Mu 1787, pamene Constitution inali kulembedwa ku Philadelphia, Thomas Jefferson anavomerezedwa ku Paris monga mtumiki wachinyamata, wosadziwika wa dziko la France. Ali kutali ankalemberana makalata ndi zimene zinkafunika kuti pakhale ulamuliro wabwino wademokalase. Kupanga makina osindikizira aulere kunali kofunika kwambiri. Jefferson analemba kuti:
Njira yopewera kulowererana kosakhazikika kwa anthu kumeneku ndiyo kuwapatsa chidziwitso chonse cha zochitika zawo kudzera mumsewu wa mapepala a anthu onse, ndi kulimbikitsa kuti mapepalawo alowe mu unyinji wonse wa anthu. Maziko a maboma athu kukhala maganizo a anthu, chinthu choyamba chiyenera kukhala kusunga kulondola; ndipo zikadandisiyira ine kusankha ngati tikhala ndi boma lopanda nyuzipepala, kapena nyuzipepala popanda boma, ndisachedwe kamphindi kuti ndisankhe chotsatiracho. Koma nditanthauze kuti mwamuna aliyense ayenera kulandira mapepalawo ndi kukhala okhoza kuwaลตerenga.
Kwa Jefferson, kukhala ndi ufulu wolankhula popanda kuwunika kwa boma ndi chinthu chofunikira koma chosakwanira kwa atolankhani aulere ndipo chifukwa chake demokalase, yomwe imafunanso kuti pakhale anthu odziwa kulemba ndi kuwerenga, makina osindikizira otheka komanso mwayi wofikira wofalitsa uwu ndi anthu.
Koma bwanji, ndendende, izi zinali kutengeka kwambiri kwa Jefferson? Mโkalata yomweyi, iye anayamikira Amwenye Achimereka chifukwa chakuti ambiri alibe magulu ndiponso achimwemwe, ndipo amadzudzula maiko a ku Ulayaโmonga dziko la France limene anali kuchitira umboni madzulo a kuukira kwawokoโmosakayikira kuti anali osiyana nawo. Jefferson anafotokoza za udindo waukulu wa atolankhani mโmawu a anthu olemera pamene anafotokoza ntchito yake poletsa kudyera masuku pamutu ndi kuponderezedwa ndi anthu olemera:
Pakati pa [mabungwe a ku Ulaya], monamizira kulamulira iwo agawa mitundu yawo mโmagulu aลตiri, mimbulu ndi nkhosa. sindikokomeza. Ichi ndi chithunzi chenicheni cha ku Ulaya. Choncho lemekezani mzimu wa anthu athu, ndipo sungani chidwi chawo. Usawakhwimitse pa zolakwa zawo, koma abwezere Powaunikira. Ngati asiya kumvetsera nkhani za anthu, inu ndi ine, Congress, ndi Assemblies, oweruza ndi abwanamkubwa onse adzakhala mimbulu. Zikuoneka kuti ndi lamulo la chikhalidwe chathu chonse, ngakhale pali zosiyana; ndipo zochitika zimalengeza kuti munthu ndiye nyama yokhayo yomwe imadya mtundu wake, chifukwa sindingathe kutchula maboma a ku Ulaya, ndi kupha anthu olemera kwa osauka.
Mwachidule, atolankhani ali ndi udindo wowononga chizolowezi chachilengedwe cha anthu omwe ali ndi ufulu wolamulira ndale, kutsegula zitseko zakatangale, kuchepetsa unyinji ku kusowa mphamvu ndi kuthetsa kudzilamulira.
Jefferson sanali yekha. M'dziko loyambirira la lipabuliki, popanda mkangano, boma linakhazikitsa ndalama zambiri zothandizira positi ndi zosindikizira kuti lipeze makina osindikizira otheka. Panalibe chinyengo chakuti mabungwe achinsinsi adakwanitsa ntchitoyi popanda ndalama izi. Mโzaka za zana loyamba la mbiri ya Amereka, manyuzipepala ambiri anali kufalitsidwa ndi makalata, ndipo malipiro a Positi otumizira manyuzipepala anali ochepa kwambiri. Nyuzipepala zinkapanga 90 mpaka 95 peresenti ya magalimoto ake olemera, komabe amangopereka 10 mpaka 12 peresenti ya ndalama zake.
Monga momwe Jefferson adanenera pakuwunika kwake momwe zinthu ziliri mu 1787, gulu limodzi limapinduladi chifukwa cha kusowa kwa utolankhani komanso kusalingana kwa chidziwitso: omwe amalamulira anthu. Mabanki a Wall Street, mabungwe amagetsi, makampani a inshuwaransi yazaumoyo, makontrakitala achitetezo ndi mabizinesi azaulimi ndi nkhandwe za Jefferson. Palibe m'modzi wa iwo amene amafuna utolankhani womwe ungaphatikizepo osankhidwa ndikukokera osauka ndi ogwira ntchito ku ndale. Iwo sanganene zimenezi pagulu, koma zochita zawo zimalankhula mokweza kuposa mawu. Utolankhani? Ayi, zikomo.
Kutsegula kwa WikiLeaks
Kukula kwavuto lautolankhani sikuyamikiridwa ndi anthu ambiri aku America, kuphatikiza nkhani zambiri zazikulu komanso zandale. Chifukwa chachikulu chingakhale intaneti yokha. Chifukwa anthu ambiri amadziyika okha m'malo omwe amawakonda komanso amapeza zinthu zambiri pa intaneti, ngakhale kumangoyang'ana "mchira wautali," momwe tikukhalamo zomwe mkonzi wakale wakale Tom Stites akuti "chipululu chambiri" sichinadziwike. Kuphatikiza apo, pogwiritsa ntchito mawebusayiti osagwirizana, malo ochezera a pa Intaneti ndi mafoni a m'manja, omenyera ufulu nthawi zina "akulambalala alonda" pazifukwa zomwe. NationJohn Nichols amatcha "njira yotsatira yapa media." Phindu lake likuwoneka bwino panthawi ya ziwonetsero za anthu komanso chipwirikiti, koma chinyengo chakuti izi ndi utolankhani wokhutiritsa chikucheperachepera. Palibe chomwe chikuwonetsa momwe zinthu zilili bwino kuposa kutulutsidwa ndi WikiLeaks za kuchuluka kwa zikalata zachinsinsi za boma la US pakati pa 2009 ndi 2011. Kwa ena izi zinali utolankhani wofufuza bwino kwambiri, ndipo WikiLeaks idazindikira kuti intaneti inali yabwino bwanji ngati gwero lazidziwitso. Zinaopseza momveka bwino omwe anali ndi mphamvu, kotero uwu unali ndendende mtundu wa Fourth Estate womwe anthu aulere amafunikira. Chifukwa cha intaneti, ena amati, tsopano tinali omasuka kwenikweni ndipo tinali ndi mphamvu zowerengera atsogoleri.
M'malo mwake, gawo la WikiLeaks likuwonetsa zosiyana. WikiLeaks sanali bungwe la atolankhani. Linatulutsa zikalata zachinsinsi kwa anthu, koma โzolembazo zinasokonekera pa intaneti ndipo zinangodziwika kwa anthu pamene zinalembedwa ndi atolankhani akatswiri,โ monga ananenera mtolankhani Heather Brooke. โZinthu zopangira zokha sizinali zokwanira.โ Utolankhani udayenera kupangitsa kuti nkhaniyo ikhale yodalirika, ndipo atolankhani adachita khama pofufuza zomwe zalembedwa ndikuzisanthula kuti adziwe zomwe zikutanthauza. Izi zimafuna atolankhani olipidwa, anthawi zonse omwe ali ndi chithandizo chamabungwe. United States ili ndi zochepa kwambiri mwa izi, ndipo zomwe ili nazo ndizogwirizana kwambiri ndi dongosolo la mphamvu, kotero kuti zambiri sizinaphunzirepo ndikufotokozeredwa mwachidule kwa omvera otchuka-ndipo sizingakhalepo m'moyo wathu wonse.
Kuphatikiza apo, panalibe utolankhani wodziyimira pawokha woyankha pomwe boma la US lidayambitsa njira yopambana ya PR ndi media blitz kuti anyoze WikiLeaks. Chidwi chinachoka pa zomwe zili m'malembawa kupita ku zonena zochulukirapo komanso zopanda umboni kuti WikiLeaks imawononga miyoyo yosalakwa, komanso kuyang'ana kwambiri mtsogoleri wa WikiLeaks Julian Assange. Wolemba nkhani Glenn Greenwald anali kungokokomeza pang'ono pamene adanena, "Panali pafupifupi mgwirizano wokwanira komanso wokwanira kuti WikiLeaks inali yausatana." Kuwukiraku kudasokoneza komanso kudzipatula kwa WikiLeaks, ngakhale zinali zochititsa chidwi zomwe zimapezeka m'malemba omwe WikiLeaks adasindikiza. Mfundo inali yoti akonzi a US ndi atolankhani aganizire kawiri asanatsegule chitseko cha WikiLeaks. Zinagwira ntchito.
Chitetezo chochuluka
Zikuwoneka zodziwikiratu kuti ngati intaneti ikutsitsimutsadi demokalase yaku America, monga amanenera okondwerera, ikuyenda mozungulira. Dzanja la capital likuwoneka lolemera komanso lolemetsa pa chiwongolero, likutitengera kumalo otalikirana ndi gulu lademokalase, ndipo palibe paliponse pomwe kulephera kwa intaneti kumawonekera bwino kapena kuchuluka kwakukulu kuposa utolankhani.
Intaneti ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa digito sikumatsimikiziridwa mosalephera ndi luso lamakono; amapangidwa ndi momwe anthu amasankhira kuti awatukule. Mwanjira ina, njira yathu yosankhidwa yachitukuko idzatipanga ife ndi anthu athu, mwina modabwitsa. Tikuyenera kutsutsana ndi mfundo zingapo ndikupereka malingaliro amtundu wa kusintha komwe kungapangitse intaneti ndi gulu lathu kukhala panjira yosiyana kwambiri, kusintha America kukhala yabwino ndikupangitsa kukhala dziko lademokalase kwambiri. Komabe palibe kusintha kwa ndondomekozi komwe kuli ndi mwayi chifukwa cha ziphuphu za ndondomeko yopangira ndondomeko.
Izi sizimadza chifukwa cha chiwembu, koma kuchokera kumalingaliro owoneka bwino, osasunthika a capitalism yokha. Capitalism ndi dongosolo lozikidwa pa anthu omwe amayesa kupeza phindu losatha mwa njira iliyonse yofunikira. Mutha konse kukhala ndi zambiri. Umbombo wosathaโkhalidwe limene anthu onse osagwirizana ndi boma amaona kuti ndi misalaโndilo dongosolo la phindu la anthu amene ali pamwamba pa chuma. Ethos imakana mwatsatanetsatane nkhawa zilizonse zokhudzana ndi zovuta zamagulu, kapena "zakunja."
Makapitalist nthawi zonse amapeza malo atsopano kuti apeze phindu, ndipo nthawi zina zimatengera kutenga zomwe zinali zambiri ndikuzipangitsa kuti zizisowa. Choncho ndi kwa Intaneti. Zambiri za izo ndi zaulere, koma zokonda zamalonda zikugwira ntchito kuti zipezeke. Momwe amachitira bwino, GDP ikhoza kukula, koma anthu adzakhala osauka.
Imani kaye kuti muganizire za kutalika kwa kusintha kwa digito kuyambira masiku a halcyon a m'ma 1980 ndi koyambirira kwa 1990s kufika komwe kuli lero. Anthu ankaganiza kuti Intaneti ipereka mwayi waulele wapadziko lonse wopezeka mโchidziwitso chonse cha anthu. Kungakhale malo osagwirizana ndi malonda, malo enieni a anthu, zomwe zidzatsogolera kudziwitsa anthu ambiri, madera amphamvu ndi kutenga nawo mbali pa ndale. Zingamveke ngati imfa ya kusagwirizana kofala ndi nkhanza zandale, komanso kulamulira kwamakampani. Ntchito ingakhale yothandiza kwambiri, yogwira ntchito, yogwirizana komanso yaumunthu. M'malo mwake, pazimene zimawoneka ngati njira iliyonse yomwe ingatheke, intaneti yakhala ikugulitsidwa, kukopera, kutetezedwa, kusungidwa mwachinsinsi, kuyang'aniridwa ndi deta ndi kulamulidwa; kusowa kwapangidwa. Kafukufuku wina wa 2012 akuwonetsa kuti matekinoloje a digito, m'malo mochepetsa kuchuluka kwa ntchito, apangitsa kuti wogwira ntchito wamba ku America azipereka nthawi yowonjezereka yosalipidwa kwa mwezi ndi theka pachaka, pogwiritsa ntchito mafoni awo ndi makompyuta kuti azigwira ntchito nthawi zonse. kunja kwa ntchito: โPafupifupi theka amaona kuti alibe chochita.โ Chuma chili pamwamba pa ma gazillionaires omwe akwanitsa kupanga digito fiefdoms ndikuwonjezera ku GDP, koma chuma cha anthu ndichochepa. Chidziwitso chathu chambiri chikufikirika pokha polowa m'minda yotchingidwa ndi mipanda yomwe ili ndi dongosolo lokhazikika lamitengo. Pofuna kupanga Intaneti kukhala mgodi wa golidi wachikapitolisti, anthu ataya osati chinsinsi chawo chokhaโndi kwa anthu okayikira, umunthu wawoโkomanso zambiri za malonjezo aakulu amene poyamba ankawoneka kukhala otheka.
Kuti tipambane pa ndewu zilizonse pazandale zapaintaneti pamafunika gulu lalikulu la ndale lolimbikitsidwa ndi zomwe zikupita patsogolo, osati zomwe zimangoyang'ana pa intaneti kapena zoulutsira mawu. Pokhapokha padzakhala ziwerengero zazikulu zomwe zingathe kugonjetsa mphamvu ya ndalama zazikulu. Monga wotsogolera wodziwika bwino wa anthu ammudzi Saul Alinsky adanenera, chinthu chokhacho chomwe chingapambane ndi ndalama zadongosolo ndi anthu opangidwa mwadongosolo, ambiri aiwo.
Munthawi "zabwinobwino", mayendedwe otere amakhala ongoyerekeza ku United States. Chuma cha ndale chakhala chikuyenda bwino mokwanira kuti chiteteze kufalikira kwa chitsutso chodziwika bwino. Koma izi si nthawi zabwinobwino, ndipo tikupita kutali ndi zachizolowezi tsiku lililonse. Kungoyang'ana zionetsero zazikulu za 2011 - zomwe sitinazionepo kwa zaka makumi ambiri - motsutsana ndi kusalingana kwadzaoneni, ulamuliro wamakampani pazachuma ndi ndale, kukumbatirana kowopsa, kuyambika kwa nkhondo kosatha, komanso kusakhazikika kwachuma kwandale komwe ilibe ntchito yowonekera kwa achinyamata, antchito kapena chilengedwe.
Katswiri wazachuma yemwe adalandira mphotho ya Nobel Joseph Stiglitz adagwira mzimu wa ziwonetsero ku United States komanso padziko lonse lapansi mu 2012:
Pazifukwa zambiri za zionetserozo panali madandaulo akale omwe adatenga mawonekedwe atsopano komanso changu chatsopano. Panali kumverera kofala kuti chinachake sichili bwino ndi dongosolo lathu lazachuma, ndi ndondomeko ya ndale, chifukwa m'malo mokonza ndondomeko yathu yachuma, inalimbikitsa zolephera. Kusiyana pakati pa zimene dongosolo lathu la zachuma ndi ndale liyenera kuchitaโzimene tinauzidwa kuti linachitaโndi zimene kwenikweni limachita linakhala lalikulu kwambiri moti silingathe kunyalanyazidwa. โฆ zikhulupiriro zapadziko lonse za ufulu ndi chilungamo zinaperekedwa ku umbombo wa anthu ochepa.
Iwo omwe amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ndondomeko za intaneti ndipo amazengereza kuyika zala zawo m'zandale zakuya ayenera kumvetsetsa zamasiku athu ano. Ino sinthawi yamabizinesi monga momwe zimakhalira nthawi zonse, pomwe dongosololi likulumikizidwa ndipo okonzanso amafunika kudalitsidwa ndi omwe ali ndi mphamvu kuti apambane kusintha kocheperako. Dongosololi likulephera, ndondomeko ndi mabungwe odziwika bwino akunyozedwa kwambiri ndipo zosintha zazikulu zamtundu wina zitha kubwera, zabwino kapena zoyipa.
Kodi munthu angasinthe intaneti ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yabwino kwa anthu ndi capitalism ikadalipo? Ukatswiri wa zaumisiri wamakono ndiwo umapanga pafupifupi 40 peresenti ya ndalama zonse zabizinesi zomwe si zokhala m'dziko la United States, kuchulukitsa kuwirikiza kanayi kuposa zaka 50 zapitazo. Mabungwe okhudzana ndi intaneti tsopano ali ndi pafupifupi theka lamakampani akuluakulu 30 ku US potengera mtengo wamsika. Ngati wina atsutsa udindo wa zimphona za intaneti, odes ku katekisimu, komabe, wina akutsutsa gawo lalikulu la capitalism yomwe ilipo.
Limenelinso ndi funso lofunika kwa iwo amene sanalabadire ndondomeko za intaneti koma akuda nkhawa kwambiri ndi kupanda chilungamo, umphawi, kusalingana ndi ziphuphu. Nthawi zina, wina amamva pakati pa ochita zikondwerero otere lingaliro la okondwerera kuti matekinoloje a digito angapangitse chuma chatsopano cha capitalist chomwe chili chapamwamba kwambiri komanso kuti zimphona zomwe zilipo pa intaneti ndi ogwirizana, osati adani, popanga capitalism yatsopano yochezeka yomwe idzapereke katundu. Lingaliro lake ndi lomveka: M'mbuyomu, ndalama zazikulu mumayendedwe anjanji ndi magalimoto (komanso mafakitale ena opitilira muyeso) zidapangitsa kuti nthawi zonse za capitalism zikwezeke kwambiri komanso moyo wabwino. Ukawona ndalama zambiri zaukadaulo wazidziwitso, munthu amadabwa chifukwa chake sizingakhalenso choncho, ndipo nthawi ino popanda kuwononga chilengedwe? Vuto ndi losavuta: Ngakhale pali zonena zosatha za capitalism yatsopano yomwe yatsala pang'ono kutha chifukwa chaukadaulo wa digito, pali umboni wochepa wotsimikizira. Makamaka, zimphona zazikulu zapaintaneti zimaphatikiza 13 mwa makampani 30 ofunika kwambiri ku US, koma amangopanga anayi mwa olemba anzawo ntchito akuluakulu 30. Mwachiwonekere pali ndalama zambiri kwa iwo omwe ali pamwamba-omwe akufuna kuti izi zikhale choncho-koma umboni wochepa woti zikupita umapindula pansi pa chakudya. M'malo mwake.
Kuyesetsa kusintha kapena kulowa m'malo mwa capitalism koma kusiya zimphona zapaintaneti zikukwera sizingasinthe kapena kulowa m'malo mwa capitalism yomwe ilipo. Zimphona zapaintaneti sizomwe zikupita patsogolo. Phindu lawo lalikulu ndi zotsatira za mwayi wokhala ndi anthu okhawo, zotsatira zapaintaneti, malonda, ntchito zoponderezedwa, ndi malamulo angapo aboma ndi thandizo. Chitsanzo cha kukula kwa zimphona za intaneti, monga momwe katswiri wina wamalonda amanenera, ndi "kukolola nzeru," mwachitsanzo, kupanga zochepa zomwe ziyenera kukhala zochuluka.
Nkhani za pa intaneti ndi zoulutsira mawu ziyenera kukhala pakati pa zipolowe zilizonse zodziwika bwino za demokalase. Poganizira momwe kusintha kwa digito kumafalikira ndikutanthauzira pafupifupi gawo lililonse la moyo wathu wamagulu, njira ina iliyonse ingakhale yopusa.
Kwa anthu amene akuchulukirachulukira, mfundo yomveka ikupereka mfundo imodzi: Yakwana nthawi yoti tiganizire mozama za kukhazikitsidwa kwa chuma chatsopano. โDongosolo la chikapitalist linakhoza kuyenda bwino mโzaka za zana la 18, 19, ndi 20,โ Jerry Mander analemba mu 2012. "Koma tsopano ndi yakale, yosasinthika, komanso yowononga kwambiri." Ukapitalizimu โunali ndi tsiku lake. Ngati timasamala za moyo wamtsogolo wa anthu ndi chilengedwe, ndi nthawi yoti tipite patsogolo.
Malingaliro a Mander amabweretsa mkwiyo wodabwitsa ku United States wamakono. Ukapitalizimu wasanduka chimene Mander amachitcha โmtundu wa 'njanji yachitatu' ya ndaleโyoletsedwa kugwira.โ Iye akuvomereza kuti, โZimakhala bwino kudzudzula mbali zina za dongosololi,โ koma dongosolo la chikapitalist liri โliri ndi moyo wokhalitsa, monga chipembedzo, mphatso ya Mulungu, yosalephera.โ Chifukwa chake nchodziwikiratu: Olamulirawo safuna dongosolo lomwe limawapangitsa kukhala amphamvu kufunsidwa. Kusunga malire a capitalism pakuwunikiridwa kofunikira ndikofunikira pamakinawa, chifukwa kumapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala odekha, osagwirizana komanso opanda chidwi. Ichi sichuma chandale chomwe chingapirire kutenga nawo mbali pazandale.
Pakuzama kwa Kukhumudwa Kwakukulu, Keynes adalemba nkhani yodabwitsa yovomereza kuti akatswiri azachuma, komanso atsogoleri abizinesi ndi ndale, adalakwitsa kwambiri pazachuma komanso momwe angathandizire anthu ambiri. โUkapitalizimu wapadziko lonse koma wokonda munthu payekha, umene tinadzipeza tokha pambuyo pa nkhondo,โ analemba motero Keynes mu 1933, โsichipambano. Sichanzeru, sichokongola, sicholungama, sichabwinoโndipo sichipereka katundu.โ Iye adanena kuti zomwe zinali zofunika ndi nthawi yotseguka yotsutsana ndi kuyesa chifukwa ziphunzitso ndi ndondomeko zomwe zinalipo zidatsimikizira kuti ndizoopsa komanso zopanda pake.
Zomwe Keynes adanena kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1930 ndi njira yomwe tikufunikira lero. Tiyenera kukhala omasuka ndi kuyesa. Tiyenera kuthawa maunyolo a dongosolo lamakono ndikuwona zomwe zingagwire ntchito. "Tiyenera kulingalira za chikhalidwe chosiyana," Chris Hayes akulemba, "kulingalira momwe mabungwe ogwirizana angawonekere." Mfundo zina zimawonekera polemba zambiri pankhaniyi, makamaka kuchokera kwa akatswiri azachuma monga Richard Wolff, Juliet Schor ndi Gar Alperovitz:
- Chuma cha mโmudzi chiyenera kulamulidwa ndi anthu a mโdera limenelo.
- Ulamuliro wogawika m'madera ndi m'madera uyenera kuunikiridwa, ndi kulimbikitsa ndondomeko za m'deralo.
- Payenera kukhala kudzipereka kolimba kumabungwe osiyanasiyana komanso mabungwe osapindula.
- Kuwongolera kwa demokalase kumabizinesi ndi antchito awo ndikofunikira.
- Kupanga ndi kugawa bwino kwa chilengedwe kuyenera kutsindika.
Munkhani ya ku America, mawu otere amatha kupangitsa munthu kukayikira kuganiza bwino kwa wolemba; amawoneka otalikirana kwambiri ndi zenizeni zomwe zilipo komanso nzeru wamba. Koma kwenikweni, pakhala kuwonjezeka kwa mitundu yatsopano yazachuma. Mโmadera ovutika monga Cleveland, iwo ali magwero a lonjezo la mtsogolo. Tikuyamba kukulitsa zokumana nazo za momwe chuma cha demokalase, pambuyo pa chikapitalist chingawonekere ndi momwe chingagwire ntchito. Padzakhala misika, padzakhala mabizinesi opeza phindu, koma pansi pamalingaliro ochulukirapo a dongosololi, zotsalazo ziziyang'aniridwa ndi anthu osapindula.
Chofunikira kwambiri pakumanga chuma chatsopanochi ndichopanga ntchito zopanda phindu komanso zosachita zamalonda zopanga utolankhani, kupanga zachikhalidwe, kupereka mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso kukhala ngati mabungwe am'deralo. Izi zitha kuyambira mawayilesi ammudzi ndi wailesi yakanema komanso malo owonera pa intaneti kupita kumalo azikhalidwe, magulu amasewera ndi ma ISP ammudzi.
Kusiyidwa pamaphunziro awo apano komanso motsogozedwa ndi zosowa zandalama, matekinoloje a digito atha kutumizidwa m'njira zomwe ndizosautsa kwambiri ufulu, demokalase ndi chilichonse cholumikizidwa patali ndi moyo wabwino. Chifukwa chake, nkhondo zapaintaneti ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa onse omwe akufuna kupanga dziko labwino. Fumbi likayamba kugwa panthawi yovutayi, ngati madera athu sanasinthidwe kuti akhale abwino, ngati demokalase sinagonjetse likulu, kusintha kwa digito kumatha kukhala kusinthika kwadzina lokha, chikumbutso chodabwitsa, chomvetsa chisoni cha anthu. kusiyana pakati pa zomwe zingatheke ndi zenizeni za chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Zotengedwa ndikusinthidwa ndi chilolezo kuchokera Digital Disconnect: Momwe Capitalism Imasinthira intaneti Kutsutsana ndi Demokarase (New Press) ndi Robert McChesney.
Robert W. McChesney ndi pulofesa wolankhulana pa yunivesite ya Illinois ku Urbana-Champaign komanso mkonzi wa Monthly Review. Iye ndi mlembi, posachedwapa, wa Rich Media, Demokalase Yosauka: Ndale Zakulumikizana mu Nthawi Zokayikitsa.
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