Boma la Iraq likufuna kufufuza momwe asitikali aku United States adagwiritsa ntchito zipolopolo zoyera za phosphorous pankhondo ya Fallujah - kafukufuku womwe ungawulule ngati asitikali aku America adaphwanya mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa zida zankhondo.
Nduna ya Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ku Iraq, Narmin Othman, adanena dzulo usiku kuti gulu litumizidwa ku Fallujah kukayesa kutsimikizira ngati anthu wamba aphedwa kapena kuvulazidwa ndi chida choopsacho. Kugwiritsa ntchito phosphorous yoyera (WP) ndi zida zina zoyaka moto monga napalm motsutsana ndi anthu wamba ndizoletsedwa.
Chilengezochi chinabwera pamene John Reid, Mlembi wa Boma la Chitetezo, adayang'anizana ndi maulendo owonjezereka kuti afufuze za kugwiritsa ntchito WP ndi asilikali a Britain komanso zomwe Britain ankadziwa ponena za kutumizidwa ndi asilikali a ku America. A Reid adanena kuti ayang'ana nkhaniyi.
Kusuntha kwa boma la Iraq ndi nkhawa yomwe ikukula ku Westminster ikutsatira kutsimikiziridwa kwa Pentagon kwa The Independent kumayambiriro kwa sabata ino kuti WP idagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nkhondo ya Fallujah mwezi wa November watha komanso kuwonetsa umboni wokhutiritsa kuti anthu wamba anali m'gulu la ozunzidwa.
Mkangano watsopano wokhudza Fallujah, womwe wakhalapo kwa miyezi 12 yathunthu, udayambika sabata yatha ndi zolembedwa ndi mtolankhani waku Italy, RAI, yemwe adati pali anthu ambiri ovulala. Mneneri wa Pentagon adanena dzulo kuti "sadzadabwe" ngati WP idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi asilikali a US kwina kulikonse ku Iraq.
Lt-Col Barry Venable adati zipolopolo zoyaka motozi ndizomwe zimachitika nthawi zonse m'magulu ankhondo ankhondo. "Sindingakane kuti zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ena." Pentagon ikuvomereza kugwiritsa ntchito WP - ikhoza kuwotcha munthu mpaka fupa - yakhala yochititsa manyazi kwambiri pazinthu zina za boma la US.
M'kalata yopita ku nyuzipepala ino, kazembe wa ku America ku London, Robert Tuttle, adanena kuti asilikali a US "sagwiritsa ntchito napalm kapena WP ngati zida" .
Atakumana ndi kuvomereza kwa Pentagon, wolankhulira kazembe adati a Tuttle sakanayankhanso ndipo "mafunso onse pa WP" ayenera kutumizidwa ku Pentagon. Kazembe wa US ku Rome adakananso chimodzimodzi.
Kukula kapena kukula kwa kafukufuku woti boma la Iraq lizifunsa sizikudziwika, ndipo sizikudziwika kuti ofufuza ake adzafika liti ku Fallujah. Mkulu wina wa Unduna wa Ufulu Wachibadwidwe adanena kuti ngakhale sizikudziwika kuti kafukufukuyu atenga nthawi yayitali bwanji, "anthu aku Fallujah adzafunsidwa kwathunthu". Pentagon ikuti kugwiritsa ntchito zida zoyaka moto motsutsana ndi zida zankhondo sikuletsedwa.
Koma nkhani yachiwiri, protocol III ya 1980 UN Convention on Some Weapons imaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kwa anthu wamba.
Mwina chofunikira kwambiri kwa ofufuza aku Iraq, panganoli limaletsanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo motsutsana ndi zida zankhondo "m'gulu la anthu wamba pokhapokha ngati cholinga chankhondochi chikulekana ndi anthu wamba".
Bambo Reid adatsimikizira dzulo kuti asitikali aku Britain adagwiritsa ntchito WP ku Iraq, ngakhale adati zipolopolozo zidangogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga utsi kuti abise mayendedwe ankhondo, zomwe akatswiri amati ndi ntchito yawo yayikulu.
Palibe zida kapena zida zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi anthu wamba. Si chida cha mankhwala,โ adatero iye. Polankhula pa maphunziro a Nato ku Germany, komwe amayendera asitikali aku Britain omwe amapita ku Afghanistan, a Reid adati US kugwiritsa ntchito WP ndi "nkhani yaku US".
Komabe, sabata yatha a Reid adawonetsa kuti atulutsa nkhani zomwe zili mkati mwa zolemba za RAI ngati ziperekedwa ndi umboni.
Koma usiku watha aphungu adatsutsa poyera zomwe a Mr Reid adanena ndipo adapempha kuti afufuze, ponena kuti adasokeretsedwa kale ndi momwe US โโโโamagwiritsa ntchito napalm ku Iraq. A US adasiyanitsa pakati pa napalm wamba ndi zida zosinthidwa za Mk 77, zomwe akatswiri amati ndizofanana.
Mike Gapes, wapampando wa Labor of Foreign Affairs Select Committee, adati: "Ndikuganiza kuti pali vuto pano ngati msonkhano wa zida za mankhwala uyenera kulimbikitsidwa kuti uphatikizepo chinthu ichi chifukwa chimatanthauzidwa ngati chowotcha osati chida cha mankhwala. sichikuphatikizidwa mโmatanthauzo ena.โ
Sir Menzies Campbell, wolankhulira zakunja kwa Liberal Democrat, adati: "Kugwiritsa ntchito chida ichi mwina kunali kovomerezeka mwalamulo, koma zotsatira zake ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti zigawenga zipambane. Kukana kugwiritsidwa ntchito kotsatiridwa ndi kuvomereza kumangotsimikizira okayikira kuti pali china chake chobisala. โ Pakadali pano, kugwa ku US pakuwululidwa kwakhala kochepa. Koma pulezidenti wakale Bill Clinton dzulo anauza ophunzira pa American University of Dubai kuti sakugwirizana ndi kuwukira Iraq.
Nkhondo ya Fallujah, malo achitetezo a zigawenga, idachitika milungu iwiri yatha mwezi wa Novembala. Izi zidapangitsa kuti anthu 300,000 asamuke. Malipoti ochokera kumisasa ya anthu othawa kwawo komanso dotolo waku Iraq yemwe adakhala mumzindawu panthawi yankhondo akuwonetsa kuti anthu wamba ambiri adawotchedwa komanso "khungu losungunuka". Zithunzi zikuwonetsa mizere ya matupi otenthedwa pafupifupi osazindikirika.
Mankhwala amagwiritsidwa ntchito movomerezeka kapena WMD? Kodi phosphorous yoyera ndi chiyani?
Phosphorous yoyera ndi chinthu choyaka kwambiri chomwe chimayaka chikalowa mpweya, ndipo chimawotcha khungu la munthu mpaka mpweya wonse utatha. Dokotala wochokera ku Fallujah adalongosola anthu omwe anazunzidwa ku US "omwe khungu lawo linasungunuka".
Phosphorous yoyera, yomwe imadziwika kuti WP kapena Willy Pete m'gulu lankhondo, imayaka mochititsa chidwi ndi lawi lachikasu ikatulutsidwa kuchokera ku zipolopolo za zida zankhondo ndikutulutsa utsi wambiri woyera. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chotchinga chautsi posuntha magulu ankhondo ndikuwunikira malo omenyera nkhondo.
Kodi ndi chida chamankhwala?
Ayi. Phosphorous yoyera imakhala ndi mphamvu yotentha yomwe imawotcha potenthetsa chilichonse chozungulira, m'malo mwa mankhwala omwe amawononga moyo wa thupi. Chifukwa chake sichikugwera pansi pa Msonkhano wa Zida za Chemical wa 1993. Koma protocol III ya 1980 Convention on Conventional Weapons imaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito ngati chida choyatsira anthu wamba.
Ndiye mkangano wonsewo ndi chiyani?
Kazembe wa US ku London, Robert Tuttle, m'kalata yake yopita ku Independent kuti "Asitikali aku US sagwiritsa ntchito napalm kapena phosphorous ngati chida. โ Mkhalidwe wa US unali wakuti phosphorous yoyera yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chiwombankhanga chinali chovomerezeka - udindo wofotokozedwa ndi John Reid, Mlembi wa Chitetezo, dzulo.
Koma mawu a Pentagon Lachiwiri akuwoneka kuti asintha mkanganowo. Inanena kuti asilikali a US adagwiritsa ntchito phosphorous yoyera ngati chida cholimbana ndi zigawenga. Dipatimenti Yaboma panthawiyi inakonza mawu, malinga ndi zomwe phosphorous yoyera "inawotchedwa mlengalenga kuti iwunikire malo a adani usiku, osati kwa adani". Tsopano mkanganowo umayang'ana ngati omwe akuyembekezeredwawo anali zigawenga kapena anthu wamba, ndipo, ndithudi, pamalo ngati Fallujah, dera la imvi limapatsa US chigamulo chochoka.
Lamulo lothandizira anthu limasiyanitsa pakati pa omenyana ndi omwe si ankhondo. Ngati phosphorous yoyera idagwiritsidwa ntchito motsutsana ndi zigawenga amayenerera kukhala omenyera nkhondo ndipo sipanakhale kuphwanya malamulo.
Onse a US ndi UK adasaina msonkhanowu, koma Washington idalengeza panthawi yosayina protocol III mu 1995 kuti chiphunzitso chake chankhondo chidzatsatira zomwe zili mu protocol. Izi zikusonyeza kuti asilikali amasiyanitsa magulu ankhondo ndi anthu wamba.
Ngati zitapezeka kuti anthu wamba anaphedwa, kodi pali njira yalamulo yotani?
Ngati kafukufuku waku Iraq akupereka umboni woti anthu wamba adaphedwa ndi phosphorous yoyera ngati chida, palibe njira yochitira pansi pa Conventional Weapons Convention.
Komabe, protocol yoyamba ya 1977 ku Misonkhano Yachigawo ya Geneva ikhoza kupemphedwa. Dziko la United States lasaina koma silinavomereze ndondomeko yomwe ikukhudzana ndi Msonkhano wa 4 womwe umaganizira za chithandizo cha anthu wamba.
Ndime 35 ya protocol imamveketsa bwino kuti kugwiritsa ntchito ndi njira zogwiritsira ntchito "zida zankhondo zilibe malire." Chida chilichonse kapena kugwiritsa ntchito chida chilichonse chomwe chimayambitsa โkuzunzika kwakukulu kapena kosayeneraโ sikuloledwa. Kugwiritsa ntchito mosasamala kwa phosphorous pa anthu wamba kungaphimbidwe.
Zophwanya Misonkhano Yachigawo ya Geneva zimabweretsedwa ndi mayiko ndipo nthawi zambiri zimamvedwa ndi United Nations pamlingo wa Security Council, kapena ku International Court of Justice.
Peter Carter QC, katswiri wa malamulo apadziko lonse komanso wapampando wa komiti ya Bar's Human Rights Committee, adanena kuti kuvomereza kwaposachedwa kwa US kumabweretsa nkhawa yaikulu ngati phosphorous yoyera idagwiritsidwa ntchito mopanda tsankho kwa anthu wamba. Anapempha kuti pakhale kafukufuku wodziyimira pawokha, mwina kudzera ku United Nations, pakugwiritsa ntchito phosphorous yoyera ku Iraq.
Nchifukwa chiyani zonsezi zatuluka nthawi yayitali pambuyo pa kuzingidwa kwa Fallujah?
Nkhani ya kanema wawayilesi yaku Italy sabata yatha, idadzudzula US kuti imagwiritsa ntchito phosphorous yoyera mu "njira yayikulu komanso yosasankha" motsutsana ndi anthu wamba ku Fallujah.
Izi zinakanidwa ndi Pentagon, koma mboni za m'magazini ya asilikali a US Field Artillery anafotokoza kuwombera "kugwedeza ndi kuphika" mishoni kwa zigawenga ndi zipolopolo zophulika kwambiri kuti "awatulutse". Kufotokozera kwa Independent za zolemba za RAI ndi kugwa kwake kudapangitsa kuti Kazembe Tuttle alembe kalata.
Kodi kazembe waku US akuti chiyani tsopano?
Palibe ndemanga. Adayankha mafunso onse ku Pentagon.
Anne Penketh ndi Robert Verkaik
BUSH'S ARSENAL Chiyembekezo
Napalm/Marko 77s
Malipoti ofala panthawi yomwe US โโidawukira mu Marichi 2003 akuti asitikali adaponya mabomba pamtsinje wa Tigris ndi ngalande ya Saddam panjira yopita ku Baghdad.
Mabomba a magulu
Anthu wamba 33, kuphatikiza ana ambiri, aphedwa pa bomba lomwe laphulitsidwa ku US ku Hilla, kumwera kwa Baghdad. Malipoti okhudza kuukira kwa Basra anali ofalanso.
White Phosphorus
Asilikali a Coalition adanenedwa kuti adagwiritsa ntchito WP mosasamala kwa anthu wamba ndi zigawenga panthawi ya Fallujah ya Novembala 2004.
Zomwe US โโinanena
Napalm/Marko 77s
Pentagon inakana malipoti kuti idagwiritsa ntchito napalm, ponena kuti idagwiritsa ntchito chidacho komaliza mu 1993 ndikuwononga gulu lake lomaliza mu 2001. "Tilibe ngakhale zida zathu zankhondo."
Mabomba a magulu
General Richard Myers, wamkulu wa Joint Chiefs of Staff, adati magulu ankhondo adaponya mabomba pafupifupi 1,500 panthawi yankhondo ndipo 26 okha adagwa mkati mwa 1,500ft ya madera a anthu wamba.
White Phosphorus
"[WP idagwiritsidwa ntchito] mochepa kwambiri ku Fallujah, pakuwunikira. Anathamangitsidwa mumlengalenga kuti aunikire malo a adani usiku, osati kwa adani." US State department
Momwe a UK adawathandizira
Napalm/Marko 77s
"A US atitsimikizira kuti sanagwiritse ntchito bomba la Mk 77, makamaka zitini za napalm, ku Iraq nthawi iliyonse." Adam Ingram, mtumiki wa asilikali, January 2004
Mabomba a magulu
MoD idati imathandizira kugwiritsa ntchito mabomba am'magulu motsutsana ndi zolinga zankhondo zovomerezeka pofuna kuteteza asitikali aku Britain ndi anthu wamba, ndikuumirira kuti chisamaliro chinachitidwa kuti apewe madera okhala anthu.
White Phosphorus
"Kugwiritsa ntchito phosphorous ndi US ndi nkhani ya US," Mneneri wa Tony Blair adatero dzulo.
Momwe US โโidakhalira bwino
Napalm/Marko 77s
Zinatenga miyezi isanu kuti US ivomereze kuti asitikali ake adagwiritsa ntchito bomba la Mk 77 (wachibale wapamtima wa napalm) pakuwukira. Pentagon idati ntchito zawo "ndizofanana kwambiri".
Mabomba a magulu
General Myers adavomereza kuti: "Nthawi zina, timafika pazifukwa zomwe tikudziwa kuti zitha kuwonongeka." Zinali "zomvetsa chisoni" kuti "tinayenera kupanga zisankho izi".
White Phosphorus
Mneneri wa Pentagon Lt-Col Barry Venable adanena sabata ino kuti WP idagwiritsidwa ntchito, "kuwombera adani" ku Iraq. โIwotchaโฆ ndi chida choyaka moto. Ndi zomwe zimachita. โ
Momwe UK idakhalira bwino
Napalm/Marko 77s
โChoyamba sanali kugwiritsa ntchito napalm. Anagwiritsa ntchito bomba. Sizimamatira pakhungu lanu ngati napalm, ilibe zotsatira zoyipa za izo. "A John Reid, Mlembi wa Chitetezo
Mabomba a magulu
Adam Ingram, nduna ya Gulu Lankhondo, anati: โPanali magulu ankhondo [ndi] zida mโmalo omangidwa ndi ozungulira, chotero mabomba anagwiritsiridwa ntchito kutulutsa chiwopsezo cha asilikali athu.โ
White Phosphorus
Boma likunena kuti limagwiritsa ntchito WP ku Iraq kokha kuyika zowonera utsi. "Sitigwiritsa ntchito phosphorous yoyera motsutsana ndi anthu wamba," Mlembi wa Chitetezo John Reid adatero. p>
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