Ganizirani izi ngati fanizo la nthawi zachuma zino. Pa Epulo 19, McDonald's idakhazikitsa tsiku loyamba lolemba ntchito mdziko lonse, ndikulembetsa antchito atsopano 62,000 m'masitolo m'dziko lonselo. Mwa zina, ndizo ntchito zambiri zomwe kampani imodzi idapanga mu tsiku limodzi kuposa kupanga ntchito kwachuma chonse cha US mu 2009. Ndipo ngati izi zikusokoneza malingaliro, taganizirani kuchuluka kwa antchito omwe adagwiritsa ntchito ndalama za McDonald's tsiku lomwelo ndikusiya opanda kanthu- operekedwa: 938,000 a iwo. Ndi chiwongola dzanja cha 6.2% pakuchita ganyu blitz, McDonald's anali wosankha kuposa maofesi ovomerezeka a Princeton, Stanford, kapena Yale University.
Siziyenera kudabwitsa kuti anthu miliyoni miliyoni adakhamukira kwa McDonald akuyembekeza kuti adzalandira malipiro okhazikika, pomwe aku America pafupifupi 14 miliyoni sagwira ntchito. pafupifupi miliyoni ochuluka akhumudwa kwambiri moti sangathe ngakhale kufunafuna ntchito. Panthawiyi, zikuwoneka kuti sizinapange kusiyana kulikonse kwa iwo ndi makampani opanga zakudya zofulumira amapereka malipiro ochepa kwambiri kuzungulira: pafupifupi, $8.89 pa ola, kapena pafupifupi theka la pafupifupi $15.95 ola pafupifupi m'mafakitale onse American.
Pachaka, anthu ogwira ntchito yodya zakudya zofulumira amatengera kwawo $20,800, kuchepera theka la avareji ya dziko lonse ya $43,400. McDonald's ikuwoneka kuti ikulipira kwambiri, makamaka ndi ganyu zake zatsopano. M'mawu atolankhani okhudza tsiku lawo lolemba anthu ntchito, kampani ya madola mabiliyoni ambiri idati idzawononga $518 miliyoni pagawo laposachedwa kwambiri laganyu, kapena $8,354 pamutu. Chifukwa chake Oxford English Dictionary Tanthauzo la "McJob" monga "ntchito yotsika mtengo yomwe imafuna luso lochepa ndipo imapereka mwayi wochepa wopita patsogolo."
Inde, ngati muwerenga mitu yankhani yokha, mungaganize kuti chithunzi cha ntchito chinali kuyenda bwino. Chuma chinawonjezera ntchito 1.3 miliyoni m'mabungwe abizinesi pakati pa February 2010 ndi Januware 2011, komanso mutu waukulu wa kusowa kwa ntchito. cham'mphepete kunsi, kuchokera pa 9.8% mpaka 8.8%, pakati pa Novembala chaka chatha ndi Marichi. Iwo inchi pamwamba mu Epulo, mpaka 9%, koma kukulitsa chiwonjezekocho chinali nkhani yakuti chuma chawonjezera ntchito 244,000 mwezi watha (kuphatikizapo 62,000 McJobs), kugonjetsa zomwe akatswiri azachuma amayembekezera.
Pansi pa nkhani yotentha kwambiri iyi, komabe, pamakhala mdima wandiweyani. Inde, ntchito zikupangidwa, koma ndi ntchito zanji zolipira malipiro amtundu wanji? Kodi ntchito zimenezo zingathandize kukhala ndi moyo wosalira zambiri ndi kulipira ngongole? Kapena tikukhala mwa McJobs kuchira?
Kuwonjezeka kwa McWorker
Umboni umalozera ku chotsiriziracho. Malinga ndi kuwunika kwaposachedwa kwa National Employment Law Project (NELP), kukula kwakukulu kwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa ntchito m'mabungwe abizinesi m'chaka chatha kunachitika m'magawo azachuma omwe amalandila malipiro ochepa, oyang'anira, ndi othandizira chakudya. Ngakhale 23% ya ntchito zomwe zidatayika mu Kugwa Kwakukulu komwe kunachitika pambuyo pa kugwa kwachuma kwa 2008 zinali "malipiro otsika" (omwe amalipira $9- $ 13 pa ola), 49% ya ntchito zatsopano zomwe zawonjezeredwa mu "kuchira" kwaulesi zili zofanana. mafakitale amalipiro ochepa. Kumbali ina ya sipekitiramu, 40% ya ntchito zomwe zidatayika zimalipira malipiro okwera ($ 19- $ 31 pa ola), pomwe 14% yokha ya ntchito zatsopano zimalipiranso malipiro okwera.
Poyerekeza, izi ndizoyipa kwambiri kuposa momwe zidalili mu 2001 pambuyo pa kuphulika kwaukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri. Kenako, ntchito zolipidwa zambiri zidapanga pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a ntchito zonse zatsopano mchaka choyamba pambuyo pavutoli.
Mafakitale ovuta kwambiri pankhani ya ntchito tsopano ndi zachuma, kupanga, komanso makamaka yomanga, yomwe idasokonekera pomwe kuphulika kwa nyumba kunaphulika mu 2007 ndipo sikunapezekebe. Pakadali pano, NELP idapeza kuti kubwereketsa ntchito kwakanthawi koyang'anira ndikuwononga zinyalala, ntchito zachipatala, komanso malo odyera ophatikizika akukula.
Zowonadi, mu 2010, imodzi mwa ntchito zinayi zomwe olemba anzawo ntchito adawonjezera inali yosakhalitsa, yomwe nthawi zambiri imapatsa antchito mapindu ochepa komanso chitetezo chochepa pantchito. N'zosadabwitsa kuti olemba ntchito amayamba kudalira ntchito zosakhalitsa pamene adapezanso mphamvu pambuyo pavuto lalikulu lazachuma. Koma nthawi ino, makampani atenga antchito osakhalitsa ochulukirapo kuposa momwe zidasinthira kale. Pomwe 26% ya ganyu mu 2010 inali yosakhalitsa, chiwerengerocho anali 11% pambuyo pa kuchepa kwachuma kwa zaka za m'ma 1990 ndipo 7% yokha pambuyo pa kutsika kwa 2001.
Monga akatswiri azachuma ambiri ayamba kunena, tikuwona kuwonjezereka kwachuma cha US pazaka makumi atatu zapitazi. Mochulukirachulukira, tikuwona kukula kwa anthu ogwira ntchito kumalekezero osiyana a luso ndi malipiro - pakati, ndiye kuti, ntchito zabwino kwambiri komanso zoyipa kwambiri.
Pa mbali ina ya kukula kwa ntchito, muli ndi chiลตerengero chowonjezereka cha anthu amene amagula ma burger, kuyankha matelefoni, osamalira ana, kukolopa makhoseji, ndi ntchito zina za malipiro ochepa. Kumapeto kwina, muli ndi mainjiniya ambiri, madotolo, maloya, ndi anthu omwe ali ndi malipiro apamwamba "opanga" ntchito. Zomwe zikuzimiririka ndi zapakati, ntchito zolipira bwino zomwe zidathandizira kukulitsa anthu aku America pakati pazaka za m'ma XNUMX ndikuti, ngati kuchira komwe kulipo kuli chizindikiro chilichonse, tsopano akuyenda monga mataipi ndi mafoni apamtunda.
Chifukwa mawonekedwe a ogwira ntchito amawoneka onenepa mbali zonse ziwiri ndi zowonda pakati, akatswiri azachuma ayamba kunena za "barbell effect," yomwe kwa iwo omwe amakakamira kukhala ndi moyo wapakati mu nthawi zoyipa amatanthauza moyo wowopsa. Chifukwa chimodzi, mawonekedwe a ogwira ntchito tsopano akulepheretsa kusuntha kwa America komwe kunkanyadira kukwera. Ndiwo malo otsetsereka omwe amapezeka kwambiri masiku ano.
Mphamvu ya barbell yachititsanso kuti pakhale kusiyana kwakukulu kwa ndalama zomwe sizinadziwike kuyambira zaka zambiri Chisokonezo Chachikulu chisanachitike. Kuyambira 1979 mpaka 2007, kwa anthu apakatikati, ndalama zapakhomo (pambuyo pamisonkho) kugwedezeka pamwamba kuchokera pa $44,100 kufika pa $55,300; Mosiyana, pa 1% yapamwamba, ndalama zambiri zapakhomo zidakwera kuchoka pa $346,600 mu 1979 kufika pafupifupi $1.3 miliyoni mu 2007. Ndiko kuti, mabanja olemera kwambiri adawona kuti malipiro awo akuwonjezeka ka 11 mofulumira kuposa mabanja apakati.
Nchiyani chikuyambitsa polarization iyi? Choyipa chodziwikiratu ndiukadaulo. Monga momwe katswiri wazachuma wa MIT David Autor amanenera, ntchito za "kukonza, kusunga, kubweza, ndi kuwongolera zidziwitso" zomwe anthu adazichitapo tsopano zapangidwa ndi makompyuta. Ndipo pamene makompyuta satha kugwira ntchito zambiri zaubusa, mabwana amatumiza ntchitozo kunja kwa nyanja kumene antchito ndi otchipa ndipo palibe phindu.
Mfundo ina ndi maphunziro. M'chuma chamakono cha barbell, madigiri ndi ma dipuloma alibe kanthu, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti iwo omwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba a kusekondale amadzipeza kuti atsekeredwa kumapeto kwa msika wogwira ntchito opanda chiyembekezo chochepa. Choipa kwambiri nโchakuti, kusiyana kwa malipiro pakati pa ophunzira bwino ndi osaphunzira kwambiri kukukulirakulirabe: mu 1979, malipiro a ola limodzi a munthu amene amamaliza maphunziro a ku koleji anali apamwamba kuwirikiza ka 1.5 kuposa amene amamaliza maphunziro a kusekondale; pofika chaka cha 2009, inali pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri.
Poganizira, ndiye kuti chiลตerengero cha amuna azaka zapakati pa 25 ndi 34 amene amapita ku koleji chikucheperachepera., n'zosadabwitsa kuti kusagwirizana kwa malipiro kwafika poipa kwambiri ku US Monga Autor akulembera, chuma chapamwamba monga chathu "chimadalira antchito awo ophunzitsidwa bwino kuti apange ndi kugulitsa malingaliro atsopano omwe amayendetsa kukula kwachuma."
Zosokoneza za chuma cha barbell sizikutayika kwa anthu wamba aku America. Mu a Kafukufuku waposachedwa wa Gallup, anthu ambiri adavomereza kuti dzikolo lidakali ndi vuto lovutika maganizo (29%) kapena kuchepa kwachuma (26%). Komabe, akasanjidwa ndi ndalama zimene amapeza, amene amapeza $75,000 kapena kuposapo pachaka, nโzosadabwitsa kuti nโzosadabwitsa kuti akukhulupirira kuti chuma sichikugwa mโmwamba kapenanso kuvutika maganizo, koma chikukula. Kupatula apo, ndi omwe atha kupindula kwambiri ndi msika womwe ukukula komanso kubwereranso ku phindu lamakampani onse aku America ndi Wall Street. M'gulu la ndalama zapakatikati la Gallup, mosiyana, 55% ya omwe adafunsidwa akuti chuma chili m'mavuto. Iwo akuyembekezerabe kuti achire.
Kuchepa Kwapang'onopang'ono kwa Ntchito Yaikulu
Kusintha kwakukulu kwachuma komwe kufotokozedwa ndi Autor ndi ena, komabe, sikunena nkhani yonse. Pali gawo lalikulu la ndale pakuchotsa anthu ogwira ntchito ku America komanso kusauka kwa anthu apakati: kuchepa kwapang'onopang'ono kwa ogwira ntchito mwadongosolo. Kuyambira mโzaka za mโma 1950, mphamvu za mabungwe mโmabungwe a boma ndi a mabungwe achepa, mamembala awo akucheperachepera, ndipo chisonkhezero chawo chandale chachepa kwambiri. Apita kale masiku omwe mabwana amphamvu amgwirizano - George Meany wa AFL-CIO kapena Walter Reuther wa UAW - anali ndi khutu la pulezidenti aliyense.
As Mayi Jones' Kevin Drum ali Zolembedwa, mโzaka za mโma 1960 ndi mโma 1970 panabuka mkangano pakati pa anthu ogwira ntchito yaikulu ndi chipani cha Democratic Party. Mabungwe a anthu ananyansidwa ndi zomwe ankaganiza kuti ndi "gulu la ana osalongosoka, akazi odzidalira, komanso akatswiri a maphunziro a goo-goo" omwe anali atayamba kusokoneza anthu ogwira ntchito m'Chipani. Mu 1972, AFL-CIO otchuka adadzipatula ku Democrats pokana kuvomereza omwe adawasankha kukhala purezidenti, a George McGovern.
Nthawi yonseyi, mabizinesi akuluakulu anali kusonkhana, kugwirizana kuti apange magulu akuluakulu olimbikitsa anthu monga Business Roundtable ndikusintha masitepe. US Chamber of Commerce m'makina amphamvu okopa anthu. M'zaka za m'ma 1980 ndi 1990s, chipani cha Democratic Party chinasunthira kumanja ndikupita ku gulu lazamalonda lamphamvu komanso lazachuma, ndikupanga Democratic Leadership Council, nthambi ya azitona ku America. "Sikuti ogwira ntchito [anasiya] a Democrats," Drum analemba. "Ziri zosiyana kwambiri ndi izi: Democratic Party [inali] itasiya antchito ambiri."
GOP, ndithudi, ili ndi mbiri yakale yolimbana ndi anthu ogwira ntchito, ndipo palibe paliponse pamene izi zakhala zomveka bwino kuposa chipanichi. kumenyedwa kwaposachedwa pa ufulu wa ogwira ntchito. Chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi thandizo la Republican mu 2010, akuluakulu atsopano a GOP m'malamulo aboma kuyambira ku Wisconsin kupita ku Tennessee kupita ku New Hampshire adakhazikitsa ndalama zomwe zimayenera kubweza ufulu wazaka makumi angapo wamigwirizano yamagulu aboma, tsinde lomaliza la ogwira ntchito. chiyimirebe (china) champhamvu.
Kuwerengera ndale komwe kumayambitsa nkhondo yolimbana ndi mabungwe aboma ndizodziwikiratu: kuwagwadira ndipo mumagogoda mzati waukulu wothandizira chipani cha Democratic Party. Mu zisankho zapakati pa 2010, American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) adawononga pafupifupi $90 miliyoni pa zotsatsa zapa TV, kubanki yamafoni, kutumiza maimelo, ndi chithandizo china kwa omwe akufuna ku Democratic. Malamulo odana ndi mgwirizano omwe akukankhidwa ndi aku Republican angawononge kwambiri AFSCME ndi mabungwe ena aboma popangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti asunge mamembala ndikufooketsa mphamvu zawo pagome lazokambirana.
Ndipo monga yasonyezedwa ndi boma laposachedwa kuti lilowe nawo mkangano wotsutsa mgwirizano, sikuti anthu aku Republican akungotayanso ufulu wa ogwira ntchito. Ku Massachusetts, dziko laufulu kwambiri, Bungwe la Demokalase lotsogozedwa ndi Democratic posachedwapa linavota kuti liletse ufulu wokambirana pazamankhwala kwa aphunzitsi, ozimitsa moto, ndi antchito ena ambiri aboma.
Kugwirizana kwa zokambirana ndikofunika kwambiri kwa mabungwe, chifukwa kumakhudza mwachindunji malipiro omwe mamembala awo amapita nawo kunyumba mwezi uliwonse. Malinga ndi deta Kuchokera ku Bureau of Labor Statistics, ogwira ntchito m'mabungwe amapeza pafupifupi $200 kuposa anzawo omwe si a mgwirizanowu, kusiyana kwa 28%. Ubwino wa kuyimira mgwirizanowu ndi waukulu kwambiri kwa amayi ndi anthu amitundu: akazi omwe ali m'mabungwe amapanga 34% kuposa anzawo omwe sali ogwirizana, ndipo ogwira ntchito ku Latino pafupifupi 51%.
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, panthawi yomwe antchito apakati amafunikira ufulu wokambirana kuti athe kumenyera ndalama kuti apeze ndalama zogwirira ntchito pazachuma cha barbell, mabungwe m'dziko lonselo akukumana ndi chiyembekezo chomvetsa chisoni chotaya maufuluwo.
Zonsezi zimadzutsa mafunso: Kodi pali njira iliyonse yotsitsimutsa anthu aku America apakati ndikukonzanso kagawidwe ka ndalama m'dziko lathu la barbell? Kapena kodi kuchira kwathu kolakwika kumeneku kudzatsegula njira ya McEconomy yosokonekera kwambiri, ndi omwe alibe kumapeto kwina, omwe ali nawo-zonse kumbali ina, ndikucheperachepera a ife pakati?
Nkhaniyi idayamba kupezeka TomDispatch.com. Pulogalamu ya American Empire Project, Mlembi wa Mapeto a Chikhalidwe Chogonjetsa, monga wa novel, Masiku Otsiriza a Kusindikiza. Buku lake laposachedwa ndi The American Way of War: Momwe Nkhondo Za Bush Zinakhalira za Obama (Mabuku a Haymarket).
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