Madera ambiri a Lebanon anaphulitsidwa kwambiri ndi mabomba ankhondo a Israeli pa June 4, 1982. Patadutsa masiku awiri asilikali a Israeli analowa ku Lebanon kudutsa malire akumwera kwa dzikolo. Menachem Begin anali Prime Minister, Ariel Sharon Minister of Defense. Chifukwa chomwe chinayambitsa nkhondoyi chinali kuyesa kupha kazembe wa Israeli ku London ku London, koma, monga tsopano, mlanduwo unayikidwa ndi Begin ndi Sharon pa "gulu la zigawenga" la PLO, lomwe asilikali ake ku South Lebanon adawonadi. kuyimitsa moto kwa pafupifupi chaka chimodzi chathunthu chisanachitike. Patangotha masiku angapo, pa 13 June, Beirut anali pansi pa nkhondo ya asilikali a Israeli, ngakhale, pamene ntchitoyo inayamba, olankhula boma la Israeli adatchula mtsinje wa Awali, makilomita a 35 kumpoto kwa malire, monga cholinga chawo. Pambuyo pake, zidadziwika kuti Sharon akuyesera kupha Yasser Arafat, pophulitsa chilichonse mozungulira mtsogoleri wapalestine. Kuphatikizira kuzingidwaku kunali kutsekedwa kwa chithandizo chaumphawi, kudulidwa kwa madzi ndi magetsi, komanso ntchito yophulika ya mabomba yomwe inawononga mazana a nyumba za Beirut ndipo, kumapeto kwa mzindawo kumapeto kwa August, anapha 18,000 Palestinians ndi Lebanon, ambiri. mwa iwo anthu wamba.
Lebanon idakumana ndi nkhondo yowopsa yapachiweniweni kuyambira kumapeto kwa 1975 ndipo, ngakhale Israeli idatumiza gulu lake lankhondo kamodzi ku Lebanon chisanafike chaka cha 1982, idafunidwa ngati mnzake ndi magulu ankhondo akumanja achikhristu koyambirira. Pokhala ndi malo achitetezo ku East Beirut, magulu ankhondowa adagwirizana ndi magulu ankhondo a Sharon mpaka kuzinga, komwe kunatha pambuyo pa tsiku lowopsa la kuphulitsa mabomba mosasankha pa 12 August, komanso kupha Sabra ndi Shatila. Mnzake wamkulu wa Sharon anali Bashir Gemayel, wamkulu wa Phalanges Party, yemwe adasankhidwa kukhala Purezidenti wa Lebanon ndi nyumba yamalamulo pa Ogasiti 23. Gemayel adadana ndi anthu aku Palestine omwe adalowa nawo mopanda nzeru pankhondo yapachiweniweni kumbali ya National Movement, mgwirizano wotayirira wa mapiko amanzere ndi zipani zachiarabu zomwe zidaphatikizapo Amal, wotsogola wa gulu lamasiku ano la Hizbullah Shi'ite lomwe liyenera kutenga gawo lalikulu. pothamangitsa Aisrayeli mu May 2000. Poyang'anizana ndi chiyembekezo chogonjetsa Israeli mwachindunji pambuyo poti gulu lankhondo la Sharon litabweretsa chisankho chake, Gemayel akuwoneka kuti sanachite mantha. Anaphedwa pa 14 September. Masiku aŵiri pambuyo pake kuphana kwa msasawo kunayamba mkati mwa mpanda wachitetezo woperekedwa ndi gulu lankhondo la Israeli kotero kuti Akristu anzake obwezera a Bashir achite ntchito yawo yowopsya mosatsutsidwa ndi mosadodometsedwa.
Motsogozedwa ndi UN komanso kuyang'aniridwa ndi US, asitikali aku France adalowa ku Beirut pa Ogasiti. Anayenera kulumikizidwa ndi a US ndi ankhondo ena aku Europe patapita nthawi pang'ono, ngakhale omenyera a PLO adayamba kuthawa ku Lebanon pa 21 Ogasiti. Pofika pa 1 September, kusamutsidwa kumeneko kunali kutha, ndipo Arafat kuphatikiza kagulu kakang'ono ka alangizi ndi asitikali adagonekedwa ku Tunis. Pakadali pano nkhondo yapachiweniweni yaku Lebanon idapitilira mpaka 1990, pomwe mgwirizano udapangidwa pamodzi ku Taif, ndikubwezeretsanso machitidwe akale ovomereza omwe adakalipo lero. Pakati pa 1994, Arafat - akadali mtsogoleri wa PLO - ndipo ena mwa alangizi omwewo ndi asilikali adatha kulowa ku Gaza monga gawo la mapangano otchedwa Oslo. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino Sharon adanenedwa kuti akunong'oneza bondo kulephera kwake kupha Arafat ku Beirut. Komabe, osati chifukwa chofuna kuyesa, popeza kuti malo ambiri obisalamo ndi malikulu ake anaphwanyidwa ndi kupha anthu ambiri. 1982 adaumitsa Arabu, ndikuganiza, ku lingaliro loti Israeli sakanangogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapamwamba (ndege, mizinga, akasinja, ndi ma helikopita) kuti aukire anthu wamba mosasamala, koma kuti ngakhale US kapena Aluya ena sangachite chilichonse kuletsa kuchita ngakhale kutanthauza kulunjika atsogoleri ndi mizinda ikuluikulu. (Kuti mudziwe zambiri pagawoli onani Rashid Khalidi, wazingidwa, New York 1986; Robert Fisk, Chifundo Fuko, London 1990; makamaka pa nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Lebanon, Jonathan Randall, Kupita Njira Yonse, New York, 1983). Izi zinathetsa kuyesa koyamba kwanthawi yayitali kosintha maulamuliro ankhondo kochitidwa ndi dziko lina lodzilamulira polimbana ndi linzake ku Middle East. Ndikuzibweretsa ngati zosokoneza zomwe zikuchitika pano. Sharon tsopano ndi nduna yaikulu ya Israeli, magulu ake ankhondo ndi makina ofalitsa adazunguliranso ndikunyoza Arafat ndi Palestina ngati "zigawenga". Ndikoyenera kukumbukira kuti liwu loti "chigawenga" lidayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwadongosolo ndi Israeli kuti afotokoze chilichonse chotsutsana ndi Palestine kuyambira pakati pa 1970s. Umenewu wakhala lamulo kuyambira pamenepo, makamaka pa Intifada yoyamba ya 1987-93, kuthetsa kusiyana pakati pa kukana ndi zigawenga zenizeni ndikuchotsa bwino zifukwa zomenyera zida. M'zaka za m'ma 1950 ndi 60s Ariel Sharon adapeza mwayi wake, titero kunena kwake, potsogolera gulu lodziwika bwino la Unit 101, lomwe linapha anthu wamba achiarabu ndikuwononga nyumba zawo ndi chilolezo cha Ben-Gurion. Iye anali woyang'anira pacification wa Gaza mu 1970-1. Palibe mwa izi, kuphatikizapo kampeni ya 1982, yomwe inachititsa kuti anthu a Palestina achotsedwe, kapena kusintha mapu kapena ulamuliro mokwanira ndi njira zankhondo kuti atsimikizire kupambana kwa Israeli.
Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa 1982 ndi 2002 ndikuti anthu aku Palestine omwe akuzunzidwa ndikuzunguliridwa ali m'malo a Palestina omwe adalandidwa mu 1967 ndipo adatsalirabe ngakhale awonongedwa, kuwonongedwa kwa chuma, komanso zida zonse za anthu wamba. moyo pamodzi. Kufanana kwakukulu ndiko njira zosagwirizana zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita izi, mwachitsanzo, mazana a akasinja ndi ma bulldozer omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulowa m'matauni ndi m'midzi ngati Jenin kapena misasa ya anthu othawa kwawo ngati Jenin ndi Deheisheh, kupha, kuwononga, kuletsa ma ambulansi ndi ogwira ntchito yopereka chithandizo choyamba. Thandizo, kudula madzi ndi magetsi, ndi zina zotero. Zonse mothandizidwa ndi US amene pulezidenti wake adafika pomutcha Sharon munthu wamtendere panthawi yachiwonongeko choipitsitsa cha March ndi April 2002. Ndizofunika kwambiri kuti cholinga cha Sharon chinafika patali. kupitilira "kuchotsa mantha" kuti asitikali ake adawononga makompyuta onse ndikunyamula mafayilo ndi ma hard drive kuchokera ku Central Bureau of Statistics, Unduna wa Zamaphunziro, Zachuma, Zaumoyo, malo azikhalidwe, kuwononga maofesala ndi malaibulale, onse ngati njira yochepetsera moyo wapalestine kukhala mulingo wamakono.
Sindikufuna kubwereza kutsutsa kwanga kwa machenjerero a Arafat kapena kulephera kwa ulamuliro wake womvetsa chisoni panthawi ya zokambirana za Oslo ndi pambuyo pake. Ndachita zimenezi motalika kuno ndi kwina kulikonse. Kupatula apo, monga ndilemba, munthu ali wokangamira ku moyo ndi mano ake; Malo ake ophwanyika ku Ramallah adazingidwanso pomwe Sharon amachita chilichonse chomwe angathe kuti amuvulaze kuti aphedwe. Zomwe zimandidetsa nkhawa ndi lingaliro lonse la kusintha kwa boma ngati chiyembekezo chokopa kwa anthu, malingaliro ndi mabungwe omwe ali amphamvu kwambiri kuposa adani awo. Ndi kulingalira kwa mtundu wanji komwe kumapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kulingalira za mphamvu zazikulu zankhondo monga kuloleza kusintha kwa ndale ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu pamlingo womwe sunaganiziridwe kale, ndi kutero popanda kukhudzidwa pang'ono ndi kuwonongeka kwapamlingo waukulu womwe kusintha kotereku kumabweretsa? Ndipo ziyembekezo zakuti sizingabweretse chiwopsezo chambiri cha kuvulala kwa mbali yanu zimalimbikitsa malingaliro ochulukirapo okhudza kumenyedwa kwa opaleshoni, nkhondo yoyera, mabwalo ankhondo apamwamba kwambiri, kusintha mapu onse, kupanga demokalase ndi zina zotero, zonse zomwe zimapangitsa Malingaliro a mphamvu zonse, kupukuta mbande, ndi kukhala wolamulira zinthu zomwe zili zofunika ku mbali "yathu"?
Pampikisano wapano waku America wokhudza kusintha kwaulamuliro ku Iraq, ndi anthu aku Iraq, ambiri omwe adalipira mtengo wowopsa muumphawi, kusowa kwa zakudya m'thupi komanso matenda chifukwa cha zaka 10 za zilango, omwe adasiya kuwona. Izi zikugwirizana kwathunthu ndi mfundo za US Middle East zomangidwa monga ziliri pazipilala ziwiri zamphamvu, chitetezo cha Israeli ndi mafuta ambiri otsika mtengo. Zithunzi zovuta za miyambo, zipembedzo, zikhalidwe, mafuko, ndi mbiri zomwe zimapanga dziko la Aarabu - makamaka ku Iraq - ngakhale kuli mayiko okhala ndi olamulira ankhanza, zatayika kwa okonza mapulani a US ndi Israeli. Ndi mbiri yakale ya zaka 5000, Iraq makamaka tsopano ikuwoneka ngati "chiwopsezo" kwa oyandikana nawo omwe, m'malo omwe ali ofooka komanso ozunguliridwa, ndi zopanda pake, kapena ngati "chiwopsezo" ku ufulu ndi chitetezo cha dziko. United States, zomwe ndi zamkhutu kwambiri. Sindidzavutikiranso pano kuti ndiwonjezere kudzudzula kwanga kwa Saddam Hussein ngati munthu wowopsa: Ndizitenga mopepuka kuti amayenera kuchotsedwa ndi kulangidwa pafupifupi muyezo uliwonse. Choipitsitsa kwambiri, iye ndi wowopsa kwa anthu ake.
Komabe kuyambira nthawi yoyamba ya Gulf War, chithunzi cha Iraq monga kwenikweni dziko lalikulu, lotukuka ndi losiyana la Arabu lasowa; chithunzi chimene chafalikira ponse paŵiri m’nkhani zofalitsa nkhani ndi ndondomeko za malamulo ndi cha dziko lachipululu lokhala ndi zigawenga zankhanza zotsogozedwa ndi Saddam. Kuti kunyozedwa kwa Iraq tsopano, mwachitsanzo, kwatsala pang'ono kuwononga makampani osindikiza mabuku achiarabu chifukwa Iraq idapereka owerenga ambiri m'maiko achiarabu, kuti inali imodzi mwa mayiko ochepa achiarabu omwe ali ndi akatswiri ophunzira komanso odziwa bwino ntchito zapakati. , kuti ali ndi mafuta, madzi ndi nthaka yachonde, kuti nthawi zonse wakhala likulu la chikhalidwe cha Aarabu (ufumu wa Abbasid ndi mabuku ake akuluakulu, filosofi, zomangamanga, sayansi ndi mankhwala anali chopereka cha Iraq chomwe chidakali maziko a Arabiya. chikhalidwe), kuti kwa Aarabu ena bala lokhalokha la kuzunzika kwa Iraq, monga okwera pamahatchi aku Palestine, lakhala gwero lachisoni kwa Aluya ndi Asilamu - zonsezi sizinatchulidwe konse. Mafuta ake ambiri, komabe, ali ndipo, monga mkangano ukupita, ngati "ife" titawachotsa ku Saddam ndikuwagwira, sitidzadalira mafuta a Saudi. Izinso sizimatchulidwa kawirikawiri kuti ndizo zimayambitsa mikangano yosiyanasiyana yomwe imayambitsa Congress ya US ndi ma TV. Koma ndizoyenera kutchula kuti yachiwiri ku Saudi Arabia, Iraq ili ndi nkhokwe zazikulu kwambiri zamafuta padziko lapansi, komanso mafuta okwana madola 1.1 thililiyoni - zambiri zomwe Saddam adachita kale ku Russia, France, ndi mayiko ena ochepa - kupezeka ku Iraq ndi cholinga chofunikira cha njira yaku US, zomwe Iraqi National Congress idagwiritsa ntchito ngati lipenga ndi ogula mafuta omwe si aku US. (Kuti mumve zambiri pa zonsezi onani Michael Klare, "Oiling the Wheels of War," Nation, 7 Oct). Kukambirana kwabwino pakati pa Putin ndi Bush kumakhudza kuchuluka kwa magawo omwe makampani amafuta aku US ali okonzeka kulonjeza Russia. Zimakumbutsa modabwitsa za madola mabiliyoni atatu operekedwa ndi Bush Senior ku Russia. Ma Bushes onse ndi amalonda amafuta pambuyo pake, ndipo amasamala kwambiri kuwerengera koteroko kuposa momwe amachitira ndi ndale za Middle East, monga kuwononganso zida zankhondo za Iraq.
Chifukwa chake gawo loyamba pakuchotsa umunthu wa ena odedwa ndikuchepetsa kukhalapo kwake kukhala mawu ochepa obwerezabwereza osavuta, zithunzi ndi malingaliro. Izi zimapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kuphulitsa mdani popanda mantha. Pambuyo pa Seputembara 11, izi zakhala zophweka kwa Israeli ndi US kuti achite nawo ma Palestine ndi ma Iraqi ngati anthu. Chofunikira kudziwa ndichakuti chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira, mfundo zomwezo komanso dongosolo lofanana, lachiwiri, kapena lachitatu limakhazikitsidwa makamaka ndi aku America ndi Israeli. Ku US, monga Jason Vest adalembera Nation (Seputembara 2/9), amuna ochokera ku mapiko akumanja a Jewish Institute for National Security (JINSA) ndi Center for Security Policy (CSP) amakhala ndi Pentagon ndi makomiti a State Department, kuphatikiza omwe amayendetsedwa ndi Richard Perle (wosankhidwa ndi Wolfowitz ndi Rumsfeld). Chitetezo cha Israeli ndi America chikufanana, ndipo JINSA imagwiritsa ntchito "zambiri za bajeti yake kutenga akuluakulu a US opuma pantchito ndi admirals kupita ku Israel". Akabweranso, amalemba op-eds ndikuwonekera pa TV akuyendetsa mzere wa Likud. Time magazini inayendetsa chidutswa pa Pentagon's Defense Policy Board, ambiri mwa mamembala awo amachokera ku JINSA ndi CSP, mu nkhani yake ya 23 August yotchedwa "Mkati mwa Secret War Council".
Kumbali yake, Sharon wabwereza mobwerezabwereza kuti kampeni yake yolimbana ndi uchigawenga waku Palestine ndi yofanana ndi nkhondo yaku America yolimbana ndi uchigawenga, makamaka Osama Bin Laden ndi Al-Qa'eda. Ndipo iwo, akuti, nawonso ndi gawo limodzi la Zigawenga Zapadziko Lonse zomwe zikuphatikiza Asilamu ambiri ku Asia, Africa, Europe, ndi North America, ngakhale ngati mbali yoyipa ya Bush ikuwoneka kuti ikuyang'ana Iraq, Iran ndi North. Korea. Panopa pali mayiko a 132 omwe ali ndi mtundu wina wa asilikali a ku America, onse okhudzana ndi nkhondo yolimbana ndi zigawenga, zomwe zimakhala zosadziŵika bwino komanso zoyandama kuti zikwapule kukonda dziko lako komanso mantha ndi kuthandizira pazochitika zapakhomo, kumene zinthu zikuyenda. kuchokera ku zoyipa kupita zoyipa. Malo aliwonse akuluakulu a West Bank ndi Gaza amakhala ndi asilikali a Israeli omwe nthawi zonse amapha ndi / kapena amanga anthu a Palestina chifukwa chakuti "akuwakayikira" zigawenga ndi zigawenga; mofananamo, nyumba ndi masitolo kaŵirikaŵiri zimapasulidwa ndi chifukwa chakuti amabisala mafakitale ophulitsa mabomba, magulu a zigaŵenga, ndi malo ochitira misonkhano ya zigaŵenga. Palibe umboni womwe umaperekedwa, palibe amene amafunsidwa ndi atolankhani omwe amavomereza kusankhidwa kwa Israeli popanda kung'ung'udza.
Chophimba chachikulu chazinsinsi komanso chodziwikiratu chakhazikitsidwa padziko lonse la Aarabu ndi kuyesayesa kumeneku pakuchotsa anthu mwadongosolo. Zomwe diso ndi khutu zimawona ndi mantha, kutengeka maganizo, chiwawa, kudana ndi ufulu, kusatetezeka komanso, zida zowononga anthu ambiri (WPD) zomwe sizipezeka komwe tikudziwa kuti zili ndipo sizinayang'anepo (ku Israel, Pakistan. , India ndipo mwachiwonekere US pakati pa ena) koma m'malo ongopeka a magulu a zigawenga, manja a Saddam, gulu lachigawenga, ndi zina zotero. Chithunzi chokhazikika pa kapeti ndikuti Aarabu amadana ndi Israeli ndi Ayuda popanda chifukwa china kupatula kuti amadana ndi America. nawonso. Mwinamwake Iraq ndi mdani woopsa kwambiri wa Israeli chifukwa cha chuma cha dzikolo ndi anthu; Anthu aku Palestine ndi owopsa chifukwa amayima panjira yoti Israeli azilanda dziko lonse komanso kulanda nthaka. Aisraeli akumanja monga Sharon omwe akuyimira malingaliro a Greater Israel omwe amati Palestina yonse ya mbiri yakale ndi dziko lachiyuda akhala akuyenda bwino kwambiri pakupangitsa kuti chigawochi chikhale chachikulu pakati pa ochirikiza a US ku Israeli. Ndemanga ya Uzi Landau, nduna ya chitetezo cha mkati mwa Israeli (ndi membala wa Chipani cha Likkud) pa US TV chilimwechi adanena kuti nkhani zonse za "ntchito" zinali zopanda pake. Ndife anthu obwera kunyumba. Sanafunsidwe nkomwe za lingaliro lodabwitsali ndi a Mort Zuckerman, wotsogolera pulogalamuyo, yemwenso ndi mwini wa US News ndi World Report ndi Purezidenti wa Council of Presidents of Major Jewish Organisations. Koma, mtolankhani waku Israeli Alex Fishman, mu Yediot Aharanot ya 6 September, ikufotokoza za "malingaliro osintha" a Condoleeza Rice, Rumsfeld (yemwe tsopano akutchulanso "otchedwa madera olandidwa"), Cheney, Paul Wolfowitz, Douglas Feith ndi Richard Perle (omwe adayambitsa kafukufuku wodziwika bwino wa Rand wotchula Saudi Arabia monga mdani ndi Egypt ngati mphotho ya Amereka kudziko lachiarabu) ngati a hawkish mochititsa mantha chifukwa amalimbikitsa kusintha kwaulamuliro m'maiko onse achi Arabu. Fishman akugwira mawu Sharon akunena kuti gulu ili, ambiri a iwo mamembala a JINSA ndi CCP, ndipo ogwirizana ndi AIPAC ogwirizana ndi Washington Institute of Near East Affairs, amalamulira maganizo a Bush (ngati ndilo liwu loyenera); akuti, "pafupi ndi mabwenzi athu aku America Effi Eitam [m'modzi wa nduna za Israeli zolimba mtima kwambiri] ndi nkhunda kwathunthu."
Mbali ina, yowopsa kwambiri ya izi ndi lingaliro losatsutsika kuti ngati "ife" sitingathetse uchigawenga (kapena mdani wina aliyense), tidzawonongedwa. Uwu ndiye maziko a njira zachitetezo zaku US zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaperekedwa pamafunso ndi mawonetsero a Rice, Rumsfeld, ndi Bush iyemwini. Mawu omveka a malingalirowa adawonekera posachedwa mu National Security Strategy of the United States, pepala lovomerezeka lomwe linakonzedwa ngati chiwonetsero chambiri cha ndondomeko yatsopano ya boma, pambuyo pa Cold War. Lingaliro logwira ntchito ndikuti tikukhala m'dziko lowopsa kwambiri lomwe lili ndi zida za adani zomwe zilipodi, kuti ili ndi mafakitale, maofesi, mamembala osatha, komanso kuti kukhalapo kwake konse kumaperekedwa kuwononga "ife", pokhapokha ngati timawapeza poyamba. Izi ndi zomwe zimapanga ndikupereka kuvomerezeka kwa nkhondo yauchigawenga komanso ku Iraq, komwe Congress ndi UN tsopano akufunsidwa kuti apereke chivomerezo.
Anthu otengeka ndi magulu alipo, ndithudi, ndipo ambiri a iwo amakonda kuvulaza mwanjira ina Israeli kapena US. Kumbali inayi, Israeli ndi US amadziwikiratu m'maiko achisilamu ndi achiarabu poyambirira popanga otchedwa Jihadist omwe Bin Laden ndi otchuka kwambiri, ndipo chachiwiri pakuphwanya malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi ndi zigamulo za UN potsatira. za ndondomeko zawo zaudani ndi zowononga m’maiko amenewo. David Hirst akulemba mu a Guardian Nkhani ya Cairo inanena kuti ngakhale Aarabu amene amatsutsa maulamuliro awo opondereza “adzaona [kuukira kwa dziko la Iraq kwa dziko la United States] monga chiwawa chimene sichinangopita ku Iraq kokha, komanso dziko lonse la Aarabu; ndipo chimene chidzapangitse kuti chisapirire kwambiri ndichoti chidzachitidwa m’malo mwa Israeli, amene kupeza kwawo nkhokwe yaikulu ya zida zowonongerako kukuwoneka kukhala kololedwa monga momwe kwawo kuli konyansa” (6 Sept).
Ndikunenanso kuti pali nkhani yaku Palestine ndipo, kuyambira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1980, kufunitsitsa kukhazikitsa mtendere ndi Israeli komwe kuli kosiyana ndi zigawenga zaposachedwa zomwe zikuimiridwa ndi Al-Qa'eda kapena chiwopsezo chabodza. akuti akuphatikizidwa ndi Saddam Hussein, yemwe ndi munthu woyipa, koma sangathe kumenya nkhondo yapakati pa mayiko; nthawi ndi nthawi zimavomerezedwa ndi oyang'anira kuti atha kukhala chiwopsezo kwa Israeli, koma izi zikuwoneka ngati chimodzi mwamachimo ake owopsa. Palibe aliyense wa anansi ake amene amamuona kuti ndi woopsa. Ma Palestine ndi Iraq amasakanikirana mwanjira iyi yosadziwika bwino kuti apange chiwopsezo chomwe atolankhani amachilimbitsa nthawi ndi nthawi. Nkhani zambiri za anthu aku Palestine zomwe zimawonekera m'mabuku odziwika bwino komanso otchuka kwambiri ngati New Yorker ndi The New York Times akusonyeza anthu aku Palestine monga opanga mabomba, ogwirizana, oponya mabomba odzipha, ndi zimenezo zokha. Palibe mwa mabukuwa omwe adasindikizapo chilichonse chochokera ku Arabu kuyambira 9/11. Palibe konse.
Kotero kuti pamene oyang'anira akuphulika ngati Dennis Ross (woyang'anira mbali ya Clinton pa zokambirana za Oslo, koma asanakhalepo komanso atagwira ntchitoyo membala wa gulu lolandirira alendo ku Israeli) amapitiriza kunena kuti a Palestine anakana kupereka kwa Israeli mowolowa manja ku Camp. David, akupotoza zowona, zomwe monga magwero angapo ovomerezeka awonetsa, zinali zoti Israeli idavomereza madera osagwirizana ndi Palestina omwe ali ndi chitetezo cha Israeli ndi midzi yozungulira iwo onse komanso opanda malire pakati pa Palestine ndi dziko lililonse la Aarabu (mwachitsanzo, Egypt. kum’mwera, kum’mawa kwa Yordano). Chifukwa chiyani mawu ngati "wowolowa manja" ndi "kupereka" akuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kudera lomwe lili ndi mphamvu zotsutsana ndi malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi ndi zigamulo za UN, palibe amene adavutikira kufunsa. Koma kupatsidwa mphamvu ya ofalitsa nkhani kubwereza, kubwereza ndi kutsindika mfundo zosavuta, kuphatikizapo kuyesetsa kosalekeza kwa olandirira alendo ku Israeli kuti abwerezenso lingaliro lomwelo - Dennis Ross mwiniwakeyo wakhala wosasunthika polimbikira bodza ili - tsopano latsekedwa. m'malo omwe Apalestina adasankha "chiwopsezo m'malo mwamtendere". Hamas ndi Islamic Jihad sizikuwoneka ngati (mwina molakwika) gawo lankhondo yaku Palestine kuti achotse ntchito zankhondo za Israeli, koma ngati gawo la chikhumbo cha Palestine chofuna kuchita zigawenga, kuwopseza, komanso kukhala chowopsa. Monga Iraq.
Mulimonsemo, ndi zonena zaposachedwa kwambiri za olamulira aku US komanso zosakayikitsa kuti Iraq yapadziko lapansi yakhala ikupereka pogona komanso kuphunzitsa ku Al-Qa'eda wamisala wateokratiki, mlandu wotsutsana ndi Saddam ukuwoneka kuti watsekedwa. Kugwirizana kwa boma (koma osati kosatsutsika) ndikuti popeza oyang'anira UN sangathe kudziwa zomwe ali nazo za WMD, zomwe adabisala ndi zomwe angachite, ayenera kuukiridwa ndikuchotsedwa. Mfundo yonse yopita ku UN kuti ivomerezedwe ndi malingaliro a US ndikupeza chigamulo cholimba komanso cholangidwa kotero kuti ngakhale Saddam Hussein amvere kapena ayi, adzakhala wolakwa kwambiri chifukwa chophwanya "lamulo lapadziko lonse" kotero kuti iye amangotsatira malamulo adziko lonse. kukhalapo kudzapangitsa kusintha kwa utsogoleri wankhondo. Kumapeto kwa mwezi wa September, kumbali ina, mu chigamulo cha Security Council chomwe chinaperekedwa mogwirizana (ndi US kuletsa), Israeli adalamulidwa kuti athetse kuzinga kwa Arafat Ramallah ndi kuchoka kudera la Palestina lomwe linalandidwa mosaloledwa kuyambira March (omwe Israeli adadzikhululukira. "kudzitchinjiriza"). Israeli yakana kumvera, ndipo zifukwa zoyambira za US kuti US isachite zambiri kukakamiza ngakhale zomwe yanena ndikuti "ife" timamvetsetsa kuti Israeli iyenera kuteteza nzika zake. Chifukwa chiyani UN iyenera kufunidwa nthawi ina, kunyalanyazidwa kwina, ndi chimodzi mwazosagwirizana zomwe US imangochita.
Kagulu kakang'ono ka mawu osadziwikiratu komanso odzipangira okha monga kuyembekezera kutetezedwa kapena kudzitchinjiriza kodzitchinjiriza akulumikizidwa ndi a Donald Rumsfeld ndi anzawo kuti akakamize anthu kuti kukonzekera nkhondo yolimbana ndi Iraq kapena dziko lina lililonse lomwe likufunika "kusintha kwaulamuliro" (kapena, mawu enanso osavuta kumva, “chiwonongeko chomangira”) amachirikizidwa ndi lingaliro la kudzitetezera. Anthu amasungidwa m'misewu ndi machenjezo obwerezabwereza ofiira kapena alalanje, anthu akulimbikitsidwa kuti adziwitse akuluakulu azamalamulo za khalidwe "lokayikitsa", ndipo zikwi za Asilamu, Aluya ndi South Asia amangidwa, ndipo nthawi zina amamangidwa powakayikira. Zonsezi zimachitika potsatira lamulo la pulezidenti ngati mbali ya kukonda dziko lako ndi chikondi cha America. Sindinathebe kumvetsetsa zomwe zikutanthawuza kukonda dziko (mu nkhani zandale za US, chikondi cha Israeli ndi mawu amakono) koma zikuwoneka kuti zikutanthawuza kukhulupirika kopanda kukayikira ku mphamvu zomwe zimakhalapo, zomwe chinsinsi chake, kuthawa komanso mwadala. kukana kuyanjana ndi anthu omwe ali tcheru, omwe pakadali pano sakuwoneka kuti sakudzutsidwa kuti achitepo kanthu mwadongosolo kapena mwadongosolo, abisa kuipa ndi kuwononga kwa mfundo zonse za Iraq ndi Middle East za kayendetsedwe ka Bush.
United States ndi yamphamvu kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mayiko ena akuluakulu ambiri mwakuti silingakakamizidwe kapena kukakamizidwa kumvera dongosolo lililonse la machitidwe apadziko lonse lapansi, ngakhale mlembi wake wa boma angafune kutero. Pamodzi ndi kusadziwika ngati "ife" tiyenera kupita kunkhondo ku Iraq 7000 mailosi kutali, kukambirana za ndondomeko zakunja kumatsutsa anthu ena amtundu uliwonse kapena weniweni, umunthu; Iraq ndi Afghanistan zomwe zimawonedwa kuchokera ku bomba la mzinga wanzeru kapena pawailesi yakanema ndi gulu la chess lomwe "ife" timaganiza zolowa, kuwononga, kumanganso, kapena ayi, mwakufuna. Liwu loti "uchigawenga", komanso nkhondo yomwe ili pakali pano, imathandizira kupititsa patsogolo malingaliro awa chifukwa poyerekeza ndi anthu ambiri aku Europe, anthu ambiri aku America sanakumanepo kapena kukhala ndi chidziwitso ndi maiko ndi anthu achisilamu motero amamva kuti alibe nzeru. za moyo womwe kampeni yopitilira bomba (monga ku Afghanistan) ingaphwanyike. Ndipo, zowona momwe ziliri, ngati kutulutsa kuchokera kwina kulikonse kupatula kuchokera kwandalama zabwino madrasa pamaziko a "chigamulo" cha anthu omwe amadana ndi ufulu wathu komanso omwe amachitira nsanje demokalase yathu, uchigawenga umagwirizanitsa anthu otsutsana nawo pamikangano yowonjezereka, ngati yosagwirizana, komanso yopanda ndale. Mbiri ndi ndale zatha, chifukwa chakuti chikumbukiro, choonadi, ndi kukhalapo kwenikweni kwa munthu zatsitsidwa mogwira mtima. Simungathe kuyankhula za kuzunzika kwa Palestina kapena kukhumudwa kwa Aarabu chifukwa kupezeka kwa Israeli ku US kumalepheretsa. Pachiwonetsero cholimbikitsa Israeli mu Meyi, a Paul Wolfowitz adatchulapo kuzunzika kwa Palestine, koma adanyozedwa kwambiri ndipo sanathenso kunenanso.
Kuphatikiza apo, mfundo zogwirizana zaufulu wachibadwidwe kapena zamalonda zaulere zomwe zimatsatira mosadukiza ukoma wa ufulu wa anthu, demokalase, ndi chuma chaufulu zomwe timakhulupirira kuti timayimilira zitha kusokonezedwa m'nyumba ndi magulu apadera (monga umboni za zokopa anthu mafuko, mafakitale azitsulo ndi chitetezo, makampani oyendetsa mafuta, ulimi, anthu opuma pantchito, malo olandirira mfuti, kungotchulapo zochepa chabe). Chilichonse mwa zigawo za congressional za 500 zomwe zimayimiridwa ku Washington, mwachitsanzo, zili ndi chitetezo kapena chitetezo chokhudzana ndi chitetezo; kotero monga Mlembi wa boma James Baker adanena nkhondo yoyamba ya Gulf isanayambe, nkhani yeniyeni pa nkhondo ya Iraq inali "ntchito". Ponena za nkhani zakunja, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti chinthu chokhacho ngati 25-30 peresenti (yerekezerani ndi 15 peresenti ya aku America omwe apita kunja) a mamembala a Congress amakhala ndi mapasipoti, ndi zomwe akunena kapena kuganiza. alibe chochita ndi mbiri yakale, filosofi kapena malingaliro ndi zina zambiri zomwe zimakhudza kampeni ya membala, kutumiza ndalama, ndi zina zotero. Mamembala awiri omwe ali m'nyumba, Earl Hilliard wa Alabama ndi Cynthia McKinney wa ku Georgia, akuchirikiza ufulu wa Palestine wodzilamulira. ndi kutsutsa Israeli, posachedwapa anagonjetsedwa ndi osankhidwa omwe anali osadziwika bwino omwe anali ndi ndalama zambiri zomwe zimatchulidwa poyera kuti New York (ie Ayuda) ndalama zochokera kunja kwa mayiko awo. Awiri ogonjetsedwawo adanyozedwa ndi atolankhani kuti ndi ochita monyanyira komanso osakonda dziko lawo.
Ponena za mfundo za US ku Middle East, malo olandirira alendo ku Israeli alibe mnzake ndipo asintha nthambi ya boma la US kukhala malo omwe kale Senema Jim Abourezk adachitcha kuti gawo lokhala ndi Israeli. Palibe malo ochezera achiarabu ofananirako omwe alipo, kucheperako amagwira ntchito bwino. Momwemonso Nyumba ya Senate nthawi ndi nthawi ipereka zigamulo zosafunsidwa zomwe zimatumizidwa kwa Purezidenti kuti kutsindika, kutsindika, kubwereza kuthandizira kwa America ku Israeli. Panali chigamulo chotere mu May, panthawi yomwe asilikali a Israeli anali kulanda ndikuwononga matauni onse akuluakulu a West Bank. Chimodzi mwa zovuta za kuvomereza kwa khoma ndi khoma kwa ndondomeko zowopsya kwambiri za Israeli ndikuti m'kupita kwanthawi zimakhala zoipa kwa tsogolo la Israeli ngati dziko la Middle East. Tony Judt adatsutsa bwino nkhaniyi, kunena kuti malingaliro omaliza a Israeli oti akhalebe m'dziko la Palestine sangapite kulikonse ndikungosiya kusiya zomwe sizingalephereke.
Mutu wonse wankhondo yolimbana ndi uchigawenga walola Israeli ndi omuthandizira ake kuti achite zigawenga zankhondo motsutsana ndi anthu onse aku Palestine a West Bank ndi Gaza, 3.4 miliyoni a iwo omwe akhala (monga momwe mawuwo akunenera) kuwonongeka kopanda kulimbana. . Terje-Roed Larsen, yemwe ndi woyang'anira wapadera wa UN kumadera omwe adalandidwa, wangopereka lipoti lotsutsa Israeli chifukwa chobweretsa tsoka lothandizira anthu: kusowa kwa ntchito kwafika pa 65 peresenti, 50 peresenti ya anthu amakhala ndi ndalama zosakwana $ 2 patsiku, ndipo chuma, osanenapo kanthu za miyoyo ya anthu, chasokonekera. Poyerekeza ndi izi, kuzunzika ndi kusatetezeka kwa Israeli ndizochepa kwambiri: palibe akasinja aku Palestine omwe akutenga gawo lililonse la Israeli, kapenanso kutsutsa madera okhala a Israeli. M'masabata awiri apitawa Israeli idapha anthu aku 75 aku Palestine, ambiri a iwo ana, idagwetsa nyumba, kuthamangitsa anthu, kuwononga malo olima, ndikusunga aliyense m'nyumba nthawi yofikira maola 80 nthawi yayitali, osalola anthu wamba kudutsa misewu kapena kuloledwa ma ambulansi. Thandizo lachipatala kudzera, ndipo monga mwa nthawi zonse anadula madzi ndi magetsi. Sukulu ndi mayunivesite sangathe kugwira ntchito. Ngakhale izi ndizochitika zatsiku ndi tsiku zomwe, monga momwe zimakhalira komanso zigamulo zambiri za UN Security Council, zakhala zikugwira ntchito kwa zaka zosachepera 35, zimatchulidwa muzofalitsa za US nthawi ndi nthawi, monga zolemba zomaliza za zokambirana za boma la Israeli, kapena kuphulitsa koopsa kodzipha kumene kwachitika. Mawu ang'onoang'ono oti "akuganiziridwa kuti ndi uchigawenga" ndiwodzilungamitsa komanso mawu ofotokozera aliyense amene Sharon wasankha kupha. A US samatsutsa kupatula mofatsa, mwachitsanzo, akuti, izi sizothandiza koma izi sizimalepheretsa kuphana kotsatira.
Ife tsopano tiri pafupi ndi mtima wa nkhaniyi. Chifukwa cha zokonda za Israeli mdziko muno, mfundo za US Middle East ndizokhazikika ku Israel. Kulumikizana koopsa kwapambuyo pa 9/11 kudachitika pomwe Ufulu Wachikhristu, malo olandirira alendo aku Israeli, komanso kumenyera ufulu wachipembedzo kwa Bush akutsimikiziridwa momveka bwino ndi ma neo-conservative hawks omwe malingaliro awo a Middle East akudzipereka pakuwononga adani a Israeli. , yomwe nthawi zina imapatsidwa chizindikiro chodziwika bwino chojambulanso mapu pobweretsa kusintha kwaulamuliro ndi "demokalase" ku mayiko achiarabu omwe amaopseza kwambiri Israeli. (Onani "The Dynamics of World Disorder: Mulungu Uti Ali Kumbali Yake?" Wolemba Ibrahim Warde, Le Monde Diplomatique, September 2002 ndi "Zionist Obadwanso" ndi Ken Silverstein ndi Michael Scherer, Mayi Jones, Okutobala 2002). Kampeni ya Sharon pakusintha kwa Palestine ndi mbali ina chabe ya kuyesetsa kwake kuwononga ma Palestine mwandale, chikhumbo chake cha moyo wonse. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Syria, ngakhale Jordan akhala akuwopsezedwa mosiyanasiyana, ngakhale, maulamuliro owopsa ngakhale atakhala, adatetezedwa ndikuthandizidwa ndi US kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, monganso Iraq.
M'malo mwake, zikuwoneka zodziwikiratu kwa aliyense amene akudziwa chilichonse chokhudza dziko la Aarabu kuti dziko lawo losauka likhoza kuipiraipira pomwe US iyamba kuukira Iraq. Othandizira ndondomeko ya kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kakutidwe , makamaka pambuyo pa kumenyedwa kwa B-52 kugwetsa malo awo ndi nyumba zawo mosalekeza. Sindingaganize kuti pali Arabu kapena Iraqi m'modzi yemwe sangakonde kuwona Saddam Hussein akuchotsedwa. Zizindikiro zonse zikuwonetsa kuti nkhondo za US / Israeli zapangitsa kuti zinthu zikhale zovuta kwambiri tsiku ndi tsiku kwa anthu wamba, koma izi siziri kanthu poyerekeza ndi nkhawa yowopsya, kusokoneza maganizo ndi zolakwika za ndale zomwe zimayikidwa m'madera awo.
Masiku ano ngakhale otsutsa aku Iraq omwe amachokera ku Iraq omwe akhala akutsogoleredwa ndi maboma osachepera awiri aku US, kapena akuluakulu osiyanasiyana aku US monga Tommy Franks, sakhala odalirika kwambiri ngati olamulira pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Iraq. Komanso sizikuwoneka kuti zakhala zikuganiziridwa zambiri pazomwe Iraq idzafunika boma likasinthidwa, pomwe ochita zamkati ayambanso kusuntha, kamodzi ngakhale Baath imachotsedwa. Zitha kukhala choncho ngakhale gulu lankhondo laku Iraq silidzakweza chala kunkhondo m'malo mwa Saddam. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, pamlandu waposachedwa wa akuluakulu ankhondo atatu a ku Central Command yaku US, anena motsimikiza ndipo, ndinganene, kukayikira za kuopsa kwa ulendo wonsewu chifukwa ukukonzedwa mwankhondo. Koma ngakhale kukayikira kumeneko sikuthetsa mokwanira kusagwirizana kwapakati pa dziko komanso chikhalidwe chachipembedzo, makamaka pambuyo pa zaka 30 zofooketsa pansi pa chipani cha Baath, zilango za UN, ndi nkhondo ziwiri zazikulu (zitatu ngati ndi pamene US ikuukira). Palibe ku US, palibe amene ali ndi lingaliro lenileni la zomwe zingachitike ku Iraq, kapena Saudi Arabia, kapena Egypt ngati kulowererapo kwakukulu kwankhondo kumachitika. Ndikokwanira kudziwa, kenako kunjenjemera, kuti Fouad Ajami ndi Bernard Lewis ndi alangizi awiri akuluakulu aboma. Onsewa ndi otsutsana ndi Aarabu mwankhanza komanso mwamalingaliro komanso amanyozedwa ndi anzawo ambiri pantchitoyo. Lewis sanakhalepo m'dziko la Aarabu, ndipo zomwe akunena za izo ndi zinyalala zowonongeka; Ajami akuchokera ku South Lebanon, mwamuna yemwe kale anali wothandizira patsogolo pa nkhondo ya Palestina yemwe tsopano watembenukira ku Kumanja kwakutali ndipo wagwirizana ndi Zionism ndi imperialism yaku America popanda kusungidwa.
9/11 mwina idapereka nthawi yowunikira dziko komanso kusinkhasinkha za mfundo zakunja zaku US pambuyo pa kugwedezeka kwa nkhanza zosavomerezeka. Uchigawenga woterewu uyenera kukumana nawo ndi kulimbana nawo mwamphamvu, koma m'malingaliro mwanga nthawi zonse zimakhala zotsatira za kuyankha mwamphamvu komwe kuyenera kuganiziridwa poyamba, osati kuyankha kwachangu, kofulumira komanso kwachiwawa. Palibe amene angatsutse lero, ngakhale atagonjetsedwa ndi a Taliban, kuti Afghanistan tsopano ndi malo abwino kwambiri komanso otetezeka kwambiri kuchokera kwa nzika zomwe zikuvutikabe. Kumanga dziko sikofunikira kwambiri ku US kumeneko popeza nkhondo zina m'malo osiyanasiyana zimakopa chidwi chankhondo yomaliza. Kupatula apo, zikutanthauza chiyani kuti anthu aku America amange mtundu wokhala ndi chikhalidwe komanso mbiri yosiyana ndi yawo ngati Iraq? Ma Arabu ndi United States ndi malo ovuta kwambiri komanso amphamvu kuposa momwe nkhondo zimakhalira komanso mawu omveka bwino okhudza kumanganso angalole. Izi ndizodziwikiratu pakuwukira kwa pambuyo pa US ku Afghanistan.
Kuti zinthu zikhale zovuta kwambiri, pali mawu otsutsana omwe ali ofunika kwambiri pa chikhalidwe cha Aarabu masiku ano, ndipo pali mayendedwe osintha zinthu m'mbali zambiri. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi United States kumene, kuti ndiweruze kuchokera ku zomwe ndakumana nazo posachedwa ndikuphunzitsa m'masukulu osiyanasiyana, anthu ambiri ali ndi nkhawa za nkhondo, akuda nkhawa kuti adziwe zambiri, koposa zonse, akuda nkhawa kuti asapite kunkhondo ndi kumenyana kwaumesiya ndi zolinga zosadziwika bwino. mu malingaliro. Panthawiyi, ngati Nation inanena m'nkhani yake yomaliza, dziko likupita kunkhondo ngati kuti likugwedezeka, pamene pali chiwerengero chowonjezeka, Congress yangosiya udindo wake woimira zofuna za anthu. Monga munthu yemwe wakhala m'zikhalidwe ziwiri moyo wanga wonse ndizodabwitsa kuti mkangano wa zitukuko, malingaliro ochepetsetsa komanso onyansa kwambiri tsopano, atenga maganizo ndi zochita. Zomwe tikuyenera kuziyika ndi dongosolo la chilengedwe chonse kuti timvetsetse ndikuchita ndi Saddam Hussein komanso Sharon, olamulira a Myanmar, Syria, Turkey, ndi maiko ambiri omwe kuwonongedwa kumapirira popanda kukana kokwanira. Kugwetsa nyumba, kuzunza, kukana ufulu wamaphunziro kuyenera kutsutsidwa kulikonse komwe kumachitika. Sindikudziwa njira ina yopangiranso kapena kubwezeretsanso dongosololi koma kudzera mu maphunziro, ndikulimbikitsa kukambirana momasuka, kusinthanitsa ndi kuwona mtima kwanzeru zomwe sizidzakhala ndi galimoto yokhala ndi madandaulo apadera obisika kapena nkhani zankhondo, kunyanyira kwachipembedzo, komanso kuthamangitsidwa. "chitetezo". Koma tsokalo limatenga nthawi yayitali, ndipo kuweruza kuchokera ku maboma aku US ndi UK, mnzake wapang'ono, sapambana mavoti. Tiyenera kuchita zonse zomwe tingathe kuti tiyambitse zokambirana ndi mafunso ochititsa manyazi, potero tikuchepetseratu ndipo potsirizira pake kuyimitsa kuyambiranso kunkhondo yomwe tsopano yakhala chiphunzitso osati chizoloŵezi chabe.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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