“Kuganiza bwino n’zosadabwitsa.â€
- Mark Twain
Ndi zotsatira za Chisankho Chachikulu cha 2004, a kisans (alimi) aku India adapaka phula zikwangwani za BJP za “India Shining†ndipo alengeza mumitundu yowoneka kuti: “ifenso tilipo†Anenanso kuti awo enieni. kutayika kwa zinthu sikungalipidwe chifukwa cha kunyada kwadziko komwe kumafuna kupangidwa potumiza ma jawans (asilikali) kumalire a Pakistani, vuto lamalingaliro mwina lokha kwa osankhika komanso magulu apakati amatauni. Alimi anena kuti akulephera kuyang'ana kuwala kwadzuwa komwe 20% ya amwenye akhala akukhala zaka 6 zapitazi.
Pakhala kulingalira kochuluka pa zotsatira za zisankho. Ngakhale akatswiri ambiri ndi owonera akuwoneka kuti akuwerenga mauthenga osiyanasiyana andale pazotsatira, phunziro lalikulu ndi losavuta kwambiri. Werengani mukuwona zotsatira za zisankho zaku India zomwe zapita theka la khumi ndi ziwiri zapitazi, zomwe zalembedwa pakhoma ndikuti boma lililonse – lotsogozedwa ndi BJP, Congress kapena china chilichonse – chomwe chimalephera kuthandiza anthu wamba. , makamaka osauka akumidzi, pokwaniritsa zofunikira zawo, sapeza mwayi wosunga mpando waulamuliro ku New Delhi.
Nthawi sizisintha mosavuta. Pazaka 15 zapitazi India yakhala ndi zisankho zisanu ndi chimodzi. M’chilichonse cha iwo chipani cholamulira kapena mgwirizano wachotsedwa pampando, mfundo yosayerekezeka mwina m’dziko lina lililonse la demokalase. Ichi ndichifukwa chake owonerera ayamba kuganiza monyoza zomwe zimatsutsa zotsatira za chisankho ku India, ngati kuti zinali zachibadwa kuti oponya zisankho afune nthawi iliyonse kuti alowe m'malo mwa amuna omwe ali paudindo, ngati kuti ndi chabe. kuyenera kuyembekezeredwa kuti boma la nthawiyo lisakhale ndi chidwi chopereka, kapena kukwanitsa, zosoweka za anthu.
Komabe, ku West Bengal, zomwe zikuchitika m'dziko lonselo, boma la Chikomyunizimu lakhala ndi mphamvu kwa zaka 27 zapitazi, pomwe Prime Minister 10 adalowa ndikutuluka ku New Delhi. Izi zikuwonetsa momveka bwino kuti palibe cholepheretsa pakusintha kosalekeza kwa alonda ku New Delhi.
Pali yankho lodziwikiratu pakukwera kwa zinthu zotsutsana ndi zotsutsana ndi zaka khumi ndi theka zapitazi. Pakupuma kwakukulu kuchokera kumalingaliro a dziko lapansi a amayi ake, malinga ndi zenizeni za masamu a masankho (ndi zolankhula), zolamulidwa ndi kumidzi yaku India, Rajiv Gandhi mu 1984 adayambitsa nyengo yatsopano mu ndale za India. Anakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi “kutengera India mzaka za zana la 21â€. Ndi iye, akuluakulu olamulira anayamba kukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zamakono zamakono, zomwe zimatanthawuza kukhala ngati a Kumadzulo (ngati sakugwirizana nazo). M'zochita izi zatanthauza kuyang'ana kwambiri pakukula kwachuma chakumatauni ndikunyalanyaza madera akumidzi. Ndondomekoyi idatsogolera pafupifupi zaka khumi kuyambika kwa kusintha kwachuma mu 1991 ndipo idakula mwachangu pazaka 6 zapitazi zaulamuliro wa BJP (1998-2004).
Pankhani ya masankho a masankho, monga momwe zawonekera pambuyo pa kugwedezeka kwaposachedwa kwa BJP, zipani zolamulira ndi migwirizano ku New Delhi zakhala zikunyalanyaza (kuyambira Rajiv Gandhi mu zisankho za 1989) zodetsa nkhawa zapakati pa magawo awiri mwa atatu a osankhidwa. . Kodi zotsutsana ndi udindo kapena "zokhumudwitsa" zaposachedwa za BJP ziyenera kudabwitsa aliyense? M'malo mwake, chomwe chikanadadabwitsa n'chakuti chipani chilichonse chokhudzidwa chikanaganiza kuti anthu omwe akutsatira ndondomeko zopanda chilungamo anganyalanyaze kunyalanyaza zofuna za anthu ambiri ndikuwavotera kuti abwerere. mphamvu! Kukhala ndi chiyembekezo chodzinyenga chokha kungapangitse wandale kapena katswiri aliyense kufika pamalingaliro otere. Ndipo komabe, polingalira za kudzidzimuka kumene iwo anasonyeza pa zotulukapo, izi n’zimene unyinji wa intelligentsia wa ku India, kupatulapo zina zolemekezeka, anawonekera kukhala akukhulupirira!
Pofika pano, potengera masamu oyambira zisankho, ndikwabwino kulosera kuti boma lililonse lomwe likulephera kubweretsa kusintha kwabwino m'miyoyo ya anthu osauka akumidzi silikhala ndi mwayi woti libwerenso pampando. Awiri mwa magawo atatu a India adzakhala m'tsogolomu, monga posachedwapa, adzasankha tsogolo la ndale la India yense, monga momwe zilili mu kuyenerera kwa zinthu. Izi ndi zoona makamaka chifukwa kusiyana pakati pa ntchito zonse ndi malonjezo a chuma cha India, zomwe zikuwonetsedwa ndi kukula kwakukulu komanso kulemera kowoneka bwino kwa anthu apamwamba ndi apakati kumbali imodzi, ndi kuima kapena kuipiraipira kwa mayiko. anthu ambiri kumbali inayo, sanakhalepo ambiri momveka bwino. Ngakhale anthu ambiri amene amati umphawi watsika kuchokera pamene mayiko anamasula anthu amavomereza kuti kusiyana – pakati pa olemera ndi osauka komanso pakati pa mizinda ndi midzi– kwakula kwambiri.
Chowonadi chosavuta chomwe Prime Minister Manmohan Singh akuyenera kukumana nacho ndi chakuti ngati anyalanyaza zofuna za anthu osakwana 2% a “kuwala†amwenye omwe chuma chawo chimakhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi kayendedwe ka msika (zomwe zimangokhudza 4% yokha. of National savings) sayika pachiwopsezo pa nthawi ya chipani chake paudindo pafupifupi ngati sakuyika patsogolo nkhawa za magawo awiri mwa atatu a dziko la India omwe tsogolo lawo lili pazaulimi. Ngati phunziro loyambirirali litatayika pa Congress ndi ogwirizana nawo, mutha kukhala otsimikiza kuti masiku amdima a ulamuliro wa safironi abwereranso ku India. Ziribe kanthu kuti ovota ambiri apakati angakhale adavotera boma ladziko, alimi ndi antchito opanda minda a India sanavotere kwambiri zachipembedzo monga kupulumuka. Ayesetsabe mpaka atapambana kupanga boma ku New Delhi kuchita zomwe akufuna.
Bungwe la Congress lidapeza mwayi wawo pachisankho cha 2004. Ponyalanyaza pafupifupi magawo atatu mwa magawo atatu a dzikolo (ngati tiwonanso anthu okhala m'matauni ndi m'misewu), adani awo adadzigwetsa pansi, ndikusiya mavoti ambiri "osasintha" a Congress. Izi sizinthu zomwe Congress ingadalire ngati njira yopangira zisankho zamtsogolo. Nsapato idzakhala pa phazi lina nthawi ina.
Kuposa voti ya Congress yakhala voti yotsutsana ndi BJP komanso, chifukwa cha utsogoleri wabwino ndi zosowa zofunika za osauka. Congress ikudziwa kale izi. M’nthawi ya ndale za mgwirizano wa zipani zambiri – ndipo aka ndi nthawi yoyamba m’mbiri yake yaitali kuti Kongeresi itsogolere boma la mgwirizano – palibe chopatulika ndi chopatulika pa ilo kapena chipani china chilichonse. Demokalase yaku India si njira yoyendetsedwa ndi siteji, ya zipani ziwiri, monga yaku America. Mosiyana ndi madera ambiri a mayiko a Kumadzulo, kumene anthu ambiri alibe chidwi ndi ovota ndipo ndondomeko za demokalase zikubweretsa zotsatira zodziwikiratu, mphamvu ya demokalase ku India idakalipobe ndipo zotsatira zake n'zachifundo komanso zosayembekezereka.
