Kuwongolera mafuta kwakhala cholinga chachikulu cha mfundo zakunja za US. Mapangano a nyengo ya Paris ndi mapulogalamu ena aliwonse a Green ochepetsa kukwera kwa kutentha kwa dziko amawonedwa ngati akuwopseza cholinga cholamulira misika yamphamvu padziko lonse lapansi popangitsa kuti chuma chizidalira mafuta pansi pa ulamuliro wa US. Komanso kuletsa kufunitsitsa kwa US kuthandiza kuthetsa kutentha kwa dziko ndi chuma chamakampani amafuta komanso mphamvu zandale. Zogulitsa zake si mphamvu zokha komanso kutentha kwa dziko, pamodzi ndi kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki.
Kuphatikizika kowopsa kumeneku kwa malingaliro achitetezo cha dziko komanso kukakamiza makampani amafuta akuwopseza kuwononga nyengo yapadziko lapansi. Chiyembekezo chokweza kutentha ndi kuchuluka kwa nyanja m'mphepete mwa nyanja pomwe madera akumtunda akuvutika ndi chilala amawonedwa ngati chiwongolero chowononga mafuta. Dipatimenti Yaboma akuti yathamangitsa anthu omwe akuchenjeza za kuwonongeka kwa kutentha kwa dziko.[1]
Zoyesayesa zokhazo zoletsa kutumizidwa kwa mafuta kunja ndi zilango zatsopano za Cold War zopatula Russia, Iran ndi Venezuela. Cholinga chake ndikuwonjezera kudalira kwakunja pamafuta aku US, Britain ndi France, kupatsa akatswiri aku America mphamvu zopangitsa maiko ena "kuzizira mumdima" ngati atsatira njira yosiyana ndi zolinga zaku US.
Unali kufuna kuwongolera malonda amafuta padziko lonse lapansi - ndikusunga ndalama - zomwe zidapangitsa dziko la United States kugwetsa boma la Iran mu 1953, George W. Bush ndi Dick Cheney kuukira Iraq mu 2013, ndipo posachedwa kwambiri kuti Donald Trump kudzipatula Iran uku ikuthandizira Saudi Arabia ndi gulu lake lankhondo lakunja la Wahabi ku Syria, Iraq ndi Yemen. Zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi m'mbuyomo, mu 1953, CIA ndi Britain adagwirizana kuti agwetse Purezidenti wosankhidwa wa Iran Mohammad Mosaddegh kuti amulepheretse kupanga kampani ya Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. Njira yofananirayi ikufotokoza kuyesa kwa US pakusintha maboma ku Venezuela ndi Russia.
Pamene akufuna kuti mayiko ena azidalira mafuta olamulidwa ndi US, America mwiniwake wakhala akuyang'ana kuti adzipeze yekha mphamvu. M'zaka za m'ma 1970 bungwe la Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) linapanga ndondomeko yowononga chilengedwe yolimbikitsa ufulu wa mphamvu ku North America pogwiritsira ntchito mchenga wa phula wa Canada wa Athabasca. Pafupifupi magaloni khumi amadzi amafunikira kupanga galoni iliyonse yamafuta opangira mafuta. Madzi awa amatengedwa ngati chinthu chaulere, osati mtengo wochotsa syncrude. (Ndinali mtsogoleri wa Hudson Institute economist ndikuwunika mapulani a ERDA, ndipo adachotsedwa mu phunziroli pamene ndidatsutsa kuti izi zingayambitse mavuto a madzi akumunsi.) A byproduct of American energy self-self-submission ingakhale kupanga madzi kukhala ochepa komanso okwera mtengo, makamaka monga fracking imawononga madzi am'deralo pomwe imapatutsa madzi ochuluka ngati njira imodzi yotsatsira ndi kuwononga madzi.
Kusawona pang'ono kwa zokambirana zamphamvu za mafuta ku America kumayambitsa chitsutso ku Ulaya pamene akugwedezeka pansi pa mafunde osaneneka a chilimwe, monga momwe mizinda ya US ikuwonongedwa ndi chilala, moto wa nkhalango, kusefukira kwa madzi ndi nyengo zina zoopsa. Komabe izi sizinafotokozere cholinga cha mfundo zakunja zaku US zowongolera mafuta.
Mafuta mu ndalama zolipirira ku U.S
Kuwongolera mafuta kwakhala kwathandizira kwambiri pazamalonda ndi zolipira za US, chifukwa chake mphamvu ya dola yopititsa patsogolo kutulutsa kwakukulu kwa ndalama zankhondo zakunja. Mu 1965 ndidachita kafukufuku ku Chase Manhattan Bank ndipo ndidapeza kuti pamalipiro, dola iliyonse yamakampani amafuta yomwe imatuluka imabwezedwa m'miyezi 18 yokha. Zili choncho chifukwa pafupifupi mtengo uliwonse wa mafuta amene ananenedwa kuchokera kumayiko ena unalipiridwa kwa alendo.
Momwe dziko la United States liyenera kuitanitsa mafuta akunja, malonda oterowo akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa akuluakulu a mafuta a US (pazifukwa za "chitetezo cha dziko"), makamaka kuchokera ku nthambi zawo zakunja. Gawo lochepa chabe la mtengowo linaperekedwa ndi ndalama zakunja. Makampani aku US adagula mafuta osakhazikika kunthambi zawo zakunja pamitengo yotsika kwambiri, ndipo adagawira mtengo wonse kwa mabungwe awo otumizira ku Panama kapena Liberia, komanso mtengo wotumizira ndi katundu, zopindula ndi chiwongola dzanja, zolipiritsa zowongolera ndi zolipiritsa pazachuma, kutsika kwamitengo ndi kuchepa. Zambiri zomwe zimawerengedwa ngati ndalama zakunja zaku US mumafuta zimatenga mawonekedwe a makina otumizira kunja, zida za US ndi kasamalidwe, motero sizinayimire kutuluka kwa dola. Zotsatira zake zakhala kupeza mafuta ochokera kunja pamtengo wocheperako.
Kuyambira 1974, Saudi Arabia ndi mayiko oyandikana nawo achiarabu adauzidwa kuti atha kulipira mtengo wokwera momwe amafunira mafuta awo. Pambuyo pake, mtengo wake ndi wapamwamba kwambiri iwo mtengo, phindu lidzakhala lalikulu kwa opanga mafuta aku US. "Choyenera" ndikuti ayenera kubwezeretsanso zomwe amapeza kunja ku msika wazachuma waku U.S. Ayenera kusunga nkhokwe zawo zakunja ndi chuma chambiri chachuma ku US Treasury securities, stocks and bond. Kusamuka kwapadziko lonse kuchoka kumafuta kungawononge kufalikira kwa mafuta opangira mafuta m'misika yazachuma yaku US yomwe imathandizira mitengo yapakhomo.
Ukadaulo wamagetsi adzuwa ndi zina m'malo mwa mafuta sizingathandizire kubweza ndalama zambiri monga mafuta. Sikuti njira zina zokometsera zachilengedwe sizidzakhala kunja kwa kuthekera kwa akazembe aku US kuwongolera kapena kuletsa magetsi kumayiko ena, koma China ikutenga utsogoleri muukadaulo wamagetsi adzuwa.
Chinthu chachikulu chomwe chikulimbitsa mphamvu zamabizinesi amafuta chinali kupeลตa msonkho kwa "mbendera" zomwe zili m'mabanki akunyanja. Makampani amafuta aku US adalembetsa kwanthawi yayitali atenga phindu lawo popanga, kuyenga ndi kugawa ku Panama ndi Liberia. Zaka zoposa 50 zapitazo msungichuma wa Standard Oil waku New Jersey adandiyendetsa momwe makampani amafuta amanamizira kuti amapeza phindu m'malo amisonkho omwe analibe msonkho - kulipira mtengo wotsika kumayiko omwe amapanga mafuta, ndikulipiritsa mtengo wokwera. kwa oyenga m'mitsinje ndi amalonda.
Chotsatira chimodzi cha izi ndi chakuti pali mwayi wochepa wandale wochotsa msonkho uliwonse kudzera m'mabanki akumidzi, ndi osunga ndalama akumadzulo komanso gulu lachigawenga padziko lonse lapansi ndi ndale zachinyengo, chifukwa chakuti mafuta ndi migodi ndi omwe amapindula kwambiri. Kufooketsa mphamvu zokopa anthu kuti aletse kutseka zokhoma zamisonkho zomwe zimalola kuwerengera ndalama kwabodza kwa malo opewera misonkho kungafooketse mphamvu yazachuma yamakampani amafuta.
Mfundo zakunja za US zakhazikika pakupangitsa maiko ena kudalira mafuta aku US
Njira yaukazembe waku US ndikupangitsa maiko ena kudalira zida zofunika zomwe akazembe aku US angagwiritse ntchito ngati njira yachuma. Chitsanzo choyambirira chinali chilango cha chakudya chomwe chinaperekedwa m'zaka za m'ma 1950 kulimbikitsa kukana kusintha kwa Mao ku China. Canada idaphwanya chiletso chambewu.
Ngati maiko ena apanga mphamvu zawo ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa, mphamvu yamphepo kapena mphamvu ya nyukiliya, adzakhala odziyimira pawokha pa zokambirana zamafuta aku US komanso ziwopsezo zake zothetsa mphamvu zawo, ndikuyika chuma chawo kuti chiyime ngati savomereza mfundo zachuma za US neoliberal. . Izi zikufotokozera chifukwa chake Boma la Trump lidachoka ku mgwirizano wanyengo wa Paris kuti achepetse kutentha kwa dziko.
Ndondomeko ya US Cold War 2.0 ikufuna kudzipatula Russia
Kudzidalira kwamphamvu kwa US kumapeza mnzake pakufuna kuti Europe ikhale yodalira kwathunthu "Gasi la Ufulu" waku America, pamtengo wokwera kwambiri kuposa wopezeka ku Gazprom yaku Russia ndikukana payipi ya Nordstream 2, ndikuyilepheretsa kupeza gasi wotsika mtengo. kuchokera ku Russia.[2] Boma la Trump likunena kuti pofuna kupewa kudalira Russia, Europe iyenera kugula mafuta ndi gasi pamitengo yokwera kwambiri kuchokera ku United States - pafupifupi 30% kupitilira apo, kuphatikiza pamtengo womanga madoko a LNG kuti azinyamula gasi wachilengedwe wopangidwa ndi ngalawa yam'madzi m'malo mwake. ndi bomba la Russia. "Tikuteteza Germany ku Russia ndipo Russia ikulandira ndalama zokwana mabiliyoni ndi mabiliyoni kuchokera ku Germany," Trump anadandaula motero kwa atolankhani ku White House pamsonkhano wake ndi Purezidenti wa Poland Andrzej Duda.[3]
Pa Julayi 31, 2019 Komiti ya Senate Yachilendo Yachilendo idavotera 20 kwa 2 kuti athandizire "Protecting Europe's Energy Security Act" mothandizidwa ndi Republican Ted Cruz wakumanja ndi Blue Dog New Hampshire Democrat Jeanne Shaheen. Makampani ku Switzerland ndi Italy anali oyamba kuyesedwa.
Kutentha kwapadziko lonse ndi GDP accounting
Kutentha kwa mpweya kumatanthauza kuchuluka kwa nthunzi, motero mvula yambiri, tornados ndi kusefukira kwa madzi, monga tikuwonera chaka chino. Chotsatira chofananacho chidzakhala chilala pamene madzi oundana asungunuka ndipo sakudyetsanso mitsinje ikuluikulu yomwe madamu amangidwapo kuti apange mphamvu yamagetsi. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti zotsatirazi za kutentha kwapadziko lonse komanso nyengo yoopsa zakhala ngati linga la kukwera kwa GDP ya U.S. Mtengo woyeretsa wa kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya ndi madzi, ndalama zomangiranso nyumba zosefukira kapena zowonongeka, kuwononga mbewu, kukwera mtengo kwa makina oziziritsira mpweya, kulimbana ndi kufalikira kwa tizilombo zovulaza kumpoto ndi kukwera kwa ndalama zachipatala ndi zaumoyo zingawononge anthu onse. kukula kwake kuyambira 2008.
Neoliberals adakondwerera Mapeto a Mbiri Soviet Union itatha mu 1991, ndikulonjeza nthawi yakukula kwatsopano pomwe "msika" ukhala wolinganiza dziko lapansi. Iwo sananene kuti zambiri za kukula kumeneku kungatenge mawonekedwe a kulimbana ndi nthawi yaifupi ya mafakitale a mafuta ndi zina zopangira lendi zomwe zikukhala panopa ndi kutenga ndalama zawo ndikuthamanga.
Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe Green Policy iyenera kutsindika?
Monga momwe Mark Twain ananenera, "Aliyense amalankhula za nyengo, koma palibe amene amachitapo kanthu." M'dziko landale lamasiku ano, kuchita chinachake chokhudza kutentha kwa dziko kumatanthauza kutenga ma goliaths omwe amapita kupyola mafuta ndi gasi. Ndi chinthu chimodzi kunena kuti kutentha kwa dziko, kusintha kwa nyengo ndi chifukwa cha nyengo yoipa kwambiri ndizoopsa kwambiri pa chitukuko ndi chuma chamakono. Ndi chinanso kufotokoza zoyambira zothetsera vutoli mu gawo lakusintha kwachuma ndi misonkho, mfundo zachitetezo chankhondo ndi zachitetezo ku US.
Pulogalamu ya Green singachite bwino popanda kuyang'anizana ndi malingaliro a boma la National Security omwe amayang'ana ukulu wamafuta aku US. Chitetezo cha dziko la US chasanduka nkhondo yomwe ikuwopseza chitetezo cha dziko lonse lapansi. Powopseza kuti azizimitsa maiko mumdima ngati satsatira mfundo za US ndikudzipatula Iran ndi Russia, United States ikuyaka pamodzi ndi dziko lonse lapansi.
Kuyimitsa kutentha kwapadziko lonse kumafuna ndondomeko yamisonkho kutseka mwayi wapadera womwe umalimbikitsa phindu lamakampani amafuta kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito "mbendera zokomera" m'mabanki akunyanja ngati njira yopewera msonkho. Dongosolo lobiriwira momveka bwino lingaphatikizepo msonkho wobwereketsa zachilengedwe (monga momwe akatswiri azachuma akale adalimbikitsira muzaka zonse za 19.th Century), ndi zolipiritsa zomwe akatswiri azachuma amazitcha "zachuma zakunja," zomwe ndi zodula zomwe zili "zakunja" kutsamba labizinesi. Makampani ayenera kukhala ndi udindo wobwezera ndalama zomwe anthu amawononga.
Kukhazikitsa msonkho pakugwiritsa ntchito mafuta kungakweze mtengo wamafuta, koma sikungalepheretse kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakanthawi kochepa chifukwa madalaivala amagalimoto ndi zida zapagulu zatsekeredwa kale kubizinesi yogwiritsa ntchito mafuta. Yankho lothandiza kwambiri lingakhale kuchepetsa phindu la mafuta potseka mipata yopewera misonkho ndi "mbendera zosavuta" zomwe olimbikitsa makampani apanga. "Kuwerengera kwamakampani amafuta" kumasiya "kuwerengera ndalama ku Hollywood" komanso kuwerengera kwanyumba kwa Donald-Trump pafumbi.
Vuto la mgwirizano wapagulu ndi yankho ili ndikuti mchitidwe wodzinamizira "kupeza" ndalama zonse m'zilumba zazing'ono zopanda msonkho wafalikira kwambiri kotero kuti wapanga chidwi chachikulu tsopano kuphatikiza zimphona zazikulu za IT, mafakitale ndi zenizeni. chuma. Kulepheretsa owerengera misonkho kuti agwiritse ntchito malo opewera misonkho akuwopsezanso dziko la America la National Security potsutsa zomwe dziko lake likufuna kukopa likulu la zigawenga zapadziko lonse lapansi kumaderawa ngati nkhokwe yamalipiro a US. Mabungwe olemera kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi komanso ozemba misonkho amagwirizana ndi ndondomeko yazachuma yomwe ingathandize kwambiri kuchepetsa mpweya wa carbon podutsa mafuta ndi gasi.
Kuti mukhazikitse ndondomeko yopambana ya Green Policy, m'pofunika kupitirira vuto la chilengedwe kuti mukhale ndi zofuna zambiri komanso zolemera. Adzatchula malingaliro a msika waulere monga kulungamitsidwa kwa kutenga ndalama zawo pakapita nthawi, osasamalira tsoka lanyengo lomwe likuyambitsa. Izi zimapangitsa kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yovuta kwambiri, komanso ingachepetse chidwi cha pulogalamu yeniyeni ya Green.
M'mayiko monga Iceland ndi Germany, ma neoliberal Green Parties amakonda kukhala okhazikika komanso osamala pankhani yothandizira mabanki ndi mabungwe azachuma, ndikuvomereza bonanza yochokera kumsika yaufulu wogula kaboni kuti ugulidwe ndikugulitsidwa ndi oyerekeza a Wall Street. Vuto ndiloti mayankho "otengera msika" amayenera kulephera, chifukwa misika ndi yaifupi ndipo samaganizira za "zakunja". Kodi a Greens ndi okonzeka kudzudzula "nzeru zamsika" izi ndi masomphenya ake? Popanda zovuta zotere, zipani zobiriwira zidzