Kwa Gawo 1 la Mark Danner la 'Iraq: The War of the Imagination,' Dinani apa.
6.
Ndiye sipakanakhala President Chalabi. Tsoka ilo, Purezidenti, yemwe adadziganizira yekha, Woodward akuti, 'monga kashiamu kumbuyo' kwa boma la US, ataletsa kukwera kwa Chalabi, sanapereke ndondomeko ina kapena kukakamiza boma lomwe analitsogolera kuti ligwirizane. Ngakhale Mlembi Rumsfeld, yemwe ankangodziwa kuti akufuna kupambana mwamsanga ndi kuchoka mwamsanga. Kutsindika mfundoyi, nkhondo ya US itangoukira, mlembi adatumiza wothandizira wake wapadera, a Larry DiRita, ku Kuwait City Hilton kuti akafotokoze za gulu laling'ono, lomvetsa chisoni, lopanda antchito, komanso lopanda ndalama zambiri lotsogozedwa ndi General Garner yemwe adapuma pantchito yomwe ikukonzekera kuwulukira. chipwirikiti ku Baghdad kuti 'atenge ulamuliro wa kusintha.' Nayi 'Hilton Speech' ya DiRita monga momwe anachitira Woodward ndi mkulu wa asilikali, Paul Hughes:
"Tinapita ku Balkan ndi Bosnia ndi Kosovo ndipo tikadali m'menemo .... Mwina tikhala ku Afghanistan kwa nthawi yayitali chifukwa dipatimenti ya boma silingagwire ntchito yake moyenera. Chifukwa amangokhalira kusokoneza zinthu, Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo imakhazikika m'malo awa. Sitilola kuti izi zichitike ku Iraq.
‘Kaŵirikaŵiri anthuwo anali kunena kuti, Ha! Kodi munthuyu akuzindikira kuti theka la anthu omwe ali m'chipindamo ndi a State Department? DiRita anapitiriza, monga momwe Hughes anakumbukira kuti: 'Pofika kumapeto kwa August tidzakhala ndi asilikali a 25,000 mpaka 30,000 otsala ku Iraq.'
DiRita adalankhula mawu awa pomwe, pamtunda wa mamailosi mazana angapo, Baghdad ndi mizinda ina yayikulu ya Iraq idagwidwa ndi chipolowe cholanda ndi kulanda - maunduna aboma, mayunivesite ndi zipatala, malo opangira magetsi ndi mafakitale - zomwe zingawononge pafupifupi dziko, ndipo ndi ulemu waukulu ma Iraqi akadakhala nawo pakutha kwa America. Ziwawa zosalamulirika zidakhudza likulu la Iraq ndi mizinda yayikulu kwa milungu ingapo pomwe asitikali aku America - 140,000 kapena kupitilira apo - makamaka adakhala pa akasinja awo, akuyang'ana. Ngati kupeza ulamuliro weniweni wa ndale kumadalira kukhala ndi ulamuliro pa ziwawa zovomerezeka, ndiye kuti aku America sakanakwanitsa ku Iraq. Panali asilikali ochepa ofunikira kuti akhazikitse bata, ndipo kunalibe apolisi. Palibe amene anapereka lamulo loti amange kapena kuwombera olanda kapena kulamulira misewu. Zolinga za Pentagon panthawiyi zikuwoneka kuti zinali ndendende zomwe mlembi wa wothandizira wapadera wa chitetezo adanena kuti anali: kukhala ndi 25,000 kapena kuposerapo mwa asilikaliwa kuchokera ku Iraq m'miyezi isanu kapena kucheperapo.
Nanga bwanji kuteteza dziko, lomwe linali kale mu chipwirikiti chikukulirakulira? Ambiri mwa mautumiki adabedwa ndikuwotchedwa ndipo boma lomwe linalipo linali ndi akuluakulu ochepa aku Iraq omwe gulu laling'ono la Garner lidakwanitsa kunyengerera kuti abwerere kuntchito. Mogwirizana ndi njira yachipambano yofulumira, kunyamuka mwachangu, Garner adauza Purezidenti ndi alangizi ake asanachoke ku Washington, ndikugogomezera cholinga chake chochotsa akuluakulu okhawo omwe ali ndi vuto la Baath m'boma komanso kugwiritsa ntchito gulu lankhondo laku Iraq. kumanganso ndipo, potsirizira pake, kusunga dongosolo.
Patangotha milungu ingapo kuchokera pa msonkhano umenewo ku Kuwait Hilton, L. Paul Bremer anafika ku Baghdad, m’malo mwa Garner, yemwe anachotsedwa ntchito pasanathe mwezi umodzi ku Iraq. Patsiku lathunthu la Bremer 'm'dziko,' m'mawu a Woodward, m'modzi mwa akuluakulu a Garner adathamangira kwa iye tsopano""bwana wolumala bakha ndikuyika pepala m'manja mwake:
”Kodi mwaŵerenga izi?’ anafunsa motero.
"Ayi," Garner anayankha. ‘Sindikudziwa kuti muli ndi vuto lanji kumeneko.’
"Ndi ndondomeko yochotsera Baathification," adatero, ndikumupatsa chikalata chamasamba awiri.'
Chikalatacho chinali 'Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 1' ya Bremer - De-Baathification of Iraqi Society,' lamulo lochotsa nthawi yomweyo 'mamembala onse' a Baath Party nthawi yomweyo. Amenewa anayenera kuletsedwa kugwira ntchito iliyonse ya boma. Muutumiki uliwonse mamenenjala atatu apamwamba amafufuzidwa pa milandu.
"Sitingathe kuchita izi," adatero Garner. Anali kuganizabe zomwe adamuuza Rumsfeld kukhala 'de-Baathification yofatsa' - kuchotsa anthu owerengeka okha a Baathist ndi otsogolera ogwira ntchito mu utumiki uliwonse. ‘N’zakuya kwambiri,’ anawonjezera motero.
Garner adapita nthawi yomweyo ku ofesi ya Bremer, komwe mtsogoleri watsopano wantchitoyo adangokhazikika, ndipo ali m'njira adathamangira kwa wamkulu wa CIA, yemwe amatchedwa Charlie.
”Kodi mwawerenga izi?’ Garner anafunsa.
"Ndi chifukwa chake ndili pano," adatero Charlie.
"Tiyeni tikawone Bremer." Amuna awiriwa adalowa kuti akawone woyang'anira watsopano wa Iraq cha m'ma 1 koloko masana.
"Jerry, izi ndizakuya kwambiri," adatero Garner. 'Patsani Charlie ndi ine pafupifupi ola limodzi. Tikhala pansi ndi izi. Tidzachita zabwino ndi zoipa ndiyeno tidzafika pa telefoni ndi Rumsfeld ndikufewetsa pang’ono.’
"Ayi ayi," adatero Bremer. "Awa ndi malangizo anga ndipo ndikufuna kuwatsatira."
Garner, yemwe posachedwapa abwerera kwawo, akuwona kuti sakupita patsogolo ndipo akupempha munthu wa CIA, yemwe 'anali wamkulu wa maiko ena a Middle East,' akumufunsa zomwe zidzachitike ngati lamulolo lidzaperekedwa.
"Mukatulutsa izi, muyendetsa pakati pa 30,000 ndi 50,000 Baathists mobisa usiku usanada," adatero Charlie .... ‘Mudzaika anthu 50,000 m’khwalala, mobisa ndi misala kwa Amereka.’ Ndipo 50,000 ameneŵa anali amphamvu koposa, osankhika ogwirizana bwino ochokera m’mikhalidwe yonse ya moyo.
"Ndakuuzani," adatero Bremer, akuyang'ana Charlie. "Ndili ndi malangizo anga ndipo ndiyenera kuchita izi."
Mndandanda wa malamulo, monga tikudziwira, umadutsa ku Rumsfeld, ndipo Garner akufika pa foni ndikupempha mlembi wa chitetezo, yemwe amamuuza - ndipo izi zidzakhala leitmotif m'buku la Woodward - kuti nkhaniyi ili m'manja mwake:
"Izi sizikuchokera mnyumba muno," [Rumsfeld] anayankha. ‘Zimenezo zinachokera kwinakwake.’
'Garner akuganiza kuti amatanthauza White House, NSC kapena Cheney. Malinga ndi otenga nawo gawo, komabe, dongosolo la de-Baathification linali lopangidwa ndi Pentagon. Kuuza Garner kuti kunachokera kwinakwake, komabe, kunali ndi mwayi kwa Rumsfeld kuthetsa mkangano.
Machenjerero oterowo mwina ndi omwe amadziwika kuti Rumsfeld ngati 'wodziwa bwino ntchito yolimbana ndi boma,' kufotokoza komwe kwamutsatira kudzera mu ntchito yake m'boma ngati Homeric epithet. Ndipotu, malinga ndi Bremer, adalandira malamulowa ku Pentagon masiku angapo m'mbuyomo kuchokera kwa a Douglas Feith, mlembi wa Rumsfeld wa ndondomeko. M'mawu a Bremer, Feith adamupatsa dongosolo lokonzekera, ndikugogomezera 'kufunika kwandale kwa lamuloli':
'Tiyenera kuwonetsa ma Iraqi onse kuti tikufuna kumanga Iraq Yatsopano. Ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuti zida za Saddam zopondereza zilibe gawo mu mtundu watsopanowo.’
Tsiku lotsatira, wachiwiri wa Bremer ku Iraq, Garner wopanda vuto adapatsidwanso dongosolo lina. Izi, Woodward akutiuza, zinali Order Number 2, kuchotsa mautumiki a Chitetezo ndi Zam'kati aku Iraq, asilikali onse aku Iraq, ndi alonda a Saddam ndi mabungwe apadera apadera:
'Garner anadabwa kwambiri. Lamulo lochotsa Baathification linali losayankhula, koma izi zinali zoopsa. Garner adauza Purezidenti ndi National Security Council momveka bwino kuti akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito asitikali aku Iraq - osachepera 200,000 mpaka 300,000 asitikali - ngati msana wa gulu kuti amangenso dzikolo ndikupereka chitetezo. Ndipo wakhala akupereka malipoti otetezedwa nthawi zonse kwa Rumsfeld ndi Washington pa dongosololi.
Msilikali wina waku America komanso maofesala angapo a CIA amakumana pafupipafupi ndi asitikali aku Iraq kuti akhazikitsenso gulu lankhondo. Anali ndi mndandanda wa asilikali, omwe analonjeza kuti adzalipidwa mwadzidzidzi. ‘Asilikali akale a ku Iraq,’ malinga ndi kunena kwa Garner, ‘anali kupanga matembenuzidwe owonjezereka, akumangoyembekezera kubwereranso mwanjira ina.’ Kachiŵirinso, Garner anathamangira kukawona Bremer:
"Nthawi zonse takhala tikukonzekera zobwezeretsa asilikali," anaumirirabe. Dongosolo latsopanoli linali kungotuluka m'miyezi ya buluu, yosokoneza ntchito.
"Chabwino, mapulani asintha," Bremer adayankha. 'Lingaliro ndiloti sitikufuna zotsalira za asilikali akale. Tikufuna gulu lankhondo latsopano ndi latsopano.’
"Jerry, ukhoza kuchotsa asilikali tsiku limodzi, koma zimatengera zaka kuti apange gulu."
Apanso Bremer amauza Garner kuti ali ndi malamulo ake. Kukambitsiranaku kumapeza nthabwala ina yosayembekezereka pomwe abwanamkubwa apitiliza kukambirana za Unduna wa Zam'kati wa Iraq, womwe Bremer adalengezanso kuti athetsa:
"Simungathe kuchotsa Unduna wa Zam'kati," adatero Garner.
"Kulekeranji?'
"Mwangolankhula dzulo ndikuuza aliyense kufunika kwa apolisi.'
"Ndikofunikira.'
"Apolisi onse ali mu Unduna wa Zam'kati," adatero Garner. ‘Mukatulutsa izi, onse apita kwawo lero.’
Titamva zambiri izi, akutiuza, Bremer adawoneka 'wodabwitsidwa' - mawu ofanana, mosakayikira, ndi a Rice pomwe iye ndi Purezidenti adamva kuchokera kwa mlembi wa boma kuti akuluakulu a boma sapereka lipoti ku White House. koma ku Pentagon. Tsoka ilo, mkati mwa Pentagon munali masomphenya osachepera awiri a zomwe dziko la Iraq liyenera kukhala: chigonjetso chofulumira, kuwona kwachangu kwa Rumsfeld, komanso kusintha kwakukulu, koyendetsedwa ndi demokalase kwa anthu aku Iraq omwe amalimbikitsidwa ndi neoconservatives. Malingaliro awiriwa adalumikizana mosavutikira, kwakanthawi, mwa munthu wokopa wa Ahmad Chalabi, yemwe adawoneka kuti apangitsa masomphenya onsewa kukhala otheka. Pokhala mfumu ya Chalabi itachotsedwa patebulo ndi Purezidenti Bush, komabe, akuluakulu otsimikiza ndi mzere wolunjika ku Bremer anali kusintha ulendo wa Iraq kukhala ntchito yanthawi yayitali, yofuna kwambiri. Zikuoneka kuti Garner atadzuka pa Meyi 17, kuwonetsa kuti 'US tsopano ili ndi adani ochulukirapo 350,000 kuposa momwe idakhalira dzulo - a Baathists 50,000 [ndi] asitikali 300,000 osagwira ntchito,' atha kukhutira pakuwongolera, kuyesetsa kwake kwa mphindi yomaliza, kukakamiza Bremer kuti 'achotse Unduna wa Zam'kati kuchokera pakukonzekera kuti apolisi akhalebe.'
7.
Mmodzi akhoza kupanga zotsutsana za 'de-Baathification' ya Iraq. Munthu atha kupanganso mikangano pakugwetsa gulu lankhondo laku Iraq. Ndizovuta, komabe, kunena kuti izi sizinali zotsutsana kwambiri ndi zomwe Pentagon akufuna kuchotsa asitikali a 30,000 aku America ku Iraq mkati mwa miyezi ingapo. Popanda gulu lankhondo laku Iraq, mamembala onse a chipani cha Baath adachotsedwa m'mautumiki ndi mabungwe aboma, pomwe magulu onse achitetezo a Saddam adathamangitsidwa - ndipo magulu onsewa adasinthidwa kukhala adani akulumbiridwa aku America - omwe anali kupita. kusunga dongosolo ku Iraq? Ndipo ndani amene akanamanga ‘gulu lankhondo latsopano ndi latsopano’ limene Bremer anali kunena?
Mafunso amenewa ndi aakulu kwambiri ndipo ndi oonekeratu moti munthu amaona kuti ayenera kukhala ndi mayankho ake, ngakhale atakhala osagwira mtima. Chowonadi ndi chakuti njira ziwiri zazikuluzikulu izi - kukhazikitsa 'de-Baathification' ya boma ndikuthetsa gulu lankhondo la Iraqi - limodzi ndi lingaliro la Bremer, lomwe linatengedwanso m'masiku ake oyamba, kuti litsike kukhala wolemekezeka. gulu la andale aku Iraq lotchedwa Iraq Governing Council, lidasintha zomwe Pentagon inali dongosolo lachigonjetso chofulumira ndikuchoka mwachangu kupita ku ntchito yayitali komanso yotseguka yomwe ingaphatikizepo kukhazikitsidwa kwa gulu lankhondo la Iraq latsopano.
Zotsatira zandale ku Iraq zinali zosawerengeka, chifukwa kuchotsedwa kwa Baath ndi kutha kwa gulu lankhondo zonse zidawoneka kwa a Sunni kukhala zidziwitso zankhondo zapoyera zolimbana nawo, kukhutiritsa ambiri kuti adzaweruzidwa osati ndi miyezo ya chikhalidwe cha munthu koma ndi mfundo. za umembala wawo mu gulu - sanaweruzidwe molingana ndi zomwe adachita koma molingana ndi omwe iwo anali. Izi mwazokha zidasokoneza chiyembekezo chomwe chinalipo kupanga sine qua ayi wa demokalase yokhazikika: kutsutsa kokhulupirika, kutanthauza kutsutsa komwe kumakhulupirira mokwanira chilungamo cha dongosolo kuti asiye chiwawa. ‘Inu Achimereka, mukudziwa,’ monga momwe anandiuza wachisunni wachichepere mu October 2003, pamene zigawengazo zinali zitayamba kale, ‘mwalenga adani anu kuno.’
Ndizokayikitsa kuti masomphenya a Pentagon akunyamuka mwachangu akanatha kugwira ntchito, Bremer kapena ayi Bremer. Chochititsa chidwi, komabe, ndi momwe zisankho zazikuluzikulu zidatengedwa mwanjira zowopsa kwambiri, ndi mphamvu m'manja mwa anthu wamba ochepa a Pentagon omwe samadziwa pang'ono za Iraq kapena dera, ukatswiri wa ena onse. boma lidatsala pang'ono kuchotsedwa, ndipo Purezidenti ndi akuluakulu ake akuyang'ana. Izi zikachitika, olamulira a Bush akuwoneka kuti adayesetsa kuti asinthe vuto la Kennan lodziwa zowona: kulephera kwadongosolo ku Iraq kudapangitsa kuti gawo lalikulu lichoke pakutsimikiza mwadala kuchotsa iwo omwe ali m'boma omwe amadziwa chilichonse kwa iwo. amene anapanga zisankho. Mwachitsanzo, Woodward akutiuza kuti Stephen Hadley, yemwe anali wachiwiri kwa Rice ndipo tsopano wolowa m'malo mwake,
'Poyamba anaphunzira za malamulo a de-Baathification ndi kuchotsa asilikali monga Bremer anawalengeza ku Iraq ndi kudziko lonse lapansi. Iwo sanakhudzidwe ndi njira yolumikizirana komanso monga momwe Hadley adadziwira kuti panalibe choyimira chochokera ku White House. Mpunga nayenso anali asanafunsidwe. Sizinabwerere ku Washington kapena NSC kuti ipange chisankho….
"Loya m'modzi wa NSC adawonetsedwa zolemba za mfundo zochotsa Baathify Iraq ndikuchotsa asitikali - koma izi zinali kungopereka lingaliro lazamalamulo. Opanga mfundozo sanaonepo zolembedwazo, sanakhale ndi mwayi wonena ngati akuganiza kuti ndi malingaliro abwino kapenanso kunena kuti zinali zosiyanitsidwa ndi zomwe zidakonzedwa kale ndikudziwitsidwa kwa purezidenti.
Ponena za asitikali ovala yunifolomu, amuna omwe anali ndi udindo woteteza Iraq komanso omwe ntchito yawo ikadakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi de-Baathification komanso kutha kwa gulu lankhondo la Iraq, sanapatsidwe mwayi wolankhula pafunso lililonse. Woodward analemba kuti:
'General Myers, mlangizi wamkulu wankhondo ku Bush, Rumsfeld ndi NSC, sanafunsidwe nkomwe pakutha kwa asitikali aku Iraq. Idawonetsedwa ngati chithunzithunzi chokhazikika.
"Sitingokhala pano ndikungoganizira zonse zomwe amachita," Rumsfeld adauza Myers nthawi ina, ponena za zisankho za Bremer.
"Sindinavotere," Myers adauza mnzake, "koma ndikuwona komwe kazembe Bremer angaganize kuti izi ndi zomveka."
Popeza ndi asitikali ankhondo aku Iraq omwe, adasweka, adakwiya, ndi manyazi ('Nchifukwa chiyani inu Achimereka mumatilanga, pomwe sitinamenyane?' Monga msilikali wina wakale adandifunsa mu Okutobala), m'masiku ochepa atha kupha asitikali a Myers. ndi zida zophulitsira moto komanso zida zophulitsira zoyambilira, munthu ayenera kuwona kuleza mtima kwa mkuluyo kukhala wowolowa manja modabwitsa.
Panthawiyo, anthu wamba ku Pentagon anali atapeza mphamvu zawo zazikulu komanso kutchuka. Misonkhano ya atolankhani ya tsiku ndi tsiku ya Rumsfeld idawulutsidwa pompopompo pamawayilesi apakanema, ndi omvera othokoza a atolankhani akuimba nthabwala za mlembi pawailesi yakanema. Palibe amene akuwoneka kuti adakayikira zomwe Woodward amachitcha kuti ‘kusakhulupirirana ndi interagency.’ M’malo mwake, Woodward akulemba kuti,
'Kuyambira mu Epulo 2003, ng'oma yosalekeza yomwe Hadley adamva akutuluka ku Pentagon inali 'Ichi ndi chinthu cha Don Rumsfeld, ndipo tikuchita mgwirizano ku Baghdad. Mulole Jerry ayendetse. "
‘Jerry,’ kunganenedwe panthaŵiyi, akuwoneka kuti anali munthu wa zolinga zabwino, koma anali asanachitepo kanthu kena kokulirapo kuposa ofesi ya kazembe wa United States ku Netherlands, kumene anatumikira monga kazembe. Sanalankhule Chiarabu ndipo sankadziwa za Middle East komanso Iraq. Iye analibe kanthu kochita ndi kukonzekera kochepa komanso kosakwanira komwe Pentagon inachita pa 'nkhondo yapambuyo' ndipo ndithudi anali ndi kukonzekera kwa masiku ochepa asanatengedwe kupita ku Baghdad. Zikuoneka kuti sanaonepo ndondomeko zambiri zomwe dipatimenti ya Boma idakonza kuti ichitike pambuyo pa nkhondo. Ndipo monga zikuwonekera pamene ntchitoyo inkayamba kugwira ntchito ndikukhala wodziyimira pawokha kwa anthu wamba a Pentagon, analibe ziyeneretso zoti apange ndikukhazikitsa zisankho zazikulu ngati izi, zisankho zomwe zingatalikitse ntchito yaku America ndipo pamapeto pake zingachite zambiri kuti ziwononge. .
Kwa Rumsfeld, komabe, kudziyimira pawokha kwa Bremer ku Baghdad kwakhala ndi ntchito zake:
' Pambuyo pake Rumsfeld adanena kuti angadabwe ngati Wolfowitz kapena Feith atapereka Bremer de-Baathification ndi malamulo ankhondo. Iye adati sadakumbukire msonkhano wa NSC pankhaniyi. Ponena za Bremer, Rumsfeld adati, 'Sindinalankhula naye kawirikawiri ..."
Sizingatheke kukhulupirira, ngakhale muulamuliro uwu, kuti Bremer adaganiza yekha, pa tsiku lake lachiwiri ku Baghdad, kuthetsa asilikali a Iraq, ndipo sizingatheke kuti Rumsfeld mwiniwakeyo pa nkhani yaikulu yotere akanapanda chitetezo. maganizo a mlembi. Kwa 'wolimbana ndi waluso waukadaulo,' komabe, makamaka yemwe alibe kuyang'aniridwa pang'ono kapena osayang'aniridwa ndi Purezidenti kapena Congress, zomwe Woodward amachitcha 'raba-glove syndrome - chizolowezi chosasiya zala zake pazosankha' - zitha kukhala zothandiza popewa udindo pazandale. kuwonongeka kwachitika - kwakanthawi, mulimonse. Sizingatheke, komabe, kulepheretsa zotsatira zake pansi ndipo, ku Iraq, sizinatero.
8.
Pafupifupi zaka zinayi mu nkhondo ya Iraq, pamene tikulowa mu Time of Proposed Solutions, zotsatira za zisankho zoyambirirazo zimatanthauzira malo amagazi. Pochotsa ndi kuchititsa manyazi asilikali ndi akuluakulu a asilikali a Iraq atsogoleri athu, kwenikweni, anachita zambiri kuti alembetse zigawengazo. Pobweretsa ankhondo ochepa kwambiri kuti ateteze malo osungiramo zida za Saddam adanyamula zida. Mwa kubweretsa ochepa kwambiri kuti asungitse bata iwo anatsogolera kulanda ndi chiwawa chochuluka ndi kupasuka kwa anthu komwe kunapangitsa zigawenga nthaka yachonde. Mwa kuyeretsa mwachidwi masauzande masauzande ambiri a anthu osankhika a Baathist mdzikolo, zilizonse zomwe amachita, komanso pokhazikitsa dziko la America lokhazikika komanso losakhazikika popanda 'nkhope yaku Iraq,' adayambitsa mkwiyo pakati pa ma Iraqi omwe adalimbikitsa zigawenga ndikulimbikitsa anthu kuti azikhala pogona. izo. Ndipo popereka asitikali ochepa kuti ateteze malire a Iraq adathandizira kuti asitikali ake azikhala ndi zigawenga zachi Sunni zachisilamu zochokera kumayiko oyandikana nawo. Inali njira ya Asilamu akunja koposa zonse kulimbikitsa zolinga zawo za jihadist poyambitsa nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Iraq; polephera kuletsa kuwukira kwawo komanso kuteteza ma Shia omwe adakhala chandamale chawo, atsogoleri a U.S. awalola kuti apambane.
Kwa Achimereka tsopano, ola likuwoneka mochedwa kwambiri ku Iraq. Potopa kwambiri ndi nkhondo yomwe idataya chifukwa chake, anthu aku America ambiri safuna china chilichonse koma kuwonetseredwa njira yopulumukira. Purezidenti ndi aphungu ake, ngakhale masabata asanasankhidwe, anali atayamba kufotokozeranso lingaliro lachipambano, akutsitsa kwambiri zolinga zomwe zinakhazikitsidwa mu National Security Presidential Directive ya August 2002. Kotero Vice Prezidenti Cheney, anafunsa sabata isanafike chigamulo cha Pulezidenti wa Pulezidenti Cheney. chisankho chokhudza 'njira yotuluka' kuchokera ku Iraq, analengeza kuti ‘sitikuyang’ana njira yotulukira. Tikuyang'ana chipambano' koma kenako adapereka tanthauzo locheperako:
'Kupambana kudzakhala tsiku limene a Iraqi adzathetsa mavuto awo a ndale ndipo akugwira ntchito molemekeza boma lawo, komanso pamene adzatha kudziteteza okha.'
Izi zinali zisanachitike anthu aku America asanachite zisankho ndikudzudzula mozama mfundo za olamulira aku Iraq - zotsatira zake, monga momwe wanthabwala wina ananenera, ‘Lachiwiri usiku, m’njira yodabwitsa, Iraq inabweretsa kusintha kwa ulamuliro ku US.’
Tsiku lotsatira chisankhocho Purezidenti, atachotsa maudindo ake akuluakulu mu Congress, anabwera kudzapereka tanthauzo lofatsa: Kupambana kungatanthauze kutulutsa mu Iraq ‘boma lomwe lingadziteteze, kudzilamulira ndi kudzichirikiza lokha. mawu odekha afika pooneka ngati ofuna kutchuka, mwinanso osatheka. Pamene ndikulemba, Operation Together Forward, mgwirizano wa asilikali a ku America ndi Iraq kuti ateteze mzinda wa Baghdad, walephera. Mtsogoleri waku America ku likulu, akukumana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa 26% pakuwukira panthawi ya opareshoni, adalengeza zotsatira zake 'zokhumudwitsa,' kugwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo chachindunji chaka chapitacho chomwe chaka chapitacho sichikanatheka kuchokera kwa mkulu wina waku US. .
Ntchito ya Operation Together Forward sinangosonyeza kuti anthu aku Iraq tsopano ‘akhoza kudziteteza,’ monga mmene Purezidenti ananenera, koma kuti anachititsa kuti ‘boma la mgwirizano lipange zisankho zovuta zofunika kuti dzikoli ligwirizane.’ Ntchitoyi inali yofuna kufooketsa mphamvu za zigawenga za Sunni ndipo motero kutsegulira njira kwa Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki kuti athandize kuthetsa ndi kuthetsa magulu ankhondo a Shia omwe amachititsa kupha anthu ambiri ku Baghdad. Tsoka ilo, magulu ankhondo - makamaka Asitikali a Mahdi ndi Gulu la Badr - amakhalabe gawo lofunikira pazandale za boma la mgwirizano. Mfundo yosasangalatsa iyi koma yofunika kwambiri pazandale imapangitsa kuti maulamuliro a Bush amveke bwino pamalingaliro awo omwe ali pano ku Iraq pafupifupi zopanda pake.
Kusagwirizana komwe kulipo pakati pa mfundo ndi zenizeni, komanso mkwiyo wa al-Maliki pa zoyesayesa za asitikali aku US kuti ayambirenso zigawenga poyambitsa zigawenga mumzinda wa Sadr, zadzetsa mphekesera, ku Baghdad ndi Washington, za kuukira komwe kungachitike pambuyo pa zisankho. d'état kuti alowe m'malo mwa Maliki ndi 'boma la chipulumutso cha dziko.' N'zovuta kudziwa kuti boma loterolo, kaya lotsogozedwa ndi Ayad Allawi, wokonda kwambiri ku Washington yemwe anali nduna yayikulu kwakanthawi kochepa (ndipo adanyoza mwayi wobwera mphamvu mwa chiwembu), kapena 'munthu wina wamphamvu,' atha kuchita, kapena ngati phindu lililonse lachitetezo likhoza kupitilira mtengo wandale wogwirizana pakugwetsa boma lomwe, ngakhale silinagwire ntchito, aku Iraq adasankhidwa. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa boma limenelo kumakhala koonekeratu ngati chimodzi mwazochepa (ngati zosamveka) zomwe zatsala kuchokera ku pulogalamu yoyambirira ya Iraq.
Kwa anthu aku America nkhondo yaku Iraq ikuwoneka kuti yalowa mchitidwe wake wachitatu komanso womaliza. Ngakhale mapulani ndi malingaliro tsopano abwera mwachangu, onsewo adalunjika kuyankha funso limodzi lofunikira - timatuluka bwanji ku Iraq? - palibe amene angapereke njira yonyamulira yomwe ilibe mtengo wokwera kwambiri. Lingaliro laposachedwa la kutha kwa Iraq likuchokera ku America kutopa ndi kukhumudwa kuposa chiyembekezo chilichonse chopeza 'njira yothetsera' kapena 'njira yotuluka' yomwe, pa zotsatira zake, sizingawonekere kuti ndi chiyani: chivomerezo chenicheni cha ndondomeko yolephereka komanso yowopsa.
Kungotsala sabata imodzi chisankho chisanachitike, Purezidenti Bush anachenjeza wofunsa mafunso za zotsatira za kugonjetsedwa kwa America ku Iraq:
'Zigawenga ... zanena momveka bwino kuti zikufuna malo otetezeka omwe angayambirepo kumenyana ndi America, malo otetezeka omwe angagwetse maboma apakati ku Middle East, malo otetezeka omwe angafalitse maganizo awo a jihadist, omwe ndi kuti. palibe ufulu padziko lapansi; tikuwuzani momwe mukuganizira…. Ndikutha kuona dziko limene anthu ochita zinthu monyanyira amalamulira mafuta. Ndipo amauza Kumadzulo: Inu mwina musiye Israeli, mwachitsanzo, kapena tikweza mtengo wamafuta. Kapena kusiya….’
Patangotha masiku ochepa chigonjetso cha Republican pa zisankho, wamkulu wa antchito a Purezidenti, a Josh Bolton, akukambirana za boma la Iraqi, adayika nkhaniyi momveka bwino:
‘Tiyenera kuwachitira monga boma lodzilamulira. Koma tiyeneranso kuwapatsa chithandizo chomwe akufunikira kuti achite bwino chifukwa njira ina yaku United States, ndikukhulupirira, ndiyowopsa…. Titha kusiya Iraq yomwe ndi dziko lolephera, malo achigawenga, chiwopsezo chenicheni ku United States ndi dera. Zimenezo si zotsatira zovomerezeka.’
Tili panjira yopita ku masomphenya akudawa, kusakhazikika kowopseza komwe kumatsutsana ndendende ndi 'tsunami ya demokalase' ya boma la Bush, funde lakumasula lomwe mphamvu zaku America, kudzera mu kuwukira kwa Iraq, zidayenera kumasula. ku Middle East konse. Mwayi wokwaniritsa kusintha kotereku ku Iraq komweko, osasiyapo zovuta za dera lonselo, nthawi zonse udali wochepa kwambiri. Saddam Hussein ndi ulamuliro wa autocracy womwe adawalamulira zidachitika chifukwa cha ndale zosagwira ntchito, osati zomwe zidayambitsa. Kusintha kwa ndale zotere nthawi zonse kudzakhala ntchito yovuta kwambiri.
Poyang'anizana ndi zovuta zotere, ndikufunitsitsa kukhala ndi nkhondo yawo ndi kusintha kwawo kwa demokalase, Purezidenti ndi alangizi ake adayang'ana kumbali. Poyang'anizana ndi zovuta zazikulu, yankho lawo linali kudzichititsa khungu kwa iwo ndi kuika chikhulupiriro chawo mu malingaliro ndi chiyembekezo - mu maloto a malo olandirira, osinthidwa mwamatsenga. Masomphenya a ulaliki mwina adapangitsa kuti kuwopseza pambuyo pa Seputembala 11 kukhala kosavuta kupirira koma sikunasinthe zoopsa ndi zenizeni pansi. Zotsatira zake ndikuti kusintha komwe Purezidenti ndi akuluakulu ake adatsimikiza mtima kuti ayambenso kumasula mphamvu zankhondo zaku America zitha kukhala zenizeni zenizeni zachisilamu zomwe amayembekezera kuti aletse.
M'masabata akubwerawa tidzamva nkhani zambiri za 'njira zotuluka' ndi 'njira zothetsera mavuto.' Komabe, 'njira zothetsera' zonsezi zidzabwera ndi ndalama zambiri zandale, zomwe pulezidenti angaganize kuti ndizovuta kwambiri kuzipirira kusiyana ndi zovuta kwambiri. 'kukhalabe maphunziro' kwa nthawi yotsalayo. George W. Bush, yemwe adapikisana nawo paudindo wa pulezidenti akulumbira kuti 'wodzichepetsa' mfundo zakunja, sakananeneratu izi. Kennan adanena izi mu October 2002:
'Aliyense amene adaphunzirapo mbiri ya zokambirana zaku America, makamaka zokambirana zankhondo, amadziwa kuti mutha kuyamba nkhondo ndi zinthu zina m'maganizo mwanu monga cholinga cha zomwe mukuchita, koma pamapeto pake, mudapeza kuti mukumenyera nkhondo kwathunthu. zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe simunaziganizirepo. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, nkhondo ili ndi mphamvu yakeyake ndipo imakuchotsani ku zolinga zonse zoganizira mukalowamo.’
Ngati tilidi m’chiwonetsero chachitatu—monga momwe ndidzaonera m’nkhani yamtsogolo—ndiye kuti mwina mchitidwe womalizawu udzakhala wautali ndiponso wopweteka kwambiri. Mutha kudziwa kapena simukudziwa komwe mumayambira. Simudziwa komwe mukupita kukathera.
-Novembala 16, 2006
Mabuku Akuunika
State of Denial: Bush pa Nkhondo, Gawo III ndi Bob Woodward, Simon ndi Schuster, 560 pp., $30.00
Chiphunzitso Chokha Paperesenti: Kuzama Kwambiri kwa America kwa Adani Ake Kuyambira 9/11 ndi Ron Suskind, Simon ndi Schuster, 367 pp., $27.00
State of War: Mbiri Yachinsinsi ya CIA ndi Bush Administration ndi James Risen, Free Press, 240 pp., $26.00
[Mawu a M'munsi a kachidutswachi akupezeka pa Kufufuza kwa Mabuku a New York.]
Mark Danner, wothandizira kawirikawiri ku New York Review of Books, ndi Pulofesa wa Journalism ku yunivesite ya California ku Berkeley ndi Henry R. Luce Pulofesa ku Bard College. Buku lake laposachedwapa ndi Njira Yachinsinsi Yankhondo: Downing Street Memo ndi Mbiri Yokwiriridwa Yankhondo yaku Iraq. Ntchito yake imapezeka pa markdanner.com.
Nkhaniyi ikupezeka mu Nsanja ya Olonda ya December 21, 2006 New York Review of Books. Idawonekera koyamba pa intaneti pa Tomdispatch.com. Woyambitsa Pulogalamu ya American Empire Project ndi wolemba Mapeto a Chikhalidwe Chogonjetsa, mbiri ya kupambana kwa America mu Cold War, buku, Masiku Otsiriza a Kusindikiza, ndi kugwa, Ntchito Yosakwaniritsidwa (Nation Books), mndandanda woyamba wa zoyankhulana za Tomdispatch.
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