mu Januwale XNUMX, zomwe zidawonetsa Tokdo. Mamembala a msonkhano wachigawo cha Shimane anakhumudwa ndi kulephera kwa Tokyo kuthetsa vutolo. Derali lapempha kwanthawi yayitali kuti boma lipereke chidwi ku Takeshima monga momwe amachitira ku Northern Territories, zilumba zinayi za ku Hokkaido zomwe zimasungidwa ndi Russia koma zomwe zimanenedwa ndi Japan.
Malinga ndi Mainichi Shimbun lipoti, mgwirizano wausodzi ku Oki Island, chilumba chapafupi kwambiri ndi Takeshima, ali ndi ufulu wopha nsomba pamtunda wa mita 500 ku Takeshima. Koma zombo za cooperative sizingayandikire zilumba zomwe zimakangana popanda kumangidwa ndi akuluakulu aku South Korea. Seoul ali ndi gulu lankhondo laling'ono pazisumbu zina. Nsomba zomwe zimagwidwa ndi Oki mu 2003 zidakwana matani 70,000, zosakwana theka la 1993.
Atakhumudwitsidwa ndi kusachitapo kanthu kwa Tokyo ku Takeshima, chigawo cha Shimane chatenga gawo loyamba kulengeza umwini wake wa Takeshima. Seoul adakwiya kwambiri. Dziko la South Korea layimitsa ulendo womwe nduna yowona zakunja a Ban Ki-moon adakonza. Bwanamkubwa wa chigawo cha Kyongsangbuk-do adati athetsa ubale wa tawuni ndi chigawo cha Shimane ndipo wakumbukira onse ogwira ntchito ku Shimane. Zosinthana zambiri zachikhalidwe ndi masewera komanso ma mizinda yachikazi okhudza maboma am'maiko awiriwa, kuphatikiza zigawo za Iwate, Nagano, Aomori ndi Saitama kumbali ya Japan, zathetsedwa chifukwa chokhudzidwa ndi kukulitsa malingaliro odana ndi Japan ku South Korea. Ena mwa iwo akuti adafunsidwa ndi anzawo aku Korea.
Kuphatikiza apo, Lachisanu lapitali khonsolo ya mzinda wa Masan m'chigawo cha South Kyongsang ku South Korea idapereka chikalata cholengeza kuti ili ndi ulamuliro pachilumba cha Tsushima ku Japan. Ngakhale Seoul adapempha khonsoloyi kuti ichotse chigamulochi, bungwe lachigawocho lakana pempho la boma, ndikugogomezera kuti khonsoloyi ili ndi mphamvu zodziyimira pawokha pokhazikitsa malamulo oyenera.
Kuphatikiza apo, Lachitatu lapitalo, bungwe la Cultural Heritage Administration ku South Korea lidalengeza kuti Seoul ichotsa zoletsa zoyendera zisumbu zomwe zimakanganiranako kuti zitsimikizirenso kulamulira kwawoko potsegula mwayi wofikirako. Panopa boma likuletsa anthu 70 kuti aziyendera anthu 141 patsiku, potchula zifukwa za chilengedwe ndi chitetezo, komanso limaletsa atolankhani kuyendera zilumbazi. Mlendo aliyense amafunsidwa kuti alandire chilolezo kwa bwanamkubwa wa North Kyongsang Province, yomwe ili ndi ulamuliro pazilumbazi. Koma akuluakulu apakati azikambirana ndi maboma kuti akweze kuchuluka kwa alendo XNUMX patsiku, ndikusiya dongosolo lomwe likufuna kuvomerezedwa ndi boma. Akuluakulu aku South Korea achotsanso zoletsa zofalitsa pamasamba, atolankhani aku Japan ndi aku Korea ati.
Chofunika koposa, nkhani ya Tokdo/Takeshima yafalikira muofesi ya Purezidenti ku Seoul. Lachinayi lapitalo South Korea idasintha mwadzidzidzi malingaliro ake ku Tokyo. Idalengeza mfundo zingapo, kuphatikiza pempho loti Tokyo ipepese chifukwa chankhanza zomwe zidachitika pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse ndikulipira anthu aku Korea omwe adazunzidwa pankhondoyo. Mpaka posachedwa, Purezidenti waku South Korea Roh Moo-hyun adanenanso kuti kayendetsedwe kake sikadzabweretsa mbiri yakale pa ubale wapakati pa Japan ndi South Korea. Tsopano izo zasintha.
Mfundo zatsopanozi zinaphatikizaponso kuvomereza buku la mbiri ya ana asukulu za sekondale lonena za udindo wa Japan ku Korea, China ndi mayiko ena a ku Asia omwe dziko la China ndi South Korea limati likusokoneza mbiri yakale. Kuphatikiza apo, mfundo zatsopanozi zimafuna kulipidwa kwa anthu aku South Korea omwe amakakamizidwa kugwira ntchito ngati "akazi otonthoza" pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, komanso omwe anali ku Hiroshima kapena Nagasaki pamene United States inagwetsa mabomba a atomiki m'mizindayi m'masiku ochepa. nkhondo.
Prime Minister Koizumi adauza atolankhani Lachisanu latha kuti mayiko awiriwa akuyenera kuyang'ana zamtsogolo. "Kuthana ndi kusamvana m'maganizo, tiyenera kuchita zinthu zoyang'ana kutsogolo ndikuganizira njira zopangira ubwenzi mtsogolo," adatero Koizumi, akunyoza zomwe Roh adachita ndi Tokyo. โMโmalo mongodera nkhawa za mโmbuyo, mโpofunika kuti mbali zonse ziwiri zikhazikitse ubwenzi mwa kuganiza moganizira za mโtsogolo.โ
Kusamvana pakati pa Japan ndi South Korea kukuwoneka kuti sikukuthetsedwa ndi mfundo yakuti ndi mayiko ofunika kwambiri amalonda. Japan ndi yachitatu pakuchita malonda ndi South Korea pambuyo pa China ndi United States, pomwe South Korea ndi yachitatu pakuchita nawo malonda ku Japan pambuyo pa China ndi US.
Japan ndi South Korea akukambirana za mgwirizano wa malonda aulere (FTA) kuti alimbikitse ubale wachuma. Mbali ziwirizi poyambilira zinkafuna kuchita nawo mgwirizanowu mkati mwa chaka chino, koma mkangano waderali wasokonezanso ubale wachuma pakati pa Japan ndi Korea. Chifukwa cha mkwiyo wa anthu ku Seoul, akuluakulu aku Korea alephera kubwereranso pa zokambirana, ngakhale a Koizumi ndi Roh adagwirizana kuti ayambitsenso zokambirana pamsonkhano wawo ku Kagoshima prefecture mu December watha. (Zokambirana za FTA zinali zitasokonezedwa kale kwambiri ndi nkhani yochepetsera mitengo yamitengo ya zinthu za m'mafamu ndi zam'madzi.)
Mu kamvuluvulu wa ndale zapadziko lonse lapansi, ndale zapakhomo ndizofunikira. Nkhani ya zisumbu zamiyala, zokhala ndi zamoyo za m'madzi ndi chisonyezero cha mavuto a m'mayiko onsewa akuchulukirachulukira m'mayiko onsewa. Andale kulikonse, makamaka populists, amakonda kulanda malingaliro a nthawiyo ndikudumphira pagulu, kuvomereza kutsutsidwa kwapakhomo ndi komweko kuti apambane mfundo. Koma akuyenera kupewa kukhala ndi malingaliro okonda dziko, makamaka ngati kusunga ndikukhazikitsa chitetezo chachigawo chomwe chili pachiwopsezo ndikofunikira kwambiri.
Kosuke Takahashi, wolemba kale wogwira ntchito ku Asahi Shimbun, ndi mtolankhani wodziyimira pawokha wokhala ku Tokyo. Anamaliza maphunziro a University of Columbia Graduate School of Journalism ndi School of International and Public Affairs monga wophunzira wapawiri digiri ya masters. Akhoza kulumikizidwa pa [imelo ndiotetezedwa] Webusaiti yake ndi www.kosuke.net
Ili ndi mtundu wosinthidwa pang'ono wa nkhani yomwe idawonekera The Asia Times, March 23, 2005.
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