Nkhani zanjala ku Venezuela zakhala zikuululidwa m'manyuzipepala ambiri padziko lonse lapansi m'zaka zaposachedwa. M'zaka zitatu zapitazi, malipoti ochulukirachulukira, nkhani zakutsogolo komanso zowonetsa zakhala zikuyang'ana kwambiri panjala yomwe imatchedwa "vuto lothandizira anthu ku Venezuela."
Nkhani yapadziko lonse ya ndawala imeneyi ndi ya dziko lomwe lili ndi njala yambiri. Malinga ndi lipoti laposachedwa kwambiri la UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), kwa chaka chachitatu motsatizana njala ikukulirakulira padziko lonse lapansi. Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe akudwala matenda osowa chakudya (osadya) chinawonjezeka kuchoka pa 804 miliyoni mu 2016 kufika pa 821 miliyoni mu 2017 ndipo izi zikupitirirabe, makamaka m'mayiko omwe muli mikangano. Mfundo yake ikuwoneka kuti: njala ndi nkhondo zimayendera limodzi ndipo anthu omwe ali pachiopsezo chachikulu ndi omwe amayamba kugunda.
Ku Venezuela, ngakhale kuti nkhaniyi ndi yachilendo, izi zakhala zomveka kwa zaka zambiri. Mu 1989, ndondomeko zosintha machitidwe a [Pulezidenti panthaลตiyo] Carlos Andrรฉs Pรฉrez ndi International Monetary Fund (IMF) zinamveketsa bwino zimenezi. Anthu zikwizikwi adadzuka poyankha [motsutsana ndi mfundozi], zomwe zinali kufunikira kwakukulu kwa chakudya ngati chimodzi mwamaufulu ofunika kwambiri.
Kuyambira nthaลตi imeneyo kumkabe mtsogolo, ndi kufika kwa [Hugo] Chรกvez ku mpando wa pulezidenti, kumenyana ndi njala kunakhala mchitidwe waukulu wa malamulo adziko. Kumanga dziko lopanda njala chinali cholinga cha aliyense, makamaka kwa iwo omwe zaka zapitazo adayika matupi awo pamzere pakuukira kwakukulu kwa 1989.
Momwemo, zopindulitsa zochititsa chidwi pakuthetsa njala zidazindikirika ndi FAO ndipo zidakhala zodziwika bwino pawailesi monga chitsanzo cha ufulu wa chakudya. FAO inazindikira zoyesayesa za Venezuela polimbana ndi njala, zomwe zinasintha kuchoka pa 14,1% mu 1990 kufika kuchepera 5% ya anthu mu 2015. (1)
Ofufuza ena azakudya amatsindika (2) kuti chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakuchita izi chinali kusokoneza mgwirizano pakati pa kuchuluka kwa ndalama ndi kupezeka kwa zinthu zopatsa mphamvu zomwe anthu amadya. Ubalewu ukuwonetsa kudalira kwa chakudya pazachuma ndipo, kuyambira mu 2002, mfundo zoperekera chakudya kumagulu a anthu omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa kwambiri adasokoneza ubalewu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ufulu wopeza chakudya udawonekera ngati chizolowezi chokhazikika kwa anthu aku Venezuela.
Tsopano, padutsa zaka zitatu kuchokera pamene mitengo yamafuta idatsika kuchokera ku US $ 100 mbiya koyambirira kwa 2014 mpaka pafupifupi US $ 40 koyambirira kwa 2015. Zaka zitatu zapitanso kuyambira pomwe zilango zoyamba motsutsana ndi Venezuela zidakhazikitsidwa ndi oyang'anira a Obama, kuyambira pomwe adalimbikitsidwa ndi boma la US lomwe lilipo pano. Zotsatira zake zakhala kuphatikiza kwazinthu ziwirizi ndi dongosolo lovuta kwambiri lazakudya zaku Venezuela, zomwe zimadalira zogulitsa kunja, zotsatiridwa kwambiri ndi zokonda zakumpoto komanso kutupa ndi kuchuluka kwamafuta kwazaka makumi angapo zapitazi. Pakalipano, ndipo ngakhale kuyesetsa konse, mphamvu zopezera chakudya zimadalira ndalama: omwe ali ndi ndalama zambiri amadya kwambiri.
