Kupambana kodabwitsa kwa Hamas pachisankho cha Palestina kwadzutsa mafunso ambiri. Jewish Voice for Peace imapereka mayankho othandizira mamembala athu ndi othandizira kuti amvetsetse zomwe zikuchitika.
A: Hamas ndi chidule cha Chiarabu cha Islamic Resistance Movement. Hamas, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1987 panthawi ya intifada yoyamba, inali mphukira ya Muslim Brotherhood, gulu lankhondo lapadziko lonse lachisilamu. Hamas ndi gulu la Palestine basi ndipo limayang'ana kwambiri nkhani ya Palestina.
Mgwirizano wa Hamas umafuna kuwonongedwa kwa Israeli; chimaletsa kuzindikirika kwa Israyeli ndi kulolerana naye. Mgwirizanowu umaperekanso gulu kunkhondo ndipo, pofotokoza momwe amaonera mapulani a Israeli ndi Zionist, atchulapo Protocols of the Elders of Zion (yonyenga yaku Russia kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20th yomwe ndi gawo laling'ono la mabuku amakono odana ndi Ayuda. ) monga gwero lake. Hamas yachita zigawenga zambiri zoukira anthu wamba.
Koma Hamas ilinso ndi mbali ina. Yakhazikitsa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, makamaka ku Gaza Strip. Anthu ambiri aku Palestine apeza thandizo lakuthupi lochulukirapo kudzera komanso kuchokera ku Hamas kuposa PA pazaka zambiri. Ichi ndi gwero lalikulu lothandizira Hamas pakati pa omwe sagawana nawo ndale, chipembedzo kapena maganizo awo.
Hamas, ngakhale kuti imagwirizana ndi chiphunzitso china, nthawi zonse yasonyeza kufunitsitsa kusintha kusintha kwa mikhalidwe. M'mbuyomu, Hamas anakana kuchita nawo zisankho za Palestina, powawona, molondola, ngati zopangidwa ndi Oslo Accords omwe amatsutsa. Koma mwachionekere asintha maganizo awo pa mfundo imeneyi. Ngakhale kusinthaku kusanachitike, panali zisonyezo zambiri zosonyeza kuti, ngakhale sangavomereze kuvomerezeka kwa Israeli kukhalako, anali okonzeka kupeza njira zoti Israeli ndi Palestine azikhalira limodzi.
Buku la รขโฌลHamas ya ku Palestineรขโฌ lolembedwa ndi akatswiri a ku Israel, Shaul Mishal ndi Avraham Sela, likufunika kuwerengedwa kwa aliyense amene akufuna kumvetsa Hamas. Ngakhale ndilakale pang'ono (bukuli lidasindikizidwa mu 2000), kumveka bwino komwe amafotokozera Hamas kukadali koyenera. M'malo mwake, momwe bukhuli limalimbana ndi lingaliro losavuta la Hamas langolimbikitsidwa m'zaka zaposachedwa - ngati pali chilichonse, Hamas yakhala yosinthika ku zochitika zatsopano komanso yotseguka kunjira zatsopano zochitira zinthu kuposa momwe idakhalira zaka zisanu zapitazo.
Q: Ndiye kodi Hamas ndi gulu lachigawenga?
A: Inde. Koma magulu ambiri a zigawenga akhala maboma kapena atenga maudindo mโmaboma mโmbuyomu. Izi zikuphatikiza magulu ngati Irgun Zรขโฌโขvai Leumi ndi Lochamei Herut Israel (LEHI kapena Stern Group), zigawenga zochokera ku pre-state Yishuv, kapena kukhazikika kwa Ayuda ku Palestine. M'magulu amenewo munatuluka nduna zazikulu ziwiri za Israeli, Menachem Begin ndi Yitzhak Shamir. Fatah, chipani chomwe chinkayang'anira Ulamuliro wa Palestine, chinalinso ndi mbiri yakale yakuukira motsutsana ndi Israeli komanso zolinga zina zankhondo ndi zankhondo. Ndizowona kuti Hamas ali ndi gawo lalikulu mu chiwawa chachiwiri cha Palestina intifada chomwe chimawapatsa mphamvu zambiri kuposa momwe Fatah anayenera kulamulira chiwawa chimenecho, ngati akufuna kutero.
Q: Kodi voti iyi ikutanthauza kuti anthu aku Palestine amathandizira Chisilamu chokhazikika?
A: Nโzosatheka. Ngakhale kuti mโzaka zaposachedwapa, chipembedzo chawonjezereka chisonkhezero mโmadera a Palestina, chitaganya cha Palestine chidakali ndi mbali yamphamvu kwambiri yachipembedzo. Ngakhale Hamas ndithudi ili ndi maziko okulirapo a ochirikiza, kupambana kwawo pa chisankho ichi sikunali chifukwa cha chipembedzo, malingaliro kapena chiwawa. M'malo mwake, zidachitika chifukwa cha kulephera ndi katangale kwa chipani cholamula cha Fatah komanso malingaliro olondola akuti Hamas idakonzedwa bwino komanso yopanda ziphuphu.
Koposa zonse, iyi inali voti yosintha, ndipo Hamas inali njira ina. Kupitilira katangale wa Fatah, panalinso mfundo yoti njira ya Fatah yochitira zinthu sinapindulire ma Palestine chilichonse pakuchita kwawo ndi Israeli. Kuchokera ku Palestina, ndale za Fatah zinalephera kutulutsa zotsatira, choncho bwanji osapatsa Hamas mwayi?
Q: Kodi iyi inali voti yochirikiza kuchulukira kwa zigawenga zolimbana ndi Israeli?
A: Apanso, sizingatheke. Kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti aku Palestine akuthandiza kwambiri kupitiliza kuyimitsa moto ndi Israeli. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti anthu aku Palestine ali ndi ufulu wokana kugwira ntchito mokakamiza, koma onsewa amatsutsa ziwawa za anthu wamba (ngakhale okhazikika ku West Bank omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zida ndipo nthawi zina amapanga zigawenga zankhondo zimatha kusokoneza kusiyana pakati pa anthu wamba ndi omenyera nkhondo) ndikukhulupirira kuti chiwawa ndi njira yolakwika panthawiyi (izi sizinali choncho nthawi zonse pa nthawi yachiwiri ya intifada, koma zisankho pamfundoyi zakhala zikufanana kwa nthawi ndithu).
Hamas amazindikira malingaliro otchukawa. Ichi ndichifukwa chake akhala akutsata kuyimitsa moto kwa chaka chathachi ndi chifukwa chake adanena kale kuti akufuna kupitiriza, ngakhale kuti zomwe adakhazikitsa chaka chapitacho kuti apitirizebe kuyimitsa moto sizinakwaniritsidwe (izi. makamaka amatanthauza kumasulidwa kwa akaidi aku Palestine).
Q: Kodi sizomveka kuti Israeli akane kukambirana ndi zigawenga?
Yankho: Nkhani yonse ndi yabodza; Israel sinakambirane ndi Fatah m'lingaliro lenileni kuyambira kumapeto kwa zokambirana ku Taba koyambirira kwa 2001, m'masiku otsiriza a nthawi ya Ehud Barak ngati Prime Minister wa Israeli. Kotero kukana kwawo kuyankhula ndi Hamas sikuyimira kusintha kuchokera chisankho chisanachitike.
Ndizoyenera kuti Israeli ikakamize kuti Hamas isinthe ma chart awo. Koma wina amapanga mtendere ndi adani, osati ndi mabwenzi ngakhale รขโฌลmabwenzi.รขโฌ Sikuti atsogoleri ankhondo a Hamas anasankhidwa, koma a mโgulu lake la ndale. Mkangano womwewo unabuka zaka khumi zapitazo ku Northern Ireland, ndipo aliyense potsirizira pake anazindikira kuti njira yokhayo yopitira patsogolo inali kupha Sinn Fein, gulu la ndale la Irish Republican Army. Lingaliro lomwelo la pragmatic likufunika tsopano.
Ndizolakwika komanso zosagwirizana ndi Hamas kukana kukambirana ndi Israeli ndipo ndizolakwika komanso zopanda phindu kuti Israeli akane kukambirana ndi utsogoleri wosankhidwa movomerezeka wa Palestina.
Q: Kodi a Israeli alibe ufulu wochita mantha ndi zotsatirazi?
A: Inde, amatero. Chipani chachikulu cha Palestine chalumbirira kuwonongedwa kwa Israeli ndi tchati chake, ndipo, mpaka posachedwapa, chakhala chikuchita zophulitsa zowopsa kwambiri zodzipha mu intifada. Kuti tsopano akupanga mawu ena achiyanjano sizolimbikitsa kwambiri kwa Israeli, makamaka popeza mawuwo, makamaka pakadali pano, akuphatikizapo kukana kuzindikira Israeli.
Koma ngakhale kuti mantha sayenera kunyalanyazidwa, sayeneranso kuloledwa kugonjetsa kulingalira. Hamas ndi chipani chosankhidwa bwino chomwe chili ndi mphamvu. Nโzomveka kuyembekezera kuti azichita zinthu ngati chipani chovomerezeka cha ndale, koma si nzeru kungonena kuti sipadzakhala kuchita nawo. Pali zifukwa zomveka zochitira mantha Hamas. Palinso ena abwinoko, makamaka ngati pangakhale chiyembekezo chilichonse cha tsogolo labwino, kuti agwirizane nawo.
Q: Kodi Hamas ndi wokonzeka kuchita nawo zokambirana ndi Israeli?
Yankho: Osati pakadali pano, koma pali zowonetsa kuti izi zitha kusintha. Hamasรขโฌโข tchata mipiringidzo kukambirana, kuzindikira kapena kupanga kugwirizana kulikonse ndi Israel. Pakalipano, akukakamirabe pamzerewu, koma ngakhale akuluakulu awo akunena kuti izi sizikugwirizana ndi kukhala chipani chachikulu cha Palestine. Hamas amamvetsetsa kuti akuyenera kusintha. Mmodzi wa akuluakulu a Hamas adanena kale kuti, pamene Hamas sanakonzekere zokambirana zachindunji, ngati Israeli ali ndi "chinachake chopereka, njira za 1,000 zingapezeke" kukambirana, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kukambirana kudzera mwa anthu ena.
Mlembi Wamkulu wa Arab League ananena mosapita m'mbali kuti Hamas รขโฌลayeneraรขโฌ kukambirana ndi Israeli ndi kutsatira zomwe Beirut zolengeza za 2002. Malingana ndi lingaliro lamtendere la Saudi, bungwe la Arab League mu 2002 linapereka mtendere wathunthu ndi ubale wabwino pakati pa Israeli ndi Israeli. mayiko onse omwe ali mamembala a League kuti achoke m'madera omwe adalandidwa kuyambira 1967, kukhazikitsidwa kwa dziko la Palestine pamadera omwe ali ku West Bank ndi Gaza, ndi East Jerusalem kukhala likulu lake ndi รขโฌลKukwaniritsa yankho lolungama. ku vuto la othaลตa kwawo ku Palestina kuti agwirizane mogwirizana ndi chigamulo cha UN General Assembly Resolution 194.รข Israel inanyalanyaza kotheratu pempholi. Ngakhale pali mfundo zomwe Israeli sakanavomereza nsalu yonse, palibe chifukwa chodziwikiratu kuti zoperekazi sizingakhale maziko a zokambirana zazikulu, zazing'ono zomwe zimafuna kuthetsa mkanganowo.
Mulimonsemo, izi zikuwonekeratu kuti Hamas ikumana ndi zovuta zazikulu kuti zizindikire ndikukambirana ndi Israeli kuchokera kumakona omwe ali nawo. Hamas nthawizonse yakhala ikukhudzidwa ndi maganizo a anthu a Palestina, ndipo maganizo amenewo akuthandizirabe kupeza njira yothetsera ntchito ya Israeli ndikukwaniritsa mgwirizano ndi Israeli kuti akhale ndi tsogolo lotetezeka komanso lachiyembekezo. Zinthu zonsezi zikuphatikiza kuwonetsa kuti Hamas, ngati apanga boma, achitepo kanthu kuti akwaniritse zofuna za Arab League ndi anthu ambiri aku Palestina.
Q: Kodi dziko la Israel ndi United States linathandizira bwanji pa izi?
Yankho: Padziko lonse lapansi, maulamuliro akuluakulu aku Western, komanso Israeli, agwira ntchito yolimbana ndi kusakonda dziko la Arabu kwazaka zambiri. Kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri izi zidawoneka ngati chiwopsezo choyambirira ku Britain ndi French komanso zokonda zaku America. Imodzi mwa njira zomwe adatsata kutsutsa kwawo kudziko la Arabu inali kulimbikitsa, kapena kunyalanyaza kukula kwa magulu otsutsa achipembedzo. Izi zidapangitsa kuti magulu ambiri achuluke, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ndalama zaku US komanso / kapena maphunziro.
Pankhani ya Hamas, iwo ndithudi anapindula ndi kukwera kwakukulu kwa magulu ankhondo achipembedzo. Koma Israeli idawathandizanso polola magulu achisilamu omwe adatsogola Hamas kuti achite bwino ndikuzunzidwa pang'ono muzaka za 70s komanso zambiri za 80s. Israeli adawona magulu azipembedzo omwe amatsutsana ndi okonda dziko, monga PLO, omwe Israeli adakhudzidwa nawo kwambiri. Amakhulupilira kuti kulola, komanso kulimbikitsa Hamas kuti ipange maluwa kungapangitse munga pakati pa dziko la Palestine, zomwe zimabweretsa kulimbana ndi kusokoneza mphamvu za Palestine kuti zitheke. Ndipo kwa kanthawi, nโzimene zinachitika. Koma kukwera kwamagulu ngati Hamas kunali zotsatira zosapeลตeka.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, zochita za Israeli zakhala zikulepheretsa kuthandizira kwa Fatah, Yasir Arafat ndi Mahmoud Abbas. Mu April, 2002, pambuyo pa kuukira koopsa ku Netanya pa Paskha (yochitidwa, iyenera kuzindikiridwa, ndi Hamas), Israeli adayambitsa รขโฌลOperation Defensive Shieldรขโฌ . Pamapeto pa chiwonongekocho, zida za Palestine zidawonongedwa. Posachedwapa pakhala mwayi woti Ulamuliro wa Palestine uyambenso kumanganso zomangamanga. Komabe Israeli idapitilizabe kulimbikira kuti PA ichepetse zigawenga, ngakhale alibe zida zankhondo kapena likulu landale kuti achite izi. Pamene PA sakanatha kutsatira, Israeli ndi US amanyoza utsogoleri wawo, kukana kukambirana ndikuchita unilaterally. Kenako, pomanga khomalo, motsutsana ndi malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi, kudzera ku West Bank m'malo motsatira Green Line ndikuchoka ku Gaza, Israeli adawonetsa kusafunikira, pamaso pawo, a Mahmoud Abbas, PA ndi Fatah.
Kuchokera ku Palestine, zinthu zinkangoipiraipira pansi pa utsogoleri wa Fatah ndipo chikondi chomwe dziko la US likuwonetsa Fatah chinangopangitsa kuti phwandolo liwoneke ngati quislings. Zowonadi, kuwulutsa kwa nkhani kuti US idapereka ndalama mobisa kwa Fatah kuti ilimbikitse kampeni yawo chisankho chisanachitike mwina chinali chowononga kwambiri.
Q: Kodi chisankhochi chikuti chiyani za demokalase ya Palestine?
A: Poganizira kuti chisankhochi chinachitika pansi pa usilikali ndipo chinayendetsedwa ndi Ulamuliro wa Palestine womwe ulibe chilichonse chonga chuma cha boma lodziimira, chisankho, chokhachokha, chinali kupambana kwa Palestina. Pafupifupi opanda zonyansa zilizonse, ndipo pafupifupi 78% ya ovota oyenerera adatenga nawo gawo, chisankho chinali chopambana kwambiri. Pankhani yotenga nawo mbali, kuwonekera poyera komanso kutsimikizika kwa voti, munthu amayenera kukumba mozama kwambiri asanapeze chisankho cha Israeli kapena America chomwe chingafanane nacho.
Kuti Hamas atuluke wopambana ndi zotsatira za kukhala kwawo njira yomveka bwino ya Fatah, komanso luso lawo lapamwamba la bungwe. Ndizosapeweka kuti magulu okhwima adzapambana mu demokalase ya Palestina. Koma magulu ena, osakhala achipembedzo komanso odziwika bwino, ayenera tsopano kuwonetsa anthu a Palestina kuti alibe ziphuphu, okonzedwa komanso ogwirizana ndi anthu ngati akufuna kutsutsa Hamas.
Q: Kodi pali mbali ina yabwino pa izi?
A: Inde, pali mipata muzochitika zodabwitsazi. Chimodzi mwazovuta kwambiri pazaka zomwe ndakumana ndi Fatah, makamaka pansi pa Yasir Arafat's chinali kusagwirizana pakati pa zokambirana ndi Israeli ndi US ndi malingaliro pakati pa anthu aku Palestina. Makamaka pankhani ya othawa kwawo, zokambirana zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe anthu anali okonzeka kuvomereza. Hamas ikuyenera kukakamiza nkhaniyi kuti imveke bwino. Nkhani ya othawa kwawo ndi yovuta kwambiri kuthana nayo, chifukwa ndiyofunikira kwambiri ku dziko la Palestine komanso ndi malo amodzi omwe Israeli ali pafupifupi ogwirizana padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa chosafuna kuwona china chilichonse kuposa kubwereranso kwa othawa kwawo. Nkhaniyi siingathe kuthetsedwa pokhapokha ngati mbali zonse ziwiri zikukambirana motengera momwe anthu awo akumvera, ndipo m'mbuyomu okambirana a Palestine sanachite izi.
Utsogoleri wa Fatah womwe wakhala ukutsogolera zokambirana umachotsedwa kwambiri mumsewu wa Palestina. Hamas imagwirizana kwambiri ndi izi. Izi zitha kulola kumveka bwino kwambiri, ndipo, ngati kusagwirizana kungapezeke (zomwe zidzakhala zovuta kwambiri ndi Hamas, komabe sizingatheke) iwo adzakhala ovomerezeka kwambiri ndi anthu aku Palestina kuposa momwe Fatah ankachitira. kukambirana. M'malo mwake, kuvomerezeka komwe Hamas ali nako tsopano kumatanthauza zovuta zonse komanso kumveka bwino komanso chidaliro pazokambirana zonse. Ngati Hamas angakakamizidwe kuti achite mgwirizano, idzakhala imodzi yomwe idzadutsa mumsewu wa Palestina, zomwe Fatah sakanatha kutsimikizira.
Hamas tsopano ilinso ndi chilimbikitso chopitiliza kupewa kuukira anthu wamba aku Israeli. Kuphatikiza apo, ali ndi chilimbikitso chobweretsa magulu onse ankhondo pansi pa ulamuliro wa PA. Ndipo iwo ali ndi cache zandale ndi zankhondo kuti achite izo, mwanjira yomwe Fatah sanachitenso.
Q: Kodi tingayembekezere chiyani mโmasiku akudzawa?
Yankho: Nโzosatheka kulosera kumene zinthu zidzachokera kuno. Fatah imadzipeza yokha kunja kwa mphamvu iliyonse yomwe ilipo pakati pa Palestina kwa nthawi yoyamba mu zaka zopitirira makumi anayi. Pali mkwiyo wambiri ku Fatah, motsutsana ndi Hamas, motsutsana ndi Israeli komanso motsutsana ndi utsogoleri wake womwe ukutuluka. Pakhala pali zochitika zochepa zachiwawa ndipo Fatah adalengeza kale cholinga chake chotsutsa kwambiri mawu.
Sizikudziwika kuti ndi zotani zomwe Hamas angachite kuti apange boma la mgwirizano kapena ngakhale atero. Hamas ili ndi mipando yokwanira kulamulira boma popanda mgwirizano, kotero ngati kumanga mgwirizano sikungatheke, ali ndi mwayi wosatsatira. Pakali pano akuyesetsa kwambiri kuti abweretse Fatah mu boma la mgwirizano, koma mpaka pano Fatah yakana kukana.
Chinthu chimodzi chomwe chikuyembekezeka ndikuti Hamas idzayesa kuyang'ana mkati poyamba ndikusiya funso lovuta la Israeli, US ndi ntchitoyo mpaka mtsogolo. Izi ndi zomveka, chifukwa zidzawapatsa mwayi wochotsa ziphuphu ku PA, potero kuwonjezera mphamvu zake. Kenako adzafunika kupanga zisankho zovuta kuti asinthe malingaliro awo kapena momwe angagwirizane ndi ma Palestine ndi chikhumbo chonse cha padziko lonse lapansi choti zokambirana ziyambikenso.
Israel ndi US angachite bwino kuika onus pa Hamas kukambirana mwa kuvomereza Beirut Declaration ya 2002 monga maziko kuyambiranso zokambirana (zomwe sizikutanthauza kuvomereza mawu awo nsalu lonse, chinthu Israel mwachionekere sakanachita). Izi zingakakamize nkhani yozindikirika ndi kukambirana ndipo zingapangitse kutentha kwa Hamas kukhala pansi ndikukambirana mgwirizano. Zitha kutsimikizira kusintha, koma sizichitika. Ngakhale kuti kusuntha koteroko kukanakhala kwanzeru kwa aliyense, ngakhale Israeli Labor Party nthawi yomweyo yatembenukira ku kuyitana kwa "zochitika zosagwirizana" pambuyo pa chisankho, ndipo Bush Administration sichidzasokoneza "anti". -chigawengaรขโฌ zolankhula pankhaniyi.
Pali kuthekera kwenikweni kuti Hamas idzayesa kukwaniritsa zomwe US โโyakhazikitsa kuti ikhale "mnzawo wovomerezeka" pamlingo wina. Hamas angayesere kulengeza za izi (mmodzi mwa atsogoleri awo adanena kale kuti Hamas adzalemekeza mapangano opangidwa ndi maboma akale a Palestina, kaya adagwirizana nawo kapena ayi) ndikuwona ngati izo zinali zokwanira. Ndizokayikitsa kuti asintha ma chart awo nthawi ina iliyonse m'tsogolomu. Alengeza kale cholinga chawo chophatikiza magulu ankhondo awo ndi magulu ankhondo a PA, ngakhale izi zitha kukhala zovuta kuposa momwe zimamvekera. Owonera ambiri, kuphatikiza ena mkati mwa Hamas, akuwona kuti pochita zisankho, Hamas yavomereza dongosolo la Oslo.
Pakadali pano, Hamas mwina idzayang'ana kwambiri pakuchotsa ziphuphu mu PA ndipo ikhalabe "chete" ndi Israeli, bola Israeli achite chimodzimodzi. Zikuwoneka kuti Israeli adzachita izi, ngakhale kuti zisankho zawo zikubwera, Prime Minister Ehud Olmert aziganizira kwambiri za momwe angayandikire PA motsogozedwa ndi Hamas. Atha kuganiza kuti kuchuluka kwa zomwe akuchita ku West Bank kapena kupha anthu mopitilira muyeso kungalimbikitse udindo wake. Koma izi sizikuwoneka nthawi yomweyo. Magulu ena ankhondo monga Islamic Jihad ndi al-Aqsa Martyrsรขโฌโข Brigade atha kusankha kuti nthawi yakwana yoti awonjezere ntchito zawo. Martyrs a al-Aqsa makamaka, kukhala gulu logawanika la Fatah, atha kufuna kusokoneza boma la Hamas nthawi yomweyo. Ndizotsimikizika kuti Hamas tsopano adzaimbidwa mlandu pakuwukira kulikonse, kaya anali ndi chilichonse kapena ayi, monga momwe Fatah analili m'mbuyomu, adangokulirakulira. Ndizowakomera kuyesa kubweretsa magulu ena okhala ndi zida pansi paulamuliro. Kaya angakwanitse kapena akufuna kutero, sizikudziwika.
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