Pa Meyi 22, anthu pafupifupi 80 adakasuma pamsonkhano wa atolankhani pamwambo waukulu kwambiri wa chikhalidwe cha gay padziko lonse lapansi, Phwando la Mafilimu a Frameline, lomwe limachitika mwezi wa June ku San Francisco. Ndipo monga chaka chilichonse kuyambira 2007, pamakhala ochita zionetsero omwe amakumana nawo.
Gulu la Lesbians and Gays Against Intervention, kapena LAGAI, ndi mphukira yake Queers Undermining Israel Terrorism, kapena QUIT!, atsutsa chikondwererochi kwazaka khumi zapitazi, mogwirizana ndi ndale zotsutsana ndi kuponderezana zomwe zidayamba pomwe United States idayamba kulowerera ku Latin America. kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970.
"Tikudziwa kuti mbiri yathu sinayambe ndi ife," atero a Daniel Ward, membala wakale wa LAGAI. Mwina bungwe lodana ndi mbiri yakale lomwe lakhala lalitali kwambiri ku United States, LAGAI ndi gulu lolimba la abwenzi ndi ma comrades omwe adapangidwa poyankha kuukira kwa US ku El Salvador. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, monga momwe mawu a mission a 1987 amawerengera, gululi lakhala likuyang'ana nkhani zosiyanasiyana koma zogwirizana kwambiri monga chithandizo cha HIV, chithandizo chamankhwala padziko lonse, kudziyimira pawokha kwa achinyamata, malire otseguka, kugonana ndi umphawi.
Kudzipereka kosalekeza kwa LAGAI kumadutsana - lingaliro loti kuponderezana konse kumalumikizidwa, ndikuti popatula nkhani ngati ufulu wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndizosavuta kugwa mumsampha wogulitsa magulu ena a anthu oponderezedwa - idayamba kale liwu lisanalowe mu lexicon ya kumanzere.
Ndipo nthawi yonseyi, azichita ngati "ofufuza", ngakhale nthawi yotalikirapo pomwe kuwonekeratu zakugonana kungakutsekereni. Pafupifupi aliyense wa iwo amakhala m'ndende nthawi ina.
Kwazaka makumi angapo zapitazi, mayendedwe ndi mabungwe ambiri amtundu wa flash-in-the-pan akhala akutuluka kwanthawi yayitali kuti asungunuke mwachangu pambuyo pake. Ambiri ayala maziko kaamba ka mibadwo yamโtsogolo ya omenyera ufulu. Koma kawirikawiri amakhala ndi mphamvu zotsalira za LAGAI. Kutengera nkhani zomwe nthawi zambiri sizitchuka koma zovuta zandale, gululi lakumana sabata iliyonse kuyambira pomwe Reagan adalengeza zankhondo yodziyimira pawokha ku Salvador. Komabe ali ndi mbiri yowonjezereka chifukwa chothandizira kulengeza mayendedwe otukuka monga kunyalanyala, kusudzulana ndi kulangidwa, kapena BDS, pakumasulidwa kwa Palestine, ndikuthetsa ndende yamafakitale, popanga. ultraviolet, nyuzipepala ya ku United States yofotokoza za akaidi kwanthaลตi yaitali kwambiri. Gulu lofunika kwambiri ili la omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe lomwe silikudziwika, kapena lolembedwa, likuwonetsa momwe gulu lachiwembu lingathe kukhala logwirizana ndi ndale zotsutsana ndi ulamuliro kwazaka zambiri, ndikupewa kupsa mtima, ngakhale panthawi yakusowa chiyembekezo.
Mwabweretsedwa kwa inu ndi Wells Fargo?
Mwezi uliwonse wa June umabweretsa zina mwazochitika zaphokoso kwambiri komanso zisudzo za LAGAI - mwa zina zomwe zimachitika pakutsatsa kwamwambo waukulu kwambiri wa Gay Pride padziko lonse lapansi, ku San Francisco.
Poyambilira m'ma 1970 ngati chionetsero chotsutsana ndi kudana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, mtundu watsopano wa Pride wazaka chikwi wasanduka "sale-a-bration" woledzera, wokhala ndi nyenyezi zakugwa ngati Backstreet Boys ndikulandila thandizo lazachuma kuchokera kwa othandizira mabungwe ngati Bud Light Lime. ndi Wells Fargo.
Koma monga zowulutsira za LAGAI zotengera mwezi wa LAGAI zotsutsa za mwezi wa Pride kuyambira m'ma 1980s zidalengeza kuti, "Assimilation SILI Liberation." Mamembala ambiri a LAGAI akugwira izi ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri mpaka zaka za m'ma 60, pomwe mabungwe omwe ali ndi zida zambiri zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha - Human Rights Campaign, National Gay and Lesbian Task Force - amayang'ana kwambiri nkhani zosamala, zongotengera boma. -ukwati wothandizidwa komanso kulowa usilikali kwa transgender.
Apolisi pafupifupi mosapeลตeka amathera pa zochita zachindunji za LAGAI, zomwe zaphatikizirapo zosaiลตalika, zosavomerezeka za bra runway show pamasitolo akuluakulu a San Francisco (kutsutsa mafakitale a Victoria's Secret pa dziko la Palestina logwidwa ndi Israeli); The occupation of a Starbucks in Berkeley, pomwe adamanga nyumba ndi mitengo ya kanjedza ya pulasitiki - kutanthauza kuzunza kwa Israeli kumidzi yaku Palestina ndi Starbucks CEO ndi Zionist Howard Shultz wolankhula; ndi kutsekedwa kwanthawi kofulumira kwa Bridge Gate Bridge mu 1989, pomwe mamembala a LAGAI ndi gulu la AIDS ACT UP adadzitsekera ku West Coast komwe kuli kodziwika kwambiri kuti awonetse kusachitapo kanthu pokhudzana ndi HIV ndi Purezidenti Reagan ndi abwenzi.
Kuponderezana ndiko kuponderezana
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za mโma 1960, membala wa LAGAI, Deeg Gold, anapita ku akazembe a mayiko achikomyunizimu kukapempha mabuku ndi timabuku. Kazembe wa ku Albania, makamaka, adadodometsedwa ndi kubwera kwa wachinyamata wodzikuza wa ku America. Posakhalitsa, Golide adathandizira kukonza zoyendetsa zovala za Ufulu wa Chilimwe ku Mississippi, pamene otsalira oyera ndi akuda adagwirizana kuti alepheretse ndale za tsankho mu June 1964, zomwe zinachititsa kuti aphedwe ndi kuphulika kwa mabomba kwa ogwira ntchito ndi anthu akuda omwe adayesetsa kuthandizira gululi.
Asanakwanitse zaka 20, Golide adasamukira ku nyumba ina ku Washington State mu 1971 komwe kumakhala gulu la amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe Gold adalumikizana nawo, a Gorgon. Gululo linasamukira ku Bay Area ku 1978 kuchokera ku Seattle, kufunafuna mitundu yambiri yamitundu, koma popanda ndalama zambiri. Iwo ankakhala motsatira maganizo oti azipatukana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, zomwe zinkathandiza kuti akazi apatukane pakati pa anthu amene ankatsatira malamulo azamalamulo komanso gulu la amayi lomwe nthawi zambiri linkadana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. A Gorgon "anali ndi gulu lovomerezeka lakuba m'masitolo," ndipo anawonjezera makadi a ngongole kotero kuti "aliyense m'gulu anali ndi bedi, stereo, ndi chinthu china chomwe sitidzachitchula kuti chisindikizidwe," adatero Gold.
Kumapeto kwa 1979, Golide adathandizira kukonza ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi chipani cha Nazi pomwe White Power idayamba kutchuka mdera la East Bay ku Walnut Creek. Pambuyo pake, iye anaphatikizidwa ndi magulu omenyera ufulu omwe anapanga Ayuda ku Middle East Wachipembedzo mu 1983. Kenaka panadza zotchedwa nkhondo zapachiลตeniลตeni za akazi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, pamene kusiyana kwa ndale pakati pa ziลตalo za magulu a akazi aumphawi mโmphepete mwa nyanja ziลตirizo kunagaลตanitsa gulu lomakula la kumasulidwa kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Mavuto obwera chifukwa cha mafunso ovuta monga: Kodi "butch-femme" (wachimuna-wakazi) ndi maubwenzi okwatirana ndi mwamuna mmodzi amangopititsa patsogolo chikhalidwe cha makolo a US omwe olekanitsa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sankafuna mbali yawo? Nanga gululo lingagwire ntchito bwanji kuti aphatikize mamembala ambiri omwe si azungu? โAnthu ankavala mabatani a โMsilikali Wankhondo Wachiลตeniลตeni Chachiweniweni,โโ kuchotsedwa kwa mapini ovala ma vets aku Spain Civil War, anakumbukira Gold.
โPanali ziyembekezo zoterozo kwa wina ndi mnzake,โ anafotokoza motero Tory Becker, mnzake wa Gold, yemwe anali kukhala mu New York City panthaลตiyo. โInu mumafuna kuti chirichonse chikhale cholondola mwa magulu anu, ndi zinthu sanali kulondola, za kalasi ndi mtundu. Zinali zoipa kwambiri.โ
Tsopano wazaka 64, wodziwika bwino, komanso wokonza mgwirizano wa US Postal Service wopuma pantchito, Gold anali gawo la ziwonetsero pakulankhula kwa Betty Friedan, wolemba zachikazi wa "The Feminine Mystique" yemwe adayambitsa bungwe la National Organisation for Women. "Ife tonse tinali ndi chikwangwani chonena zinthu monga 'tsankho,' 'wachigulu,' 'odana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha,'" ndipo adakweza chikwangwani nthawi iliyonse Friedan - m'modzi mwa omenyera ufulu wachikazi panthawiyo, yemwe nthawi zambiri ankadzudzulidwa chifukwa chosalankhula. kugwirizana kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kuponderezana - adanena chinachake chokhumudwitsa. โAnatsika pabwalo akufuula kuti, โKodi akulipira ndani?โโ
Mogwirizana ndi maganizo a Friedan osagwirizana ndi misewu, anthu ambiri a mโgulu la Ayuda ampatuko a ku Middle East ankaona kuti โkuchokaโ pa nkhani ya ukali wawo kukanasokoneza nkhani yaikulu ya โmtendere ku Middle East.โ Msonkhano wina udapsa mtima kwambiri, m'modzi mwa mamembala ena adanyoza Golide ngati "chinthu" china - ngati sichinali chachikazi mokwanira kuti chisamaganizidwe mozama. Kukana kutsatira ndi kutsekedwa kunayambitsa mikangano pakati pa omwe angakhale ogwirizana, koma chinali chifukwa chachikulu Gold adalumikizana ndi LAGAI, ndipo adathandizira kulimbitsa ubale pakati pa mamembala a gululo.
"Kuphatikiza pa umunthu wanga [monga transgender]," adatero Gold, mamembala ena anali odzizindikiritsa okha omwe amangodzikweza okha. "Awa mwina sangakhale mawu omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito pano, koma nthawi zonse pamakhala zovuta zambiri ku LAGAI - nthawizonse, nthawizonse, nthawizonse."
Monga Gold, membala woyambitsa LAGAI Cole Benson, yemwe anali mthenga wanjinga yemwe banja lake linasamuka kuchoka ku Carolinas kupita ku California ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, anafotokoza kuti, "Kwa ambiri a ife, [kukakamira] si njira yokhayo yomwe timaponderezedwa m'moyo." Ndicho chimene aliyense pagulu amamva mozama. "[LAGAI ndi] amodzi mwa malo ochepa omwe ndingakhale wokhwima, komanso wotsalira, komanso wodzikuza nthawi imodzi," adatero Becker, yemwe amagwira ntchito ngati namwino pachipatala cha San Francisco.
Gwirani ntchito limodzi, sewerani limodzi, khalani limodzi
Koma kudzipereka kwakukulu pakudutsana kokha sikupangitsa gulu ngati LAGAI kupita kwa zaka makumi anayi.
"Ife timachokera ku cholowa chachitali chamagulu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komwe anthu amagonana," adatero Gold akuseka.
โLinali gulu lankhondo la okondana akale; kwakanthawi ndinganene kuti azimayi onse a ku LAGAI adakhala limodzi," adawonjezera Kate Raphael, yemwe adalowa nawo LAGAI mu 1985. "Ndimadziwa anthu ambiri opusa," adatero, koma sanapeze. gulu la anthu omenyera misewu omwe anali pakati pa queerness. "Sindikumva ngati ndajowina, koma ndinali ndi zaka za m'ma 20, motsimikiza kuti mahemawa amakhala kunja uko. Ndinacheza ndi Deeg kwa chaka chimodzi. "
"Apa ndipamene magulu amagulu amalumikizana ndi magulu andale," adatero Becker, yemwe amavomereza kuti adabwera ku msonkhano wake woyamba wa LAGAI ngati chotengera chatsopano ku Bay kuti apeze chibwenzi. Pamene โtsunami ikupita patsogoloโ ya ukalamba, โmuyenera kupeza munthu amene angakhalepo kuti akuthandizeni mukakomoka ndi chikomokere.โ Pagulu lolumikizana kwambiri ngati LAGAI, ambiri omwe mamembala awo ali ndi 45-kuphatikiza, membala aliyense wagululo akhoza kukhala wina.
Mukakhala ndi LAGAI, aliyense amawerengera. Ndi chifukwa chachikulu chomwe a Daniel Ward adalumikizana nawo cha m'ma 1989 atathamangitsidwa mu Navy chaka chatha. "Sindinkafuna kukhalamo, choncho ndinangobwera kwa anthu omwe mwina sindikanayenera kubwerako," adatero. "Simukufuna kudziyika nokha m'mavuto amenewo, koma nthawi yomweyo sindinathe kuwona njira ina." Ward analembetsa kuti atuluke mโtauni yakwawo ya Stockton, California, kumene moyo unali wodzala ndi zolinga zakufa. "Zinali zimenezo kapena Jack mu Bokosi." Chifukwa chovomerezeka cha kutulutsidwa: โKugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha; kuchita nawo, kapena kupempha wina kuti achite nawo."
Chimodzi mwazochita zake zoyamba ndi LAGAI chinali pamsonkhano wachisanu ndi chimodzi wa Edzi ku San Francisco, pomwe anthu omwe ali ndi Edzi ndi ogwirizana nawo adachita zionetsero zofuna kuti amayi, anthu amitundu, ndi ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe ali ndi Edzi awerengedwe, komanso motsutsana ndi kusinthana kwa singano. malamulo ndi chiletso choletsa anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV kulowa mโdzikoli, chomwe chinathetsedwa mu 6.
"Ndidachita chidwi ndi zoyesayesa za LAGAI," adatero Ward, yemwe m'mbuyomu adachita nawo ACT UP. "Mmene amatsata anthu omwe akutenga nawo mbali, kusamalira anthu omwe akugwira nawo ntchitoyo, komanso kudziwa omwe adamangidwa," ndilo lingaliro lomwe magulu ambiri omenyera ufulu sanganene.
"Sitikutaya anthu athu - ngakhale ali ku Israel," adatero Becker, yemwe adawulukira kumeneko Raphael atamangidwa chifukwa chojambula zithunzi za asilikali a Israeli akumenyana ndi Palestina.
Pambuyo pa mwezi wake mโndende, Becker akukumbukira kuti, Raphael โanali wowonda modabwitsa, ndi wotopa, koma wothamangitsidwa kwenikweni.โ Atatsekeredwa, Raphael adadziwa anthu osamukira ku Israeli omwe adabwera kudzagwira ntchito m'dzikoli ndipo akuyembekezera kuthamangitsidwa. Kubwerera kwathu, mamembala a LAGAI adakonza kampeni ya "Hands Off Kate" mogwirizana ndi Dunya Alwan, womenyera ufulu waku Iraq ndi America yemwe amakonzekera maulendo opita ku Palestine kwa omenyera ufulu wotchedwa Birthright Unplugged, komwe "alendo omwe amachirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi kumasulidwa amachita izi pokambirana ndi anthu amene amakhudzidwa kwambiri.โ
โNthawi zambiri anthu akakhala mโndende [chifukwa cha mikangano ya ndale], amangoyangโana pozungulira, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zinthu zambiri komanso anthu amene amawayangโanira kuposa anthu ambiri amene ali mโndende,โ anatero Gold. Kulumikizana kwa Raphael ndi azimayi omwe anali m'ndende kunamupangitsa kuti asinthe dzina lake lovomerezeka ndikulowanso mdzikolo kudzera ku Jordan, Becker "amakhala ngati ndevu zake za alendo."
Gululi lakhala likugwira ntchito kuyambira pachiyambi pomwe - aliyense ayenera kuvomereza (kapena kukana) pachisankho chilichonse. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe LAGAI idagawanika kuchokera kumagulu ena omwe akuchita ntchito ya mgwirizano wa Latin America mu '80s. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti inali yotseguka kwa aliyense komanso yopingasa, nthawi zonse.
Woyambitsa nawo Tede Matthews, wochita kukoka mochititsa chidwi komanso wolemba ndakatulo, "anali munthu wamphamvu kwambiri, wolamulira, wokhala ndi nyenyezi," adatero Gold. โKwa kanthawi, LAGAI ankaonedwa ngati โgulu la Tede,โ ndipo linali vuto. Anthu ena adachoka chifukwa cha izi, ndipo ena adabwera chifukwa cha izi. โ
Zaka za m'ma 1970 zinali nthawi yomwe palibe magulu omwe amaimiridwa ndi makalata a LGBT analidi ogwirizana wina ndi mzake. Kwa Becker, LAGAI inali nthawi yoyamba kuti amuna kapena akazi okhaokha azigwira ntchito limodzi pazifukwa zofanana. Gululi lidakhala pamisonkhano yotsatizana kuti lipeze zoyenera kuchita pa "funso la amuna ndi akazi". โNthaลตi zonse panali kusamvana mโmagulu a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ponena za kugonana kwa amuna ndi akazi,โ Gold anafotokoza motero, chifukwa panali akazi ambiri ogonana ndi amuna ndi akazi amene anatsirizika ndi amuna. Kumbali ina, "panalibe mikangano yozungulira zinthu ku LAGAI."
Kunja kwa maubwenzi ndi chipinda chogona - kapena malo aliwonse oyenda pagulu, pankhaniyi - chifukwa chachikulu komanso chaumwini chomwe gululi likukhalirabe mphamvu zakhala mgwirizano wawo wandale. Mwina chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimagwirizanitsa mamembala onse a LAGAI ndikudzipereka kwawo kunkhondo zandale zomwe ndizofunikira pamoyo wawo.
Pali mndandanda wamagulu omwe amafunikira owerengera omwe amaphatikiza ndakatulo zakusintha kwa Audre Lorde, ndi "Anti-Misa," buku losadziwika bwino lomwe limatsutsa kuti magulu ang'onoang'ono omwe anthu amadziwana ndiye mizati ya mayendedwe ambiri, akuchotsa lingaliro la anarcho-syndicalism. kutchuka ku Spain Socialist, ndi International Workers of the World.
Kusanthula kwa mbiriyi ndi maziko a mgwirizano womwe wasunga gulu limodzi kwa zaka zambiri - ngakhale zovuta kwambiri, monga vuto la HIV / AIDS la 1980s. Mikhalidwe yooneka ngati yopanda chiyembekezo "ingakhale chilimbikitso champhamvu chakuchita ziwonetsero," adatero Benson. โMnzanga wapamtima anamwalira [ndi AIDS]. Sindikufuna kuti izi zichitikira munthu wina.โ
Tede Matthews anali m'modzi mwa anthu omwe adatayika chifukwa cha kunyalanyaza kwadongosolo kwa anthu omwe ali ndi AIDS m'zaka za m'ma 1980. Golide amatchula mamembala ambiri omwe atayika ku Edzi: Steven Fish, Jim Manning, David Stern. โEdzi idatikhudza ife tonse panokha, tikukhala pakati pa mliri ndikumenyera madera, kuyesa kugwira ntchito mu ACT UP kuti tithane ndi nkhani za mtundu, kalasi ndi jenda, nyumba ndi chisamaliro chaumoyo. Zinali zovuta kwambiri komanso zotayika kwambiri, komanso chikondi chochulukanso. "
'Palibe kusankha' koma kumenyana
Chimodzi mwazinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri za LAGAI ndikuti mamembala ake ochepa adapsa. "Sindikutsimikiza ngati ndimakhulupiriradi lingaliro limenelo," adatero Ward. โChiyambireni kudzifotokoza kuti ndine woukira boma, sindinasiye kukhala wotero. Sindinakhalepo ndi chikhumbo chokana kupita ku chinachake ngati ndikuona kuti ndikhoza kutero.โ
Mabungwe ambiri akhalapo kwa nthawi yochepa chabe kuti awonongeke m'miyezi yochepa kapena zaka zingapo. Mu 2015, pamene Khothi Lalikulu linaona kuti maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi ovomerezeka, "Anthu ambiri omwe anali okangalika kuti amasulidwe adakwanitsa kukwatira ndipo adangokhalira kumenyana," adatero Ward. Ndipo chimenecho sichinali cholinga changa. Sindikufuna kukhala m'modzi wa anthu omwe 'potsirizira pake adapeza ake, ndi kusokoneza nonse.'โ
Becker adanena kuti sakumva ngati ali ndi chisankho koma kumenyana. Sanasiye kukhala wankhanza komanso wodana ndi ulamuliro kuyambira pomwe adachita nawo msonkhano wa Beijing Women's Conference mchaka cha 1995, pomwe azimayi opitilira muyeso ochokera padziko lonse lapansi adasonkhana, ndipo kunali chihema cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha m'dziko lomwe kusagonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumabisika. Iye anati: โSindingayerekeze nโkomwe kuti sindingamve ngati chinthu chokhacho chimene mungachite ndicho kukana.
"Ndikofunikira kukumbukira zomwe tapambana, ndipo chimodzi mwazopambanazo ndikuti pali anthu omwe ali ndi moyo masiku ano, omwe sakanakhala ndi moyo lero zikadapanda ntchito yomwe tidagwira," adatero Ward. "LAGAI uja, ndi ACT UP, ndipo ife mgululi tinatero. Pakadakhala anthu ambiri akufa tsopano - anthu ambiri. Ndipo izi ndizovuta kwambiri. "
Munthawi zamdima, zolinga zosatheka ngati kumasula aliyense zitha kukhala zomwe zimafunikira kuti tipitilize kupita patsogolo. "Ndimaona ngati ndale zapulumutsa moyo wanga," adatero Gold. โPakadapanda kukhala gulu lomenyera ufulu wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, sindikanapulumuka ndili wachinyamata. Ili si gulu limene anthu ambiri angakhalemo; muyenera kupeza njira yothanirana nayo, pamodzi, kapena mungamenyane nayo nokha ndi kutsika, kapena mungagonje ndi kungotsatira.
Masiku ano, misonkhano ya gululi, yomwe imachitika sabata iliyonse kumalo odyera ku Middle East ku Oakland kapena malo odyera ku San Francisco, imakhala ndi anthu 10 kuphatikiza ena khumi ndi awiri, akuyendayenda ndikutuluka monga momwe amalolera. . Koma zochita zake ndi zochitika zake zimathabe kutulutsa anthu mazana ambiri, monga "Kunja kwa Frame," chikondwerero chachikulu cha kanema chomwe gulu lidakonza mu 2015 motsutsana ndi Frameline yothandizidwa ndi Israeli.
"Pali nthawi zina pomwe timaganiza mu LAGAI, 'Tilibe anthu ambiri, mwina tiyenera kutha.' Koma tikadatero, chinthu choyamba muyenera kuchita ndikuyambitsa bungwe ngati ili,โ adatero Gold. "Zinthu ziyenera kuyamba kwinakwake, ndipo komwe zimayambira ndi pomwe kagulu kakang'ono ka anthu kasonkhana."
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