Pamene gulu la mabwato okwana 44 odzaza ndi ma Tamil 300 aku Sri Lankan - ndi kagulu kakang'ono ka omenyera ufulu, atolankhani ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo - adanyalanyaza zomwe gulu lankhondo lankhondo lidalamula ndikunyamuka kupita ku nyumba zawo zakale pachilumba cholandidwa ndi asitikali apamadzi cha Iranaitheevu, sanachitepo kanthu. ndikuganiza iwo akanapanga icho mu chidutswa chimodzi.
โTinachita mantha kwambiri,โ anatero Elisabeth, mmodzi wa akazi amene anathandiza kulinganiza ntchitoyo.
Ngakhale zinali choncho, ankayembekezera kuti asilikali apanyanjawo aziwalepheretsa kuima pa mabwato awo pachilumbachi. Choipa kwambiri, komanso chotheka, chinali gulu lankhondo la pamadzi lomwe lidawombera ndipo ngakhale kupha ena a iwo. Ndi iko komwe, ilo linatha zaka 26 zapitazo likuwaletsa kubwerera ku chisumbu chawo.
Zomwe sanayembekezere m'mawa wonyamuka pa Epulo 23 - pomwe akuluakulu apanyanja ndi asitikali adasefukira padoko ndikujambula zomwe akukonzekera - sizinawatsutse atafika.
Pafupifupi miyezi itatu pambuyo pake, anthu 100 ammudzi adabwereranso pachilumbachi. Pambuyo pa zaka XNUMX za kusamuka kwawo, ayamba kumanganso tawuni yomwe inali itanyalanyazidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, yosakazidwa ndi nkhondo.
Chipambano chawo sichinali chotulukapo mwamwayi, kapenanso asitikali apanyanja anali ndi kusintha kwadzidzidzi. M'malo mwake, gulu la amayi ochokera m'deralo lidapanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira yopanda chiwawa yomwe ikufanana kwambiri ndi njira zomwe akatswiri oteteza mtendere m'madera akumenyana padziko lonse lapansi.
Dziko lotenthedwa
Nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Sri Lanka - yomwe idamenyedwa pakati pa maboma ambiri olamulidwa ndi Sinhala ndi gulu laling'ono lodzipatula, Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, kapena LTTE - idawononga Iranaitheevu mu 1992, kukakamiza nzika zake zonse 650 kuthawira kumtunda. Anatha zaka 17 akuthawa kwawo nthawi zonse, akusamukira kumadera osiyanasiyana kumpoto kwa Sri Lanka kuti apewe kumenyana.
Nkhondoyi inatha mโchaka cha 2009 boma litakhazikitsa lamulo loletsa kuwononga dziko. Idaphulitsa zipatala, magawo othandizira komanso madera opanda moto m'gawo la LTTE kuti apambane nkhondo. A LTTE, panthawiyi, anakana kulola anthu wamba kuthawa, poyesera zopanda pake kuwagwiritsa ntchito ngati zishango za anthu. Gulu la Iraniatheevu linali m'gulu la anthu wamba 350,000 omwe adagwidwa pakati.
Nkhondoyo itatha - poyesa kuchotsa anthu onse omwe angakhale otsalira a LTTE - boma linatsekereza gulu la Iranaitheevu ndi anthu wamba otsala omwe anali m'misasa yodzaza anthu, yomwe inali yodzaza ndi kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu, kuphatikizapo nkhanza za kugonana ndi kuzunzidwa. Boma litatulutsa anthu ammudzi wa Iranatheevu m'misasa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi pambuyo pake, adayembekezera kubwerera kwawo. Mโmalo mwake, anapeza gulu lankhondo la pamadzi lidakali pa chisumbu chawo ndipo analibe malingaliro ochoka.
Anthu a mโderali adagwira nawo ntchito yolimbikitsa ndale kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zotsatira, koma sanachite bwino pokopa boma kuti liwalole kubwerera. Mu Meyi 2017, adayamba kuchita ziwonetsero mosalekeza kunja kwa tchalitchi ku Iranaimaatha Nagar, tawuni yadoko komanso imodzi mwamalo oyandikira kwambiri ku Iranaitheevu. Anthu ammudzi amatha kusinthana masinthidwe, kuwonetsetsa kuti osachepera ochepa ochita ziwonetsero nthawi zonse amakhala patchalitchi, atanyamula zikwangwani zonena kuti "masulani dziko lathu," komanso zikuwonetsa masiku angati omwe akhala akuchita ziwonetsero.
Komabe, gulu la amayi - lodziwika kuti Iranaitheevu Women's Development Society, kapena WDS - posakhalitsa adayamba kukayikira kuti ziwonetserozo sizingagwirenso ntchito. Sanaganize - monga gulu laling'ono losakhudzidwa kudera lakutali la kumpoto kwa Sri Lanka - kuti zionetsero zamwambo zitha kukakamiza boma kuti lichite zomwe akufuna. Anthu ena othawa kwawo ankachita zionetsero zofanana ndi zimenezi, ndipo ambiri sanachite bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, Iranaitheevu ali pamalo abwino ankhondo m'mbali mwa Palk Strait, asitikali apamadzi akuwoneka kuti akuumirira kuti apitirizebe kuwongolera chilumbachi.
Ngakhale kuti anthu ammudzi sanasiye kuchita zionetsero, a WDS anayamba nthawi imodzi kukonzekera njira ina yoti abwerere - yomwe sichinali chodalira chilolezo cha boma kapena chilolezo cha asilikali apamadzi. Zinawatengera pafupifupi chaka kuti akonzekere njira yawo ndi kulimba mtima kuti aichite.
Momwe mungagonjetsere gulu lankhondo popanda chiwawa
Azimayiwo anali ndi chidaliro kuti atha kukonza zokonzekera kubwerera kwawo - popeza amuna ambiri m'derali ndi asodzi ndipo anali ndi mabwato oyenda mtunda wa makilomita 13 kuchokera kumtunda kupita ku Iranaitheevu. Chovuta kwambiri chinali kupeza momwe angatsimikizire kuti asitikali apanyanja sakuwaukira panjira.
Ngati akanayesa kubwerera okha, ankaopa kuti asilikali apamadzi abwezera. Akanakhala kudera lakutali popanda mboni. Zikanakhala zosavuta kuti asilikali apanyanja apulumuke kulimbana ndi anthu wamba opanda zida.
Poganizira zimenezo, a WDS anayamba kufufuza gulu la mboni zimene zikanatha kutsagana nawo pachilumbachi. Panthaลตi imodzimodziyo, mboni zimenezi sizingakhale aliyense. Amayenera kupereka chikoka ndi ulemu wina - mwanjira imeneyo zotsatira za kubwezera zingachuluke kwambiri ndipo mwina zingalepheretse asilikali apanyanja kuti ayambe kuchita zachiwawa.
Pofufuza mboni zodziwika bwino, a WDS adalemba anthu omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe (omwe anganene za machitidwe a gulu lankhondo lankhondo), atsogoleri achipembedzo (omwe adabweretsa ulamuliro wamakhalidwe) ndi atolankhani, kuphatikiza gulu lamakamera (omwe angalembe zochitika zonse kuti zitheke. akhoza kugawidwa ndi dziko lakunja).
Ndi zomwe adasamaliridwa, adatembenukira kukupanga mawonekedwe a chochitikacho. Choyamba, pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti asilikali apanyanja sanganene kuti akufuna kudziteteza, anamanga mbendera zoyera pa boti lililonse, kusonyeza kuti alibe zida. Kenako anapanga zikwangwani zokhala ndi mawu akuti โmasulani dziko la Iranaitheevu kuti akhazikikenso,โ kuonetsetsa kuti akugwiritsa ntchito zilembo zazikulu ndi zinenero zonse zitatu za ku Sri Lanka. Ndipo akamayenda, ankaonetsetsa kuti mbendera ndi zizindikilo zikuonekera bwino kuti asilikali apanyanja asasokoneze zolinga zawo.
Anthu a mโmudziwo atatsikira ku Iranaitheevu, anakumana ndi asitikali apamadzi atatu odabwa, omwe anawafunsa zolinga zawo. Mโmodzi mwa ansembewo analankhula, atapatsidwa udindo wokambilana, chifukwa cha ubale wake womwe unalipo kale ndi gulu lankhondo la pamadzi. Mwaulemu, koma molimba mtima - komanso makamera akadali akuzungulira - adauza apolisiwo kuti anthu aku Iranaitheevu akubwerera m'nyumba zawo, ndipo sangawalepheretse.
Posakonzekera kuyankha, akuluakulu a pamadzi aja anabwerera nโkunena kuti afunsa akuluakulu a asilikali apamadzi.
Panthawiyo, anthu ammudzi anazindikira kuti zapambana.
โAnalira misozi yachisangalalo, ndipo anathamangira mโtchalitchimo nโkuyamba kuimba nyimbo zanyimbo,โ anatero sisitere amene anatsagana nawo ndipo sanatchule dzina.
Asilikali apamadzi sanachitepo chilichonse choyesa kuthamangitsa anthu aku Iranaitheevu pachilumbachi.
M'malo mwake, patatha milungu itatu, boma linapereka chilolezo kwa akuluakulu a m'deralo kuti apitirize, kusiya ntchito yawo ya kotala XNUMX yowaletsa kuti asachoke ku malo awo.
Sayansi ya chitetezo chamthupi
Ngakhale kupambana koteroko kungawoneke ngati kosatheka kapena ngakhale kwamwayi - chifukwa cha zoopsa zomwe zimakhudzidwa - WDS idagwiritsa ntchito njira yomwe idapangidwa ndikulemekezedwa ndi oteteza mtendere. Mchitidwewu umatchedwa kuti chitetezo, umaphatikizapo kuika munthu wina wolemekezeka kuti awonekere pafupi ndi anthu wamba omwe ali pachiwopsezo kuti alepheretse omwe angachite zachiwawa.
Njirayi ndi yothandiza chifukwa imabweretsa zotsatira zosavomerezeka pochita zachiwawa - potengera zomwe zimachitika komanso kusagwirizana ndi anthu. Mofananamo, nkhanza za mโbanja nโzofala kwambiri mโnyumba kusiyana ndi mโmalo ogulitsira zinthu, osati kokha chifukwa chakuti olakwawo akufuna kupeลตa zotsatira zalamulo, komanso chifukwa chakuti safuna kuti ogula enawo aziganiza kuti ndi oipa. Kuperekeza chitetezo, makamaka, kumapangitsa anthu wamba omwe ali pachiwopsezo kukhala otetezeka posintha malo awo kukhala malo ogulitsira.
Kafukufuku mu psychology ya chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi minyewa amathandizanso kufotokoza chifukwa chake kutsagana ndi chitetezo kumakhala kothandiza poletsa chiwawa: Ubongo wamunthu umalumikizidwa kuti usinthe machitidwe kuti apewe kunyansidwa ndi anthu akawona kuti akuwonedwa ndi wina. Akatswiri ena a sayansi ya zamoyo apeza kuti chizoloลตezi chimenechi kwenikweni chinachokera ku chisinthiko, popeza kuti makolo athu ankadalira kugwirizana kwa anthu kuti apulumuke.
Zikuoneka kuti yankho limeneli lakhazikika kwambiri moti ngakhale chinyengo choonedwa chimachititsa kuti anthu azigwirizana kwambiri. Kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana mโmaiko osiyanasiyana asonyeza kuti kuika zithunzi za maso mโmalo ofunika kwambiri kungalepheretse kuba panjinga, kusonkhezera oima pafupi kutolera zinyalala ndi kulimbikitsa anthu kupereka zopereka.
Mabungwe apadera oteteza mtendere monga Nonviolent Peaceforce ndi Peace Brigades International, amapereka chithandizo kwa magulu a anthu wamba omwe akuwunikiridwa mwachindunji ndi magulu ankhondo, amayi omwe ali m'malo omenyera nkhondo omwe ali pachiwopsezo chogwiriridwa ndi omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe omwe ali pachiwopsezo ntchito.
Iranaitheevu ikuwoneka ngati njira yapadera yothandizirana ndi chitetezo, pomwe WDS idalemba alonda awo amtendere, pomwe akukonzekera ndikuwongolera ntchito yonseyo. Ngakhale kuti nkhani yawo ndi yodabwitsa, akatswiri a ndale monga Casey Barrs ndi Oliver Kaplan apeza zimenezo madera omwe akhudzidwa ndi mikangano nthawi zambiri amapanga njira zapamwamba zodzitetezera, ambiri a iwo ali ogwirizana kwambiri ndi kusunga mtendere kwa anthu wamba.
Komabe, kaลตirikaลตiri zochita zoterozo zimanyalanyazidwa. Pamene njira zodzitetezera zikuyenda bwino, anthu savulazidwa, ndipo zotsatira zake zingawonekere kukhala zocheperapo kusiyana ndi zachiwawa.
Timakamba nkhani za chiwawa ndi nkhanza pofuna kuti zisadzachitike m'tsogolomu, nthawi zambiri mogwirizana ndi mawu akuti "sipadzakhalanso". Koma kuti tipewe ziwawa, tiyeneranso kunena nkhani zomwe chiwawa sichinachitike - chifukwa ndi nkhani zomwe zimatipatsa chitsogozo choti "zisadzachitikenso".
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