Ukwati wamasika m'mudzi wa Al-Raqah kumpoto kwa Yemen unachitika April 2018, mphindi yotsitsimula ku chipwirikiti ndi chiwonongeko cha dziko lankhondo limenelo, mphindi yokondwerera moyo, chikondi, ndi kubadwa kwa banja latsopano. Kuchokera mโmatenti omwe anamangidwa kuti achitire mwambowo, nyimbo zinkasefukira mโmudzimo ndipo, monganso paukwati uliwonse wabwino, kuvina kosangalatsa kunali mbali yaikulu ya zikondwererozo.
Mosadziลตa kwa alendowo, nyimbozo zinabisa kulira kwa ndege yankhondo pamwamba pake. Mwadzidzidzi, muzochitika zowopsya, magulu ankhondo otsogozedwa ndi Saudi adayambitsa ndege yakupha ndipo mkwati wa zaka 20 Yahya Ja'afar ukwati unasinthidwa kukhala malo opha anthu. Atagontha ndi kuphulikako, alendowo mwamantha anafunafuna okondedwa awo mu nyanja ya chisokonezo ndi ziwalo za thupi. Mu kunena chithunzi, nkhata zamaluwa zamaluwa zomwe anthu okondwerera amavala zili pamwamba pa bwinja. Osachepera 20 omangirira ukwati adataya miyoyo yawo kumgwirizano wotsogozedwa ndi Saudi tsopano wazaka zinayi zakubadwa mdzikolo.
Posakhalitsa, media malipoti adazindikira kuti bombalo ndi lopangidwa ku America - GBU-12 Paveway II yolumikizidwa ndi Raytheon, m'modzi mwa makontrakitala akuluakulu achitetezo ku Pentagon. Tsoka ngati izi, komabe, sizinalepheretse Purezidenti Trump kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi veto mphamvu pa Epulo 16 kukana chigamulo chomwe Congress idapereka kuti ithetse kulowererapo kwa America pankhondo ya Yemeni. Komanso sanatengere ma Republican ambiri ku Congress kuti agwiritse ntchito kudutsa mphamvu kupha veto pa Meyi 2nd. Kupatula apo, kwa ambiri ochita zisudzo ku Washington, masoka oterowo, ngakhale owononga, ndi gawo la bizinesi yopindulitsa kwambiri.
Mwachiwonekere, izi ndizochitika kwa makampani achitetezo aku America omwe akhala akupereka zida ndi zida zamitundu yonse ku Saudi Arabia ndi United Arab Emirates (UAE) pankhondo yawo yomwe ikupitilira. Koma sizili chonchonso kwa magulu okopa anthu omwe amawayimira pang'ono. Mu 2018, makampani opitilira khumi ndi awiriwa anali kugwira ntchito m'malo mwa Saudis kapena Emiratis, pomwe amaperekanso ntchito zawo kwa makontrakitala achitetezo omwe zida zawo zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pankhondoyi.
Zitsanzo ziwiri zodziwika bwino zamakampani okopa omwe ali ndi gawo lalikulu pankhondo ya Yemen ndi McKeon Group ndi American Defense International (ADI). Makampani onsewa akwanitsa kuyimira opanga zida zamphamvu kwambiri ku US komanso Saudi Arabia ndi United Arab Emirates. Njira yokopayi, yomwe imawalola kukhutiritsa makasitomala angapo nthawi imodzi - makontrakitala ofunitsitsa kupeza zida zankhondo ndi maulamuliro akunja omwe amadalira thandizo lazandale ndi asitikali aku America - adathandizira kwambiri kuti United States ikhazikike mkangano wa Yemen.
Chitsanzo Chokopa Kuti Mupindule kuchokera ku Yemen
Ukwati wa Yahya Ja'afar ukuwonetsa zosokoneza chitsanzo. Malipoti akuwonetsa kuti, pamasamba ambiri aku Saudi-UAE airstrikes ku Yemen, umboni wa zida zopangidwa ndi makontrakitala akuluakulu anayi achitetezo aku America - Lockheed Martin, Boeing, General Dynamics, ndi Raytheon - akupezeka. Makampani anayiwa akuyimira omwe amapereka zida zazikulu kwambiri ku mgwirizano wa Saudi ndi UAE ndipo awononga madola mamiliyoni ambiri pokopa anthu kuti apitirizebe kuthandizidwa ndi ndale ku Washington. Gulu lawo lankhondo lolandirira anthu limagwira ntchito molimbika pa Phiri, kupeza misonkhano ndi akuluakulu akuluakulu a makomiti akuluakulu a congressional kuti alimbikitse ndikukakamiza kugulitsa zida zankhondo.
Mu 2018, malinga ndi tsamba la Lobbying Disclosure Act, lomwe limapereka zambiri zamabizinesi ndi makasitomala awo apakhomo, Boeing. ndagwiritsa ntchito $ 15 milioni pa lobbyists, Lockheed Martin $ Miliyoni 13.2, General Dynamics $ Miliyoni 11.9, ndi Raytheon $ Miliyoni 4.4. Ngakhale izi zitha kuwoneka ngati ndalama zochulukirachulukira, zowonongera zotere zabweretsa phindu lodabwitsa pazachuma kudzera pakugulitsa zida kwa Saudis ndi Emiratis. Lipoti lofalitsidwa ndi Center for International Policy chaka chatha linanena kuti makampani oterowo ndi ena onga iwo anagulitsa zida za $4.5 biliyoni kwa Saudi Arabia ndi $ 1.2 biliyoni ku United Arab Emirates mu 2018 yokha. Ndipo pamtima pa intaneti iyi yandalama ndi makampani ngati ADI ndi McKeon Gulu omwe amapeza phindu kwa opanga zida komanso opanga nkhondo.
Motsogozedwa ndi wakale wa Republican congressman komanso wapampando wa House Armed Services Committee Howard "Buck" McKeon, Gulu la McKeon lamira kawiri mu "nkhondo yoyiwalika" iyi kwa zaka zitatu tsopano. Kupatula apo, kampaniyo imayimira ambiri mwa iwo ogulitsa kwambiri zida ndi zida, kuphatikiza Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, Orbital ATK, MBDA, ndi L3 Technologies, komanso Saudi Arabia. Mwanjira ina, Gulu la McKeon limalimbikitsa makina andale aku Washington kwa ogulitsa ndi ogula.
Kuyambira masiku ake oyambirira ku Nyumbayi, Buck McKeon wakhala akugwirizana ndi chitetezo cha US. Njira yake yolowera ndi kutuluka mu Congress imapereka, makamaka, chitsanzo chabwino cha zomwe Washington yankhondo ndi mafakitale "khomo lozungulira" likuwoneka. Kuchokera ku 1991 mpaka 2014, zaka zomwe adagwira mpando wachigawo cha 25 ku California, McKeon. analandira zopereka za kampeni zokwana $192,900 kuchokera kwa Lockheed Martin ndi $190,200 kuchokera ku Northrop Grumman. Makampani awiriwa panthawiyo anali omwe adathandizira kwambiri kampeni yake ndipo tsopano ndi makasitomala ake. Momwemonso, adapititsa patsogolo zofuna zawo mkati mwa Congress, makamaka ngati wapampando wamphamvu wa Komiti ya Armed Services, ndipo tsopano akuchita zomwezo kuchokera kunja monga wothandizira wamkulu. Kampani yake imalandira chosungira pachaka cha $190,000 kuchokera ku Lockheed Martin ndi $110,000 kuchokera ku Northrop Grumman chifukwa cha zoyesayesa zake pa Phiri. Mu 2018 yokha, kwenikweni, kampaniyo idachita zambiri $1,697,000 kuchokera ku 10 mwa makontrakitala akuluakulu a chitetezo kupita, mwa zolinga zina, kupitiriza kuyenda kwa zida kupita ku Saudi Arabia.
Nthawi yomweyo, McKeon ndi kampani yake amagwiranso ntchito mwachindunji ku Saudi Arabia, yomwe imangopezeka kuti ndi imodzi mwa ogula kwambiri akunja a Lockheed Martin ndi Northrop Grumman zida. Zolemba za Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA) zikuwonetsa kuti, chaka chatha, Gulu la McKeon linali. analipira $920,148.21 by Ufumu ndikuchita nawo ndale zankhanza ku Congress motsutsana ndi ngongole zomwe zikanasokoneza malonda a zida za US ndi Saudis. Koposa zonse, panali S.J. 54, Chigamulo cha Yemen chothandizidwa ndi Senator Bernie Sanders (I-VT) ndi Senator Mike Lee (R-UT), amatanthauza kuthetsa kulowererapo kwa America pankhondoyi. Zolemba za FARA zikuwonetsa kuti kampaniyo idayimba mafoni angapo ndikutumiza maimelo angapo kwa mamembala a Senate ndi Nyumba pomwe mavoti akuluakulu akuyandikira. Makamaka, pa November 14, 2018, ndendende masabata awiri kuti chisankho chichitike, a McKeon Group adalumikizana ndi Senator wa Oklahoma Republican Jim Inhofe, wapampando wapano wa Komiti ya Armed Services, m'malo mwa Saudis. Ofesi ya congressional ya Inhofe idayitanidwa "kokhudzana ndi KSA [Kingdom of Saudi Arabia]" komanso pa Novembara 29, tsiku lotsatira voti, "za S.J. Res. 54.โ Pa 14, kampaniyo idaperekanso a $1,000 chopereka kwa Senator. Pomaliza, Inhofe adavota m'malo opitilira thandizo lankhondo kwa a Saudis, osakhumudwitsidwa ndi anthu masauzande ambiri omwe adaphedwa ndi nkhondoyi.
Gulu la McKeon likachita bwino kupititsa patsogolo zolinga za Saudis ndi zida zazikulu zopanga zida ku Washington, zimatsimikizira kufunika kwake ndikulandira chipukuta misozi. Ndipo palibe, kuphatikizapo kupha Washington Post wolemba nkhani Jamal Khashoggi mu kazembe wa Saudi ku Istanbul kapena kupitiliza malipoti okhudza nkhondo yankhanza ya dzikolo ndi kutsekereza ku Yemen, zomwe zasiya anthu ambiri aku Yemeni atafa, kapena m'mphepete mwa, Njala, adayimitsa Buck McKeon ndi kampani yake kuti apitirize kukulitsa ntchito zawo zokopa anthu.
Ponena za American Defense International, idalowanso kawiri pankhondo ya Yemen. Imaimiranso chochititsa chidwi mndandanda ya makontrakitala achitetezo, kuphatikiza Raytheon, General Dynamics, Northrop Grumman, L3 Technologies, ndi General Atomics - komanso United Arab Emirates, membala wamgwirizano wankhondo waku Saudi yemwe nthawi zambiri amayenda pansi pa media radar.
Panthawi yodzaza ndi malipoti owopsa a imfa, njala, ndi chiwonongeko ku Yemen, okopa alendo a ADI adakhala masiku awo movutikira kupititsa patsogolo zofuna za Emirati ndi makasitomala awo achitetezo. Mwachitsanzo, FARA malipoti kuwulula kuti, mu Seputembala 2018, ADI adayimbira ofesi ya Senator wa New Mexico Democratic Senator Martin Heinrich, membala wa Komiti ya Armed Services, m'malo mwa kazembe wa UAE ku Washington. Zokambiranazo, malinga ndi FARA, zidayang'ana kwambiri za "zochitika ku Yemen" ndi "Paveway kugulitsa ku UAE" - mwa kuyankhula kwina, pa malonda a mtundu womwewo wa bomba la Raytheon lomwe linatembenuza ukwati wa Yahya Ja'afar kukhala malo a kuwukira koopsa kwa ndege. FARA zojambula zikuwonetsanso, mwachitsanzo, kuti m'mwezi womwewo, ADI idakumana ndi mlangizi wamalamulo ku Louisiana Republican Congressman Steve Scalise kuti athandizire motsutsana ndi chigamulo cha Congress pa Yemen. Kwa izi ndi zoyeserera zofananira, a UAE anapitiriza kupompa $45,000 pamwezi mu ADI. Nthawi yomweyo, kukopa kotereku kunapindulitsanso kasitomala wina wa kampaniyo: Raytheon. Wopanga mabomba a Paveway adalipira ADI $120,000 mu 2018.
Kwa makampani monga American Defense International ndi McKeon Group, nkhondo ndi nkhani ya phindu ndi makasitomala ndi zina zochepa.
Tsogolo Losatsimikizika la Yemen
Veto ya Purezidenti Trump yachigamulo chothetsa kuthandizira kwa America ku mgwirizano wa Saudi-UAE ku Yemen ndi kulephera kwa Congress kugonjetsa (motsutsana ndi zofuna za ambiri Anthu aku America), pakadali pano, adasiya zovala zokopa anthu ngati McKeon Gulu ndi ADI pampando woyendetsa. Veto imeneyo, pambuyo pa zonse, idawonetseratu kuti, kwa a Donald Trump ndi ma Republican ambiri aku Republican, moyo wabwino wa banja lachifumu la Saudi ndi makontrakitala oteteza chitetezo ndizofunikira kwambiri kuposa basi yonyamula ana asukulu yomwe idawonongedwa ndi laser motsogozedwa. bomba la MK-82 zopangidwa ndi Lockheed Martin; kuti moyo wa Raytheon ndiwofunika kwambiri kuposa banja lomwe likuyenda pagalimoto yawo yogundidwa ndi a GBU-12 bomba lotsogozedwa ndi laser lopangidwa ndi kampani yomweyi; kuti phindu la makontrakitala odzitetezera ndilofunika kwambiri kuposa miyoyo ya amuna, akazi, ndi ana omwe anali pamsika ku Yemen masana abata mu March 2016, pamene wina bomba la MK-82 anapha anthu osachepera 80 a iwo.
Kuphatikiza pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza pakuwombera kwa ndege komwe kwapha anthu wamba, zida zankhondo zaku America zalowanso m'manja mwa mabungwe azigawenga ku Yemen. malipoti zikuwonetsa kuti zida zomwe makampani monga Lockheed Martin ndi Raytheon akugulitsa kwa Saudis ndi Emiratis, nthawi zina, zabedwa kapena kugulitsidwa ku mabungwe omwe amagwirizana nawo. al-Qaeda ku Arab Peninsula, zida zomwe tsiku lina zingagwiritsidwe ntchito polimbana ndi asilikali a U.S.
Lero, ndi chisankho cha Purezidenti ndi Congress kulephera kuwongolera, mgwirizano wa Saudi-UAE, makontrakitala achitetezo aku US, ndi othandizira awo aku America, makamaka, apatsidwa kuwala kobiriwira kuti apitilize ndi bizinesi yomwe imawerengera imfa zosalakwa za Yemenis ngati. mtengo wochitira bizinesi. Chikhalirechobe, ngakhale kuti nkhondo inanso yatayika mโnkhondo yapanyumba imeneyo, kutsutsa nkhondoyo sikunatsitsidwebe mโvumbi lambiri. Mamembala ena a Congress akufunabe njira zatsopano za kuthana ndi vuto, kuphatikizapo kuthekera kwa kubweza Kutenga nawo mbali kwa America kunkhondo komanso kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu komwe kumapita nawo.
Mwachiwonekere, pali mwayi wotumiza uthenga woti Saudi Arabia ndi United Arab Emirates sangathenso kulemba macheke ku makampani okopa anthu monga McKeon Group ndi ADI kuti agule chikoka ndikuwonetsetsa kuti andale aku America akuyang'ana njira ina. Tsiku lina mwina dziko la United States silidzadzilolanso kukhala lokhudzidwa ndi masoka monga ukwati wa Yahya Jaโafar umene umatha ndi malo abwinja ndi zotsalira za bomba la ku America.
Mashal Hashem ndi James Allen ndi othandizana nawo kafukufuku ndi Foreign Influence Transparency Initiative pa Center for International Policy.
Nkhaniyi idawonekera koyamba pa TomDispatch.com, tsamba lawebusayiti la Nation Institute, lomwe limapereka kusuntha kwazinthu zina, nkhani, ndi malingaliro kuchokera kwa Tom Engelhardt, mkonzi wanthawi yayitali pakusindikiza, woyambitsa nawo American Empire Project, wolemba Mapeto a Chikhalidwe Chopambana, monga buku, The Last Days of Publishing. Buku lake laposachedwa ndi A Nation Unmade By War (Mabuku a Haymarket).
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