Lipoti laposachedwa la FAO (3) lokhudza chitetezo cha chakudya padziko lonse lapansi ndi zakudya zopatsa thanzi likuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu osowa zakudya m'dzikoli pakati pa 2014-2016. Momwemonso, bungwe la International Food Policy Research Institute linanena kuti kuwonjezeka kwa Global Hunger Index (GHI) (4) kuchokera ku 9.3 mu 2008 kufika pa 13 mu 2017. ku Venezuela.
Kupitilira ziwerengerozi, chotsatira chowoneka bwino ndikuwonjezeka kwa anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo pankhaniyi. Masiku ano tili ndi anthu ambiri amene akuvutika ndi njala ku Venezuela, ndipo izi zikusonyeza bwino lomwe zimene Schiavoni (5) amati ndi โzandale za chakudya ku Venezuela.โ
Poyang'anizana ndi izi, mayankho omwe amawonekera kwambiri pawailesi yakanema, kumbali ina, ogulitsa zakudya zatsopano, omwe amadziwika ku Venezuela kuti bachaqueros, akatswiri pakugulitsanso zakudya zofunika monga ufa wa chimanga wophika kale pamitengo yongopeka komanso yosaloledwa, ndipo, ina, zomwe zimatchedwa zothandizira anthu zomwe zakhala zikukweza ndalama zomwe zimafika US $ 15,000, US $ 30,000 kapena US $ 65,000 kudzera m'mapulatifomu osiyanasiyana opezera ndalama. Ndalamazi zimachulukitsidwa ku Venezuela kutengera mtengo wosinthira womwe wakhazikitsidwa pamsika wofananira, chinthu chomwe sichiloledwa koma chokhazikika pazama TV. (6)
Mayankho onsewa amalimbikitsa moyipa lingaliro la chakudya ngati chinthu, choperekedwa kwa zachifundo kapena kungongoganizira chabe, koma ndi chinthu.
Ngakhale zili choncho, komanso popanda kufuna kuliza lipenga lathu, pulogalamu ya 2003 yabwereranso patsogolo pankhondo yolimbana ndi njala mโmatauni: nyumba za chakudya ( casas de alimentaciรณn ). Ndi udindo umene sunachitikepo n'kale lonse, lerolino ndi malo omenyera nkhondo mwachindunji ndi njala ya tsiku ndi tsiku komanso kutonthola kumene kunasiyidwa ndi mabodza aphokoso a chithandizo cha anthu.
Mkati mwa nyumba amayi amatsogolera ndewu
'Mukumva bwanji ndipo ndi tsiku liti?', Ili ndi funso loyamba lomwe ogwira ntchito amafunsa anyamata ndi atsikana ambiri omwe apezeka kuti akukhala m'misewu ndikubwera kudzafuna chakudya cham'mawa, nkhomaliro kapena zokhwasula-khwasula ku Mama Rosa (7 ) canteen ku Chacaรญto, Caracas. Kuyang'anira kulemera ndi kutalika kwa omwe amabwera kumachitika mwezi uliwonse ndipo ana amapatsidwa nyemba zakuda, mphodza, sardine kapena mazira monga gwero la mapuloteni, mpunga, pasta ndi arepas, ndi fororo monga zokhwasula-khwasula. (8)
Chinthu chokha chimene ana omwe amawonekera akuyenera kudzipereka ndikukhala tsiku lonse pansi pa chisamaliro cha aphunzitsi ndi ophika omwe amagwira ntchito pano kuti atulutse magulu a ana awa ku njala. Ambiri amachokera m'mabanja akuluakulu okhala ndi ana opitilira anayi, makamaka ochokera ku Valles del Tuy, dera lomwe lili ndi anthu ambiri m'boma la Miranda, kufupi ndi Caracas, kapena mayiko ena monga Apure.
Iyi ndi nyumba yodyeramo monga ena ambiri, koma ndi yosiyana chifukwa imakonda makamaka ana okhala m'misewu. Poyamba, anthu ambiri sankadziwa kugwiritsa ntchito mphanda. Masiku ano, zizoloลตezi zambiri zofunika zabwezeretsedwa, monga kusamba mโmanja, kudya mutakhala pansi ndi kulemekeza zakudya za anthu ena, analongosola motero Orianna, dokotala wa zantchito, mโkufunsidwa.
Idatsegulidwa mu Epulo 2018, ndipo m'miyezi 8 amakhala ndi ana pafupifupi 200. Nthaลตi zina, akwanitsa kugwirizanitsa ena mwa ana ameneลตa ndi mabanja awo, ambiri a iwo osamukira ku Venezuela, onse okhudzidwa ndi nkhondo [yachuma].
M'gawo la Caracas ku El Valle, Yasmila amayendetsa ntchito yophika buledi limodzi ndi banja lake ndikuwongolera nyumba ya chakudya ya Mama Rosa. Kuno amakhala okalamba 279, amayi apakati, ana ndi achinyamata omwe amakhala m'misewu. Ambiri mwa omwe amapindula ndi amuna akuluakulu, omwe amayi omwe amayendetsa nyumbayi amawatcha "agogo osiyidwa."
Chakudya chimaperekedwa masana ndipo anthu amakhala pamzere kuti asamukire ku canteen. Tsiku lililonse amayi ophika, omwe amavomereza nkhondoyi yolimbana ndi njala, amafunikira zakudya zotsatirazi: ma kilogalamu 24 a pasitala, ma kilo 15 a nyemba zakuda, makilo 7 a ufa wa chimanga wophikidwa kale, ma kilo 20 a fororo (8), 2 makilogalamu a mkaka, ma kilogalamu awiri a shuga, mabokosi 2 a sardine, ndi makilo 5 a mpunga. Zakudya izi zimaperekedwa ndi FUNDAPROAL (24), bungwe la boma lomwe limayang'anira nyumba zodyera.
Komabe, monga momwe mayi woyangโanira nyumbayi anandiuzira, nโzosakayikitsa kuti popanda thandizo la anthu ammudzi sitikanapita patsogolo pankhondo imeneyi. Kuti apeze anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lopeza chakudya, FUNDAPROAL ilowa m'mabungwe ammudzi monga ma communal councils ndi CLAP [Local Supply and Production Committees] kuti akawerenge anthu osowa. Kenako amatumizidwa ku nyumba za chakudya zimenezi kuti apeze chithandizo choyenera.
Chigawo chilichonse chimakhala ndi spoonfuls zazikulu zitatu (80-90 magalamu) a pasitala kapena mpunga, 2 spoonfuls nyemba zakuda, aing'ono arepa ndi galasi limodzi fororo. Miyezi iwiri iliyonse pamakhala kulamulira kulemera kwa anthu ndi kutalika kwake, ndipo akumwetulira pankhope yake Yasmila akusimba kuti 'agogo aamuna alemera'.
Mapulani akukonzekeranso kukhala ndi munda wamasamba pansi pa chisamaliro cha okalamba, kumene angathe kulima nkhaka, letesi, coriander, nyemba zakuda ndikuyesera dzanja lawo pa ulimi.
M'gawo la Caricuao ku Caracas, makamaka mumsewu wa Los Mangos, pali nyumba ina yazakudya yomwe yakhala ikugwira ntchito kwa miyezi iwiri tsopano. Pulogalamu yoyendetsayi imapereka nyumba zina za chakudya cham'deralo ndipo imakhala ndi anthu a 170-200, makamaka anyamata ndi atsikana monga omwe ali ku Chacaito, ambiri mwa iwo ndi ana othawa kwawo, komanso akuluakulu ndi olumala.
Menyu ndi yofanana ndi nyumba zina zomwe zatchulidwa, koma ndi kukhudza kwapadera. Amayi anayiwa amayamba kuphika nthawi ya 4 koloko kuti chakudya chikhale chokonzekera kubweretsa masana: chakudya cham'mawa, chamasana ndi zokhwasula-khwasula zopita zimapakidwa ndi kuperekedwa nthawi imodzi. Ma arepas ndi ma arepas okoma, ndipo mpunga kapena pasitala wokhala ndi nyemba zakuda ndizomwe zimadya kwambiri, pomwe nyemba nthawi zina zimasinthidwa ndi sardines, chicha kapena fororo (8).
Pano, amafunikira tsiku lililonse kuzungulira 7 mpaka 8 kilogalamu ya cornflour, 18 kilogalamu ya mpunga, 11 kilogalamu ya nyemba zakuda, 1 mpaka 1.5 kilogalamu ya mkaka ndi 20 kilogalamu ya pasitala. Pali kaundula watsiku ndi tsiku wa kaperekedwe ka chakudya ndipo nthawi ndi nthawi pamakhala kuyesetsa kuyeza kulemera ndi kukula kwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali.
Nyumba zimayikidwa pamapu: anthu amathamangitsa njala
Pakadali pano pali nyumba zodyeramo 3,103 mdziko lonselo. Pulogalamuyi idapangidwa ndi Chรกvez ku 2003, koma idayambitsidwanso pansi pa nkhondo [yachuma] yatsopanoyi. Pakadali pano, amakonda anthu 649,254 chifukwa cha khama la ogwira ntchito 15,115, makamaka amayi omwe asonkhana m'madera awo kuti achite zofunikira. Izi ndi zomwe mayi wina wotere, yemwe amati ndi sing'anga wodziwa za mankhwala azitsamba omwe amagawana nawo popereka mbale, adandiuza.
Ntchito zina zabwino zayambanso, monga malo ophika buledi ammudzi kapena minda ya ndiwo zamasamba kapena mapulogalamu azikhalidwe, ndipo mu Okutobala zoyesayesazi zidakhala ndi chilimbikitso chatsopano. Pansi pa mawu akuti 'kudyetsa dziko', ndondomeko yatsopano yopewera zakudya, chitetezo ndi mikangano, ndi njira yophatikiza zakudya, chisamaliro chokwanira ndi mankhwala achilengedwe, inaperekedwa. Izi zikuyang'ana pamlingo waukulu, ndi nkhani yokhudza makhonsolo ammudzi, ma communes ndi Homes of the Patria scheme mu kampeni iyi yomwe, pamapeto pake, ikukhudza kuchotsa zakudya ndi matupi.
Zakudya zaumunthu m'malo mochita nkhanza
Kuchitira nkhanza kumawoneka ngati ndondomeko yomwe imadutsa zizindikiro za macroeconomic ndi malamulo a chilango. Kuzunza osauka, kuchitira nkhanza anthu omwe adasonkhana mosatopa ku Venezuela m'zaka makumi awiri zapitazi chifukwa cha njala, omwe adavutika ndi zovuta zaka mazana ambiri. Ichi chikuwoneka ngati ndondomeko yopangidwa bwino yomwe imasokoneza mbadwo wa ana omwe amataya nthawi yawo ndi umunthu chifukwa cha njala. Poyang'anizana ndi izi, kusonkhanitsa kotchuka kumeneku, kuchokera pansi ndi kuchokera ku barrio, akulimbana ndi nkhondo yovutayi, gilamu imodzi panthawiyo, motsutsana ndi nkhondo ya njala.
Ndithudi pali kukambitsirana kwakukulu pa zotsutsana zomwe zikusoweka apa, koma chimene chikusonkhezera lemba ili ndi phunziro la mphika uliwonse wokonzedwa mโnyumba zodyeramo. Titha kulimbana ndi ndawala yoyambitsa njalayi ndi ulemu ndi kudziyimira pawokha, osati kuchokera kumayendedwe onyenga a chithandizo cha anthu omwe mpaka lero sanapambanepo nkhondo, ndipo izi ndizofunika kwambiri: kupambana nkhondoyi.
Chifukwa chake mgwirizano uyenera kuyimilira ndikuwerengedwa, ndipo chochitika ichi cha nyumba zodyera ku Venezuela yamasiku ano mosakayika chimayitanitsa mwamphamvu kuti kulimbikitsa ufulu wazakudya kuti agwirizane pankhondo iyi, nkhondo yomwe amayi omwe amaphika tsiku ndi tsiku amadziwa bwino komanso momwe amagwirira ntchito. chinsinsi cha chigonjetso.
zolemba
(1) Kuti FAO izindikire onani Pano ndi Pano.
(2) Ablan, E. y Abreu, E. (1999). Pulogalamu yolemeretsa ufa wa phala ku Venezuela: Zina zimachitika pakuchepa kwa mphamvu zogulira chakudya. Ndondomeko ya chakudya, 24 (4), 443-458.
(3) Lipoti likupezeka Pano.
(4) The Global Hunger Index (GHI) imachokera ku zizindikiro zingapo za chiwerengero cha anthu omwe ali ndi vuto loperewera zakudya m'thupi, imfa, komanso kukula kwapang'onopang'ono ndi kusowa kwa zakudya m'thupi mwa ana.
(5) Schiavoni. M., C. (2016): Malo omwe akutsutsidwa pakupanga ufulu wodzilamulira wa chakudya: kutsata mbiri yakale, yaubale komanso yolumikizana, The Journal of Peasant Studies.
(6) Kuti muwone zitsanzo zina, onani maulalo otsatirawa: https://www.gofundme.com/manosalaobraporvenezuela
https://www.gofundme.com/GOTICASDEESPERANZA
https://www.gofundme.com/j4aa8help-the-children-of-venezuela
https://www.gofundme.com/Venezuela-Muere-de-Hambre-AYUDANOS-A-AYUDAR
(7) Pulogalamu ya nyumba ya chakudya ya Mama Rosa idapangidwa chaka chino ngati yankho la kusowa kwa chakudya komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha nkhondo pamagulu osauka kwambiri a anthu. Nyumba zachakudyazo zili m'maparishi omwe akhazikitsidwa ndi Unduna wa Ma Communes ndi gulu la Somos Venezuela. M'makantini awa mulinso ndondomeko yosamalira bwino yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi gulu la akatswiri: madokotala, akatswiri a zakudya, akatswiri a maganizo, aphunzitsi, ogwira ntchito zachitukuko.
(8) Mtanthauzira mawu waku Venezuelan chakudya: ma carotas ndi nyemba zakuda, arepas ndi patties zopangidwa kuchokera ku cornflour, ndipo fororo ndi chicha ndi zakumwa zopatsa thanzi zopangidwa kuchokera ku chimanga chokazinga ndi mpunga, motsatana.
(9) The Foundational Programme of Strategic Food (Fundaproal) inakhazikitsidwa pa June 23, 2003. Bungweli likuyang'anira kusamalira anthu omwe ali pachiopsezo.
Ana Felicien ndi womenyera ufulu wodziyimira pawokha pazakudya, komanso membala wa Venezuela Free from Transgenics and Peoples' Seeds project.
Wotanthauziridwa ndi Ricardo Vaz ku Venezuelanalysis.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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Nkhani yabwino, yodabwitsa bwanji. Zikomo kwambiri pogawana nawo. Nthaลตi ina ndinapita ku Venezuela kuti ndikadzionere ndekha mkhalidwe umenewu. Panthawiyo ndinali kukhala mโdziko lina la Latin America ndipo Hugo Chavez anali adakali pulezidenti. Ndinachita chidwi kwambiri ndipo ndinayendera โamishonaleโ ena a maphunziro ndi thanzi. Ndinapezanso chihema chachikulu chokhala ndi antchito a boma omwe ankathandiza nzika kupeza zikalata zosiyanasiyana zofunika pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Zinachitidwa ndi luso komanso maganizo abwino. Palibe chonga ichi, ndithudi, chilipo ku US Pamene tili ndi maofesi ndi maofesi, tilinso ndi khama lalikulu lolamulira anthu, zigawo za gerrymander, ndikuletsa ufulu wovota!
Ife kuno ku US timafunikira zolemba zambiri zotere kuti tilowe muzosefukira za zidutswa zoyipa zomwe zimadzaza atolankhani athu okhudza Venezuela ndi mayiko ena ambiri. Pokhapokha ngati wina achitapo kanthu, ndipo ndi kutsimikiza mtima kwina, timakhala opanda chidziwitso ndi kukondera.
Apanso, zikomo ZNET!