Komabe, muzovuta komanso zovuta za ndale za tsiku ndi tsiku ndizosavuta kuiwala maphunziro akale. Boma la UPA lotsogozedwa ndi Congress liyenera kusunga chenjezo lanzeru lomwe Sonia Gandhi adawonetsa pokana kuyankha mitsuko yatsiku ndi tsiku yomwe Sangh Parivar amamuwuza (kukananso udindo wa Prime Minister), ndipo m'malo mwake ayang'ane pa zolinga zomwe angakwaniritse. za chitukuko cha kumidzi, kutulutsa ntchito ndi kuthetsa umphawi kuwonjezera pa kusunga mtendere wadziko. Iyenera kukhala yokhulupirika ku mfundo zochepetsetsa zotere – zotchulidwa monyadira mu Common Minimum Programme yomwe yalengezedwa posachedwapa – ndipo mavoti adzabwera zisankho zikubwerazi. Bungwe la Congress liyenera kupewa ngati mliri womwe umayambitsa zokhumudwitsa zomwe otsutsa omwe amatsogozedwa ndi BJP akuyenera kutumiza komwe akupita. Koma adzayenera kudzitchinjiriza ngati mapulogalamu awo sakugwira ntchito kumidzi komanso m'matawuni.
Boma latsopano liyenera kuyika zofunikira zake kumidzi yaku India. Ndi India iyi, Bharat, kumene minda ya tirigu ndi paddy iyenera kuwala mkati mwa nyengo imodzi kapena ziwiri ngati Congress ikufuna kupitirizabe kulamulira ndikuvotera kuti abwererenso pa chisankho chotsatira. UPA ikunena za kuyambitsa “kusintha pazachuma ndi nkhope ya munthu.†Mwachiwonekere, kusintha komwe kunayambika kuyambira 1991 – kutsegulira chuma ku katundu wogula kuchokera kunja, kubisa katundu wa boma, kulowetsa dziko la India mokwanira pakupanga ndi kugulitsa zinthu padziko lonse lapansi . €“ akhala ndi mbali yawo yankhanza, yomwe atolankhani, akatswiri azachuma ndi mabungwe andale safuna kuvomereza. Zosinthazo zikufunika kusintha kwambiri masiku ano. Makamaka, okonzanso akuyenera kuzindikira kuti ulimi ndi gawo lalikulu lazandale pazachuma.
Kuyikanso patsogolo kwa ulimi wowonongeka
Pazachuma chonse, komanso kukula kwachuma chantchito, sizokayikitsa kuti dziko la India silidzakhalanso chilichonse m'kupita kwanthawi kupatula dziko lomwe anthu ambiri adzapitilizabe ndi ulimi. Ngakhale zili zowona kuti zathandizira gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu aliwonse a zotuluka m'dziko lonselo, Amwenye 7 mwa 10 akupezabe moyo wawo kuchokera ku ulimi (chiwerengerocho chachepa koma pang'ono kuchokera pamene adalandira ufulu wodzilamulira). Zonse zili ndendende monga, wodziwa bwino momwe analiri, Mahatma Gandhi adawoneratu m'ma 1940s.
Mukaganizira za tsoka lomwe ladzetsa dziko la India ndi mfundo zaulimi za boma la BJP, ndizodabwitsa kuti chigamulo cha zisankho sichinali chokulirapo. Monga mtolankhani P. Sainath adanenera, mawayilesi achinyengo okha omwe ali ndi malingaliro ogula ndi omwe angalephere kuzindikira zenizeni zakumidzi yaku India. Pamene atolankhani a m’mizinda ankaika chidwi chawo pa zionetsero za mafashoni ndi mipikisano ya kukongola, chilala chinasakaza midzi, miyandamiyanda yokulirakulira inamva njala ndipo kudera lonse la India alimi masauzande ambiri anamwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi kudzipha kuti atsimikize boma ku mavuto awo pambuyo pake. za ndondomeko zaulimi zomwe zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chikhumbo chofuna kukondweretsa World Trade Organisation (WTO).
UPA, mu Common Minimum Programme (CMP) ikunena za “kufalikira ndi kuzamitsa chitukuko cha kumidzi.†Koma kodi “kutukuka kwakumidzi†komwe kukulonjeza kufalikira ndi kuzama? Ulimi waku India posachedwapa wavutika ndi kunyalanyazidwa mwadala, mwankhanza ndipo, pambuyo pa kusintha kwa Neo-liberal, wakhala ndi zaka khumi zowopsa kwambiri kuyambira pomwe adalandira ufulu. Yalemba ziwerengero zotsika kwambiri za kukula kuyambira 1947. Mlingo wapachaka wa kukula kwaulimi watsika kuchokera ku 3.7% mpaka 2.3% mkati mwazaka khumi. Boma la India's Economic Survey for 2002 lipoti kuti ndalama zoyendetsera ulimi (zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zazikulu kumadera monga ulimi wothirira ndi magetsi), monga gawo la GDP, zatsika kuchoka pa 1.6% kufika pa 1.3% pazaka khumi zoyambirira. pambuyo poti zosinthazo zidayambitsidwa. Mosadabwitsa, chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa zokolola zaulimi kwatsika kuchokera pa 3% pachaka kufika pa 1.2%. Ulimi unkapereka gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a GDP panthawi yomwe mgwirizano wa BJP unayamba kulamulira mu 1998. Masiku ano akuthandizira pang'ono pansi pa gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a GDP, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ndalama zomwe zakhala zikuchitika kumidzi komanso kuchepa kwa mitengo yomwe imachokera ku GDP. alimi akhala akulandira zokolola zawo. (Ngakhale gawo la mafakitale ku India GDP lagwa, chifukwa cha ndondomeko za boma zosagwirizana ndi makampani ang'onoang'ono. Gawo lokhalo la gawo la ntchito lakula, kusonyeza kukula kwa ndalama, zokopa alendo, ntchito zopanda pake m'mizinda ndi zina zotero. pa.)
BJP, mu kampeni yake ya zisankho ya “India Shiningâ€/“Feel Good†inali kunena kuti chakudya cha dziko lonse sichinachite bwino, chikukula kupitirira 8% pachaka. Chinyengo chake chachikulu chinali kubisala kwake kuti chiwerengerocho chikuwoneka chokwera kwambiri kuyambira 2002-03 chinali chaka cha chilala, pamene Monsoon inalephera (ndipo mlingo wa kukula kwaulimi m'chaka chimenecho unali –3.7% kuposa chaka chatha! ). Katswiri wazachuma waulimi Utsa Patnaik adanenanso kuti kutulutsa kwambewu mu 2003-04 akadali matani 14 miliyoni pansi pamlingo wapamwamba womwe adafika mu 2000-01, ndipo amangofanana ndi kuchuluka komwe kunapangidwa zaka 7 zapitazo. Pazaka 7 zapitazi chiwerengero cha anthu ku India chakwera ndi anthu pafupifupi 100 miliyoni! N’zosadabwitsa kuti njala ndi kusowa kwa zakudya m’thupi zakhala zikuipiraipira kuposa kale lonse. Masiku ano pafupifupi theka la ana aku India osakwanitsa zaka zitatu ali ndi vuto lopereŵera zakudya m'thupi komanso opuwala ndipo 40% ya anthu akumidzi aku India amadya chakudya chofanana ndi cha kum'mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa. Malinga ndi bungwe la United Nations la Food and Agriculture Organisation, India ndi amodzi mwa mayiko 17 pomwe chiwerengero cha anthu osowa zakudya m'thupi chinatsika mu theka loyamba la zaka za m'ma 1990, chisanachuluke mu theka lachiwiri mpaka kuthetseratu zopindula za gawo loyambirira. zaka khumi.
(Kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi Abhijit Sen wa ku Yunivesite ya Jawaharlal Nehru akuwonetsa kuti pazaka khumi za 1989-90 mpaka 1999-00, pomwe magwiritsidwe apamwamba a 20% a anthu akumatauni adakula ndi 40%, ndipo 20% apamwamba Chiwerengero cha anthu akumidzi ndi 20%, kumwa kwa 80% ya anthu akumidzi akucheperachepera! ulimi wakula kwambiri m'zaka khumi zapitazi. Munthu akhoza kuganiza momveka bwino kuti kusagwirizana kwakula kwambiri pofika pano.)
Utsa Patnaik amawerengera kuti kupezeka kwa chakudya kwa munthu aliyense kwatsika koyamba kuyambira 1960s. Izi zachitika osati chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu m’nthaŵi ya ulimi wosasunthika (umene ukhoza kulipidwa ndi kuwonjezereka kwa katundu wochokera kunja ngati anthu akanakhala ndi mphamvu yogula yogulira), komanso chifukwa chakuti mbewu zambiri zikugwiritsiridwa ntchito monga chakudya cha ziweto (zimene nyama yake). ikutumizidwa kunja) ndiponso chifukwa chakuti malo ochuluka kuposa kale lonse akuperekedwa kulima mbewu zandalama (kuphatikizapo zinthu monga nkhanu ndi maluŵa zotumizidwa kunja), m’malo mogula zakudya zogulira m’nyumba (dera lomwe lili ndi mbewu zosakanizika – chinthu chofunika kwambiri. ndi osauka – adatsika ndi mahekitala odabwitsa 7 miliyoni m'zaka za m'ma 1990). Mlingo wa mayamwidwe a chakudya pa mutu wa anthu watsikira pamlingo womwewo wa kilogalamu 150 pachaka monga momwe zinalili mu 1950-51, atatha kukwera pa 174 kilogalamu mu 1997-98. Kutsika kotereku sikunachitike ku India kuyambira ku Bengal njala ya 1943 pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Banja lapakati la kumidzi la ku India limadya chakudya chocheperako ma kilogalamu 100 chaka chilichonse kuposa mmene linachitira panthaŵi imene masinthidwewo anayambika mu 1991. Ndicho chimene kusintha kwachuma kwatanthauza kwa Amwenye okhala kumidzi.
Kuchulukana kwa chakudya m’malo odyetserako anthu (zosefukira ndi matani oposa 60 miliyoni a tirigu) kumapereka umboni ku ntchito yolimba ya alimi a ku India. Koma zochulukirapo, iwo ali ndi umboni wa mfundo zopanda nzeru zotsatiridwa ndi boma la BJP, lomwe lidachepetsa mobwerezabwereza thandizo lazakudya pazaka 5 zapitazi, mokakamizidwa ndi WTO, motero adakweza mtengo wazakudya zomwe zimagawidwa kudzera mu Public Distribution System (PDS). ), zomwe zonse zidazisiya. Izi zinachititsa kuti masheya achuluke, chifukwa osauka analibe mphamvu zogulira zakudya zodula. Kuphatikiza apo, zakudya zidakulanso chifukwa boma lidalephera kuzigwiritsa ntchito pofuna kupeza ntchito kudzera m'mapulogalamu amtundu wa Keynesian, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala amodzi mwamalo osungira mbewu zomwe zidasonkhanitsidwa.
Panali zifukwa ziwiri zochepetsera ndalama zothandizira chakudya. Chimodzi chinali kuthana, mwa zina, nkhani ya kuchepa kwa bajeti, motsogozedwa ndi mfundo za IMF zotsogozedwa ndi IMF zomwe nthawi zambiri zimafuna kuti pakhale ndalama zofananira (ngakhale zili m'maiko a Third World), zomwe, kuwonjezera apo, zimasokoneza ndalama zawo. zotsatira pa chuma. Cholimbikitsa kwambiri chinali kulola mbewu zotsika mtengo (zothandizidwa kwambiri) kuchokera ku US ndi EU kuti zigulitsidwe m'misika yaku India, monga momwe WTO idanenera.
Chifukwa chake, boma la BJP lidakumana ndi vuto lodzipangira lokha: chochita ndi kuchuluka kwazakudya zomwe anthu ambiri amadya, makamaka popeza mtengo wosungirako udangowononga chuma? Izi ndi zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu ena m'boma apemphe kuti atseke bungwe la Food Corporation of India ndikuchepetsa, ngati sikuthetsa kugula kwa boma chakudya kwa alimi, lamulo lakale lomwe, kuphatikiza ndi PDS, lakhala likuchita. kuthandizira kuonetsetsa, nthawi yomweyo, mitengo yokhazikika yaulimi ndi ndalama zomwe alimi omwe ali pachiwopsezo, monganso kupereka chakudya chotsika mtengo kwa osauka.
Sikuti kungolephera kwa boma la BJP kugwiritsa ntchito chakudya chochuluka kudyetsa anjala ndi osowa chakudya kwakhala kochititsa chidwi, mfundo zake zaulimi zafooketsa m'zaka 6 zokha zomwe alimi aku India adapeza pazaka makumi angapo kuchokera pomwe adalandira ufulu. Kuchokera pamfundo yodzidalira pakupanga chakudya, India tsopano akuyenera kudandaula za kukhalapo kwake kwa chakudya kwa nthawi yaitali.
Zofuna zamabizinesi aulimi padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zidakankhidwa ndi WTO, ndikutsatiridwa mokondwera ndi boma la BJP, zonse zathetsa dongosolo labwino logulira ndi kugawa chakudya lomwe India adasintha movutikira zaka makumi anayi pambuyo pa 1947. Monga momwe buku la Economics linganeneratu. , pansi pa “ufuluâ€kagawidwe kazamalonda kokakamizika kwa Maiko omwe akutukuka kumene ndi bungwe la WTO, opanga zakudya ku India tsopano akuyenera kugulitsa chakudya pamitengo yotsika kuposa kale (zomwe zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa ndalama zakumidzi) pomwe ogula chakudya akuyenera kugula chakudya mitengo yokwera kuposa m'mbuyomu (kupangitsa kuti anthu anjala achuluke mopanda chifukwa: potengera kuti anthu 270 miliyoni omwe ali paumphawi, matani 60 miliyoni a chakudya m'malo osungira anthu akhoza kudyetsa munthu aliyense wanjala mpaka 222 kilos. pa mutu kwa chaka chimodzi!) Mosadabwitsa (ndipo iyi ndi ndondomeko ya mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono kumbuyo kwa zigamulo za WTO), kuyambira m'chaka cha 2000, chakudya chochokera kumayiko omwe amathandizidwa ndi thandizo la ndalama kupita ku India chakula kwambiri, ndipo mpaka 400% chiyambireni WTO. !
Ndizodziwikiratu kuti mabungwe akuluakulu a Multinational omwe akuchita bizinesi yazakudya akhala akuyang'ana dziko la India (lomwe lili ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu ndi limodzi mwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi) monga gawo lalikulu pokonzekera njira zawo zakukulira mtsogolo. Iyi ndi nkhani yomwe amafuna kuti “kufikira pamisika†osati a WTO okha, komanso (mosabisa) ndi akuluakulu azamalonda aku US. Ngakhale kazembe watsopano wa US ku India, David Mulford adatsindika kuti "payenera kukhala misika yatsopano yochokera kumayiko otukuka ndi omwe akutukuka kumene, makamaka ngati India", komanso kuti US yatsimikiza "kutsegulira misika yapadziko lonse lapansi ndikuchepetsa kupotoza kwa malonda, makamaka pa ulimi.”
Malinga ndi alimi aku India, izi zapangitsa kuti pakhale chiwopsezo ku njira yogulira zakudya zogulira chakudya, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawatsimikizira kuti mitengo yamtengo wapatali. (Monga ophunzira a pulayimale Microeconomics amadziwira bwino, mitengo yaulimi munthawi yabwino kwambiri, chifukwa cha zisankho zomwe zimatsalira pamsika, zimakonda kugwedezeka ngati ulusi ndipo chitetezo chokha pa izi ndikugula mbewu ndi kudzikundikira kwa mbewu. masheya osakhalitsa ndi boma.)
Kupanda chilungamo kwakukulu kwa malamulo omwe alipo a WTO pa malonda a zokolola zaulimi ndi zoonekeratu. Amanyalanyaza kutayidwa kwakukulu kwa zakudya zotsika mtengo, zothandizidwa kwambiri m’maiko osauka ndi mabizinesi akuluakulu a zaulimi akumadzulo. Amalola mayiko a OECD kuti azipereka ndalama zothandizira ulimi wawo mpaka ndalama zokwana madola biliyoni imodzi patsiku (poyerekeza ndi alimi aku India omwe amalandira thandizo la boma biliyoni imodzi pachaka). Koma akakamiza mayiko osauka, kuphatikiza India, kuti achotse zoletsa ndikuchepetsa mitengo yazaulimi. Izi ndizovuta zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zokambirana za WTO zitheke bwino pamsonkhano wa Cancun chaka chatha.
Kukwera kwa thandizo lazaulimi ku US ndi EU kwadzetsa kutsika kwamitengo yaulimi padziko lonse lapansi monga tirigu ndi thonje pakati pa 30 ndi 50% pazaka khumi zapitazi. Alimi aku India alephera kupirira mphamvu ya mpikisanowu, makamaka popeza ndalama zawo zakhala zikutsika panthawi yomwe ndalama zawo zakwera kwambiri.
N’chifukwa chiyani mitengo yolima yakwera? Mwa zina monga njira zothanirana ndi kuchepa kwachuma (kachiwiri, motsogozedwa ndi malamulo a IMF ochepetsa bajeti) komanso kuti asangalatse WTO, boma la BJP lidachepetsa ndalama zothandizira zaulimi panthawi yomwe ili paudindo. Alimi tsopano akuyenera kulipira mitengo yokwera kwambiri ya magetsi, madzi, mbewu, mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso feteleza. Mtengo wa Urea, mwachitsanzo, udakwera ndi 30% pakati pa 1998 ndi 2004. (M'chaka cha 2002-03 boma la BJP lidachepetsa ndalama zothandizira feteleza ndendende panthawi ya chilala choipitsitsa m'zaka 15!) Mtengo wa dizilo, wofunikira kwambiri poyendetsa chubu- zitsime ndi mathirakitala, kuwirikiza kawiri pakati pa 1998 ndi 2004.
Kupitilira apo, chifukwa cha ufulu wa gene patenting ndi Trade-related intellectual property rights (TRIPS), zotsitsidwa ndi WTO pa mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene, alimi nthawi zambiri amayenera kugula mbewu zamtengo wapatali kuchokera kumabungwe (zomwe adatha kubweza m'matangadza awo mwaulere).
Komabe, zowopsa kwambiri kwa alimi ang'onoang'ono komanso ocheperako aku India, zaka 6 zapitazi zaulamuliro wa BJP zidakumana ndi vuto lalikulu la ngongole. Ngongole zamasukulu nthawi zambiri zimakhala mzati wofunikira pazaulimi. Ndikofunikira kuthana ndi zosowa za alimi akanthawi kochepa kuti agwiritse ntchito komanso kugula zinthu zogulira monga momwe zimakhalira nthawi yayitali ngati chitsime choboola ndikugwiritsa ntchito ulimi wothirira.
Pazaka 6 zapitazi, ngongole zaulimi zidakhala zofunika kwambiri m'boma. Makomiti ena anafika ponena kuti alimi achotse ndalama zonse zangongole. Zofunikira za boma la BJP zitha kuganiziridwa kuti kuwonjezera pa kusagwiritsa ntchito ndalama pang'ono kwa bajeti ya chaka chatha yaulimi ndi 14% (kuphatikiza ndi ulimi wothirira), panali kuchepeka kwa ngongole pakugula kwa ogula. madera akumatauni (mbali ya “shining†India), pomwe ngongole zakumidzi zidatha! Motero, ngongole ya nyumba ndi kugula galimoto yapezeka pa chiwongoladzanja cha 9 mpaka 11 peresenti pamene ngongole za mbewu kwa alimi zimapeza chiwongoladzanja chochuluka cha 17 peresenti. Nzosadabwitsa kuti Boma la India's Economic Survey linanena kuti pafupifupi 20% ochepa mathirakitala adagulidwa mdziko muno mu 2001-02, poyerekeza ndi 1999-00.
Chifukwa chake, alimi ang'onoang'ono ndi osakhazikika adayenera kutengera njira zawo zobwereketsa. Pafupifupi 60 peresenti ya iwo akhala akubwereka kwa obwereketsa ndalama. Alimi osauka amayenera kulipira chiwongola dzanja chochulukirapo, kuyambira 100 mpaka 460% m'maboma ena owuma a dzikolo, nkhani zoyipitsitsa za Orissa, Jharkhand ndi Madhya Pradesh. Alimi ambiri atsekeredwa m’ndende chifukwa cholephera kubweza ngongole zing’onozing’ono. Ambiri, alimi ang'onoang'ono ndi osakhazikika ataya malo awo m'zaka khumi zapitazi ndipo adasanduka antchito opanda minda atalephera kutuluka mumsampha wangongole. Malinga ndi kuyerekeza kwa boma lomwe lili ndi chiwerengero cha alimi ang'onoang'ono ndi osakhazikika omwe akuthera kulandidwa malo awo ndikukhala opanda minda chakhala choposa 2 miliyoni chaka chilichonse kuyambira 1998! M'maboma ngati Tamil Nadu, boma lidapereka chakudya kamodzi patsiku kwaulere kwa alimi ang'onoang'ono ndi mabanja awo, komanso chakudya chaulere choperekedwa kwa ogwira ntchito opanda ntchito.
Zowonadi zamwano izi, zomwe zikuwonjezedwa pakuchulukirachulukira kwa anthu wamba aku India kumisika yapadziko lonse lapansi komanso kudalira mapiri a Monsoon, zapangitsa kuti ulimi ukhale wosatheka kuletsa alimi olemera (omwe ali ndi malo ambiri komanso mwayi wopeza ngongole zotsika mtengo), komanso alimi opitilira 20,000 omwe adadzipha omwe adanenedwa m'dziko lonselo. Ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti pa aliyense wodzipha akuti panali alimi ochuluka pamphepete mwake. Ngakhale madera ngati Punjab, Haryana ndi Western Uttar Pradesh, madera omwe akhala akuchita bwino kwambiri pakusintha kobiriwira kuyambira m'ma 1960, awona alimi akumwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikudzipha okha kuti athe kuwunikira zovuta zawo. Chiyembekezo chawo chakhala chakuti ngongole zosabweza pa dzina lawo zidzathetsedwa kapena kugulidwa ndi boma, ndipo mabanja awo otsalawo adzapeza moyo wosatha. (Boma la UPA lotsogozedwa ndi Congress lakhala likuyesetsa kukonza izi m'mwezi wawo woyamba kukhala paudindo.)
Maboma a mayiko osiyanasiyana okhudzidwa, monganso boma la BJP palokha, akhala akufunitsitsa kugwirizanitsa anthu odzipha ndi uchidakwa pakati pa alimi, omwe amachokera ku zifukwa zamaganizo zokhudzana ndi kutaya kwa swabhiman (kudzilemekeza). Komabe, kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi maboma omwe (monga momwe zidachitikira ku Karnataka), awonetsa kulumikizana kwabwino pakati pa kudzipha ndi ngongole zambiri. Kaŵirikaŵiri imfa inali njira yokhayo yakuti alimi ozunzikawo adziwombolere iwo eni ndi mabanja awo ku vuto lochititsa manyazi, lochokera m’kusowa chiyembekezo chakuthupi.
Kukhazikika pakati pazovuta zamsika, chifukwa cha kutsika kwamitengo mopanda chilungamo chifukwa cha mfundo zaulimi motsogozedwa ndi WTO m'boma la BJP, komanso kukwera kwakukulu kwamitengo yazinthu panthawi yangongole yankhanza kwambiri, alimi ang'onoang'ono komanso osakhazikika ku India. (makamaka m’zigawo zouma za dziko) zonse zafafanizidwa ndi ndondomeko za boma zomwe sizinangokhala zopanda chidwi koma, monga zotsatira za chisankho zikusonyeza mochuluka, potsirizira pake, kudzipha pandale kwa mgwirizano wolamulira.
Ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zochititsa manyazi kwambiri muulamuliro wa BJP ku New Delhi kuti mfundo zake zonse zachita bwino kuti ulimi ukhale wosasangalatsa, kapena wosatheka, kwa Amwenye ambiri akumidzi omwe ali m'gulu laulimi.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama