Kodi nchifukwa ninji kusintha kwakukulu kumangochitika pambuyo pa gulu lothedwa nzeru la anthu akunja? N’chifukwa chiyani anthu amafunika kufa ndi njala ndondomeko zisanasinthidwe? M'gawoli, ndikuyang'ana malingaliro a katswiri wa ndale Hannah Arendt pazochitika za anthu komanso mapu omwe akutipatsa lero.
M'malingaliro mwanga, Arendt akuwonetsa njira yodziwika bwino yowonera anthu nthawi zambiri amanyalanyazidwa pamakangano apakati pa ndale zaufulu ndi zokometsera. Mwanjira yoipitsitsa, Arendt amachepetsa malingaliro achikhalidwe kapena malingaliro omasuka a anthu, kuti miyoyo ya anthu ikhale yopanda ndale ndi chikoka cha boma, komanso malingaliro omasuka akuti udindo wa boma ndi kusamalira anthu. Potengera lingaliro lachi Greek la polis kapena malo a anthu onse, Arendt akufotokoza kuti palibe chomwe chili cholondola. M’malo mwake, moyo wonse, kunja kwa moyo waumwini, ndi wandale. Ndipo ufulu sungathe kuganiziridwa pang'ono kuti umvetsetsedwe pazandale komanso pagulu. Kuonjezera apo, akufotokoza kuti boma lisakhale bungwe lomwe limasankha anthu - liyenera kukhala bungwe lomwe limapangidwa ndi anthu, omwe amadzipangira okha mtundu wa anthu omwe akukhalamo. Malingana ndi Arendt, malinga ngati anthu ali kusamalidwa m'malo mopatsidwa malo oti adzisamalira okha demokalase yeniyeni idzakhala nthawi zonse yabwino.
Arendt ndi Civil Society
Vladimir Tismaneanu wa ku Russia wosagwirizana ndi chikominisi komanso katswiri wamaphunziro a pambuyo pa chikominisi amatanthauzira mabungwe a anthu “monga gulu la zinthu zapansi panthaka, zodzidzimutsa, zosagwirizana ndi boma (ngakhale kuti sizikutsutsana ndi boma) zomwe zimatuluka m'dongosolo la post-totalitarian chifukwa cha kumasulidwa kwa ulamuliro wa boma ndi ulamuliro. kutsika kwa zopinga za zipani zolamulira.”[1][1] Iye adagwira mawu a Moshe Lewin polemba kuti mabungwe aboma ali ndi "ma network ndi mabungwe omwe amakhalapo ndipo amachita zinthu mosagwirizana ndi boma kapena ndi mabungwe ovomerezeka omwe amatha kupanga malingaliro awo okha ...." Olimbikitsa mabungwe a anthu amalowa pamodzi ndi gulu la anthu wamba, kuyesera "kuwongolera ndi kuchepetsa" "kupititsa patsogolo" kwa boma, malinga ndi Lewin. Ndithudi, Tismaneanu akunena kuti pakati pa makiyi osinthira anthu kukhala omasuka mokwanira ndi “kupangidwa kwa anthu osankhika pandale (gulu), amene ngakhale kuti pali kusiyana kulikonse kwachilengedwe angagwirizane pa mtengo wotsiriza wa chitaganya chomasuka, kuphatikizapo. udindo wa msika, chitetezo cha munthu payekha, ndi zitsimikizo zofunika kwambiri kwa anthu ang’onoang’ono.”[1][2]
Ndizomveka chifukwa chake omwe adaphwanyidwa ufulu wachibadwidwe pansi pa
Arendt amakhulupirira kuti mtundu wachi Greek wa demokalase kuzungulira polis ndi wabwino. Potsutsana ndi omwe amakhulupirira kuti boma liyenera kuthetsedwa kuti ufulu ulamulire, Arendt akufotokoza kuti simungathe kuthetsa moyo wandale pagulu. Lili paliponse. Malinga ndi Agiriki, mutangodutsa gawo laumwini la banja lanu ndi banja lanu, mudalowa m'malo andale. Anthu ankaona kuti anthu ayenera kusiya ulamuliro kapena nkhani zandale n’kuyamba kulamulira m’modzi mwankhanza.[1][3] Kutenga nawo mbali mu ndale kunali, malinga ndi Agiriki, pamtima pa ufulu. Pamene kuli kwakuti ambiri lerolino amawona ufulu kukhala malo kumene boma silikhala ndipo ndale sizimanenedwa, Agiriki anamvetsetsa kuti onse kunja kwa nyumba ndi banja anali andale zadziko; kuti “mphamvu zandale” zinali “chiyambi chenicheni cha ufulu,” ndipo kulandidwa ufuluwo kunali kulandidwa ufulu.[1][4]
Kupitilira Representative Boma mu
Arendt (monga Habermas) akulozera kukwera kwa zokonda zapadera, zomwe zimachokera kumalo achinsinsi, ndi momwe zimayipitsira gawo la anthu. Arendt akufotokoza kuti popeza ovota amagwira ntchito mwachinsinsi, amalephera kukhaladi mbali ya anthu onse, ndipo, chotsatira chake, amalephera kukhala anthu ammudzi: “Kupyolera mu magulu okakamiza, malo ochezera, ndi zida zina, ovota. angakhudzedi zochita za oimira awo pokhudzana ndi chidwi, ndiko kuti, akhoza kukakamiza oimira awo kuti akwaniritse zofuna zawo mosasamala za zofuna ndi zofuna za magulu ena a ovota. Muzochitika zonsezi, wovota amachita chifukwa chokhudzidwa ndi moyo wake wachinsinsi komanso moyo wake wabwino, ndipo mphamvu zotsalira zomwe adakali nazo m'manja mwake zimafanana ndi kukakamiza mosasamala komwe munthu wachinyengo amakakamiza wozunzidwayo kuti amvere kusiyana ndi mphamvu zomwe zimatuluka. za zochita limodzi ndi kukambirana molumikizana. ”[1][5] Ili ndiye vuto lomwe lili ndi boma loyimilira mu
Kukhala ndi oyimilira abwino sikokwanira. M’chenicheni, ngati mulingalira za icho, kodi ndimotani mmene anthu padziko lapansi angasonyezere mowona mtima zokonda za magulu aakulu a anthu ndi malingaliro awo aakulu? Komanso, kodi timakhudzidwa bwanji? Timavota, kusankha wosankhidwa A kapena B. Tili ndi malingaliro athu operekedwa kudzera mu zisankho. Tili kumbali ya MSNBC pa FOX News. Tiyeni tiyang'ane nazo, boma loyimilira siliri losweka.
Arendt akudandaula kuti mu boma loyimilira anthu ambiri ngakhale anthu alibe china chilichonse koma maganizo, osati maganizo, chifukwa sali otenga nawo mbali pazochitika za anthu. “M’dongosolo lino maganizo a anthu sadziŵika bwino chifukwa chakuti kulibe. Malingaliro amapangidwa m’kambitsirano wapoyera ndi kukambitsirana kwapoyera, ndipo pamene palibe mwaŵi wa kupanga malingaliro ulipo, pangakhale mikhalidwe—mikhalidwe ya unyinji ndi mikhalidwe ya anthu, pambuyo pake zosasinthika ndi zosadalirika kuposa zakale—koma. palibe malingaliro."[1][6] M'boma lanyumba yamalamulo, akulemba Arendt, ntchito ya chipanichi yakhala yopatsa boma thandizo lokwanira kuti livomereze "ufulu" wake kuti achitepo kanthu m'malo mwa olamulira. Mwanjira imeneyi, kuvota ndikungopereka ufulu wa munthu wochita zinthu m'boma.[1][7]
M'malo molimbikitsidwa kutenga nawo mbali pakusintha kosalekeza kwa anthu, nzika mu
Chimodzi mwazodetsa nkhawa za Arendt ndi momwe ziwonetsero zidaphonya mwayi wopanga kusintha kowona kwa machitidwe. Nthawi ndi nthawi, zipolowe, kuphatikizapo kusintha kwa America, zinalephera kuzindikira tawuni kapena bungwe la kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka anthu, m'mene nzika zonse zimaloledwa kukhala ndi ufulu osati kungokhala mumtundu wachimwemwe, payekha; komanso kukhala ndi ufulu wa anthu kutenga nawo mbali popanga zisankho. Ngakhale
Malinga ndi Arendt, chimwemwe ndi ufulu wa anthu zimadalira kukhala ndi mbali mu ulamuliro wa boma: “Ngati mapeto a zigawenga akanakhala ufulu ndi lamulo la malo amene ufulu ukhoza kuonekera… malo amene aliyense akanakhala womasuka, kwenikweni anali mapeto a lipabuliki yaikulu imene chifuno chake chachikulu m’zochitika zapakhomo chinayenera kukhala kupereka kwa anthu malo aufulu oterowo ndi kuwatetezera. Lingaliro loyambirira la dongosolo la ward, kaya Jefferson ankadziwa kapena ayi, linali lakuti palibe amene angatchedwe wokondwa popanda gawo lake mu chisangalalo cha anthu, kuti palibe amene angatchedwe mfulu popanda chidziwitso chake mu ufulu wa anthu, komanso kuti palibe amene angakhale. kutchedwa wokondwa kapena waufulu popanda kutenga nawo mbali, ndi kukhala ndi gawo, mu mphamvu za boma.[1][11]
Tisanayambe kukonzanso kapena kungosintha dziko lathu, tiyeni tikhale ndi masomphenya omveka bwino a momwe timafunira tikamaliza. Tisakhale ndi cholinga chothetsa boma; tisamagwiritse ntchito boma posamalira ena; tiyeni tikhale ndi cholinga chotenganso ganizo la unzika ndi kupanga munthu aliyense kukhala gawo la zisankho, kukhala gawo la boma. Yakwana nthawi yoti anthu aku America apandukire ndikubweza mphamvu zodzipangira okha.
***
Jeff Nall ndi wolemba, wotsutsa, wophunzira, komanso wokamba nkhani. Bukhu lake, Perpetual Revolt: Essays on Peace & Justice and The Shared Values of Secular, Spiritual, and Religious Progressives (Howling Dog Press, 250 masamba, $15.95), likupezeka pa webusaiti yake: www.JeffNall.com. Imelo: [imelo ndiotetezedwa]
Sources:
1. Vladimir Tismaneanu, Kuyambitsanso Ndale:
2. Tismaneanu, 287.
3. Hannah Arendt, Pakati pa Zakale ndi Zamtsogolo (New York: Penguin Classics, 1993), 104-105.
4. Ayi., 105.
5. Hannah Arendt, “The Revolutionary Tradition and Its Lost Treasure,” The Portable Hannah Arendt (
6. Ibid., 524-525.
7. Ayi., 527.
8. Wotchulidwa mu Arendt, “The Revolutionary Tradition and Its Lost Treasure,” 509.
9. Arendt, “The Revolutionary Tradition and Its Lost Treasure,” 511.
10. Ibid., 513.
11. Ayi., 516.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama