Makampani a Fracking adagwiritsa ntchito mapaundi opitilira 282 miliyoni amankhwala owopsa kuyambira 2014 mpaka 2021 popanda kuyang'aniridwa ndi boma, malinga ndi kafukufuku watsopano.
Phunziro, lofalitsidwa mkati Kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, ndi woyamba kufufuza "Halliburton Loophole," yomwe imamasula kuphwanya malamulo a federal pansi pa Safe Drinking Water Act.
Dongosololi, loperekedwa ndi Congress ngati gawo la Energy Policy Act ya 2005, lidavomerezedwa ndi Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti Dick Cheney, yemwe kale anali CEO wa Halliburton. Kampaniyo inali ndi matekinoloje a fracking m'zaka za m'ma 1940 ndipo ikadali m'modzi mwa ogulitsa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Kafukufukuyu adapeza kuti kuyambira 2014 mpaka 2021, 62% mpaka 73% ya ntchito zomwe zalembedwa chaka chilichonse amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala amodzi omwe amagawidwa kukhala ovulaza thanzi la anthu komanso chilengedwe pansi pa Safe Drinking Water Act.
Mankhwalawa akuphatikizapo ma carcinogens monga formaldehyde, arsenic ndi benzene; zotheka carcinogens monga acrylamide ndi naphthalene; ndi ethylene glycol, zomwe zingawononge impso, mitsempha ndi kupuma.
Malinga ndi kafukufukuyu, makampani opanga ma fracking adanenanso kuti akugwiritsa ntchito mapaundi osachepera 250 miliyoni a ethylene glycol, mapaundi 10 miliyoni a naphthalene, mapaundi 1.8 miliyoni a formaldehyde, ma pounds 4.6 miliyoni a acrylamide, benzene ma pounds 7.5 miliyoni ndi ma 590 pounds kuchokera pa 2014 2021, kuphatikiza pamankhwala ena opitilira khumi ndi awiri omwe amalamulidwa ndi Safe Drinking Water Act.
Fracking, kapena hydraulic fracturing, amachotsa mafuta achilengedwe ndi gasi padziko lapansi pobowola zitsime zakuya ndikubaya madzi ambiri ndi mankhwala mwamphamvu kwambiri. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu wasonyeza kuti fracking mankhwala akhoza kuthera m'madzi akumwa ndi zimakhudza thanzi la munthu. Ndi mankhwala ochepa chabe apoizoni omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale omwe amayendetsedwa m'madzi akumwa, ndipo omwe sali otsekedwa sangasefedwe kapena kuyang'aniridwa ndi mabungwe ogwiritsira ntchito madzi. Bungwe la Environmental Working Group, lomwe silinapindule pazaumoyo wa anthu, likuyerekeza kuti kuipitsidwa komwe kumachitika m'madzi akumwa - komwe ambiri kumakwaniritsa malamulo - kungatheke. zimayambitsa matenda a khansa 100,000 mu US
"Chifukwa cha Halliburton Loophole ndi mipata yopereka malipoti, thanzi la chilengedwe ndi chilungamo cha fracking sichikuyesedwa bwino," Vivian Underhill, wolemba wamkulu wa phunziroli ndi wofufuza wa postdoctoral ku Northeastern University, adanena Nkhani Zaumoyo Zachilengedwe (EHN).
Underhill adati kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa ndikochepera, chifukwa si mayiko onse omwe amafunikira kuwululidwa kwamankhwala omwe akuphwanyidwa, ndipo mayiko ambiri omwe amafunikira kuwululidwa amalola makampani kusunga mankhwala ena mwachinsinsi ngati anganene kuti zosakanizazo ndi zake.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, makampani ochita chinyengo adanenanso kuti akugwiritsa ntchito mapaundi okwana 7.2 biliyoni a mankhwala omwe ali nawo - kuposa nthawi 25 kuchuluka kwa mankhwala omwe alembedwa pansi pa Safe Drinking Water Act yomwe adanena. Palibe njira yodziwira kuti mankhwalawo ndi owopsa bwanji.
"Tidawona mankhwala okhudzana ndi 77% mu 2015, ndipo chiwerengerocho chidafika 88% mu 2021," adatero Underhill. "Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zinsinsi zamalonda kukuchulukirachulukira, ndipo ndizokhudzadi."
A backroom deal ndi zotsatira zapagulu
Momwe "Halliburton Loophole" imalola makampani ochita chinyengo kuipitsa madzi popanda kuyang'aniraNgongole: Alpha Photo/flickrLamulo la Safe Drinking Water Act limayang'anira zonse zowononga madzi akumwa a anthu onse komanso kubaya mankhwala oopsa mobisa.
Mafakitale ena omwe amabaya jekeseni mankhwala owopsa mobisa momwe angaipitsire madzi, monga migodi ndi kutaya zinyalala zowopsa, ali pansi pa malamulo a federal pansi pa Safe Drinking Water Act. Makampani opanga ma fracking alibe malamulo awa.
"Pulogalamu yamafuta ndi gasi pansi pa Safe Drinking Water Act inali yofooka kale, koma Halliburton Loophole idakulitsa kwambiri chifukwa chophwanyidwa makamaka," adatero. Eric Olson, loya, katswiri wa Safe Drinking Water Act komanso katswiri wamkulu wa Natural Resources Defense Council, adauza EHN. "Zitsime zamafuta ndi gasi ziyenera kuyendetsedwa ndi maboma pansi pa dongosolo losavuta kuyang'anira, ndipo mapulogalamuwa ndi ofooka kwambiri m'maboma ambiri okhala ndi mafuta ndi gasi wamkulu."
Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu wawonetsa kuwonongeka kwa thanzi la anthu chifukwa cha kusowa kwa kuyang'anira m'maiko ngati Pennsylvania ndi Colorado.
Makampani opanga fracking adavomereza kuwulula poyera mankhwala ena omwe amagwiritsa ntchito poyankha nkhawa za anthu pakuwopseza madzi. Koma Underhill ndi Olson ati zomwe zawululidwa sizothandiza chifukwa chopereka zinsinsi zamalonda.
"Kafukufukuyu akutiwonetsa kuti pali mankhwala oopsa kwambiri omwe amabayidwa mobisa ndi makampaniwa," adatero Olson. "Koma n'zovuta kunena kuti pali mtundu uliwonse wa kuwululidwa kwatanthauzo ngati sitikudziwabe kuti mankhwala ambiriwa ndi ati kapena ndi poizoni wotani."
Malamulo amphamvu a fracking
Potengera zomwe apeza, Underhill ndi omwe adagwirizana nawo akulimbikitsa Congress kuti ichotse Halliburton Loophole ndikuwongolera makampani osokonekera pansi pa Safe Drinking Water Act.
"Anali CEO wa Halliburton yemwe adayamba ndikulimbikitsa mwamphamvu kuti agwiritse ntchito njirayi, ndipo kampaniyo ikupindula kwambiri ndi kumasulidwa kumeneku lero," adatero Underhill.
Halliburton sanayankhe zopempha zambiri kuti apereke ndemanga.
Olson akukomeranso kutseka Halliburton Loophole. "Kusokoneza uku kunali mgwirizano wam'mbuyo womwe udapangidwa kukhala malamulo popanda mtsutso wapagulu, ndipo sanavomereze anthu chifukwa chake akufunika," adatero. “Ndi chifukwa sizofunika. Zinali mphamvu zandale zokha zomwe zinawathandiza kuti akhazikitse lamuloli. "
Underhill ndi omwe adagwirizana nawo akulimbikitsanso Congress kuti ikhazikitse lamulo lofuna kuwululidwa kwathunthu kwamankhwala onse omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga fracking, kuphatikiza mankhwala omwe ali ndi eni ake, ndikuyiyika m'malo osungira apakati ndi oyang'anira boma.
Bungwe la American Petroleum Institute, bungwe la zamalonda loimira makampani amafuta ndi gasi, limatsutsa lingaliro limenelo. Bungweli "Pepa" pakuwulula kwamankhwala kwamakampani opanga ma fracking akuti opanga zamadzimadzi agwirizana kuti afotokoze zambiri za mankhwala omwe ali nawo kwa akatswiri azachipatala, oyankha mwadzidzidzi ndi oyimira mabungwe owongolera "pamene payenera."
Pepalalo likuvomereza kuti zinsinsi zamalonda zadzetsa nkhaŵa, koma ikumaliza, “kulolerana kwa kuulula kochepa pamene kufunikira kuli koyenera ndiko kuyankha kwanzeru. Kuteteza ufulu [wazinthu zanzeru] ndikofunikira kwambiri pazachuma chaulere chomwe tonse timagwira ntchito ndikuchita bwino.
Kupangitsa kuti deta ya fracking ipezeke mosavuta
Ofufuza akungoyamba kumene kudziwa kuchuluka kwa Halliburton Loophole chifukwa, mpaka posachedwapa, kunali kovuta kupeza zambiri zapadziko lonse lapansi pazowululira za fracking.
Makampaniwa amagwiritsa ntchito tsamba lotchedwa FracFocus zowulula poyera. Ngakhale kuli kotheka kuyang'ana zowululidwa za mankhwala pazitsime pawokha kudzera pa malowa, ndizosatheka kupeza deta mumtundu womwe umalola kusanthula kwakukulu.
Koma pulogalamu yatsopano yotseguka yotchedwa Open-FF akusintha izo.
"Ndimayesa kupeza zambiri kuchokera ku FracFocus ndipo ndidazindikira kuti si malo osungirako zinthu," Gary Allison, yemwe adapanga Open-FF, adauza. EHN. "Zimafunika ntchito yambiri kuti detayo ifike pomwe mungathe kuigwiritsa ntchito."
Nkhani imodzi inali yakuti FracFocus amagwiritsa ntchito mayina osakhala ovomerezeka amakampani ndi mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, Allison amayenera kuwerengera mitundu yopitilira 80 ya mawu oti "Halliburton" kuphatikiza molakwika, zilembo ndi mawu achidule kuti athe kusaka nkhokwe zamankhwala onse opangidwa ndi kampaniyo.
"Kale, zinali zovuta kwambiri kutsitsa deta kuchokera ku FracFocus yomwe imalola kusanthula mwadongosolo kapena kufufuza," adatero Underhill. "Tsopano izi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino ndi ofufuza."
Allison adanena kuti aliyense angagwiritse ntchito pulogalamuyi - osati asayansi ndi ofufuza okha.
Iye anati: “Anthu ambiri sadziŵa bwino za chemistry, choncho zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuyang’ana mapepalawa ndi kumvetsa zimene zikuchitika,” iye anatero. "Ndikuyembekeza kuti Open-FF idzafika pomwe anthu azitha kulowa patsambali ndikupeza mankhwala omwe akuyikidwa pansi pafupi ndi nyumba zawo."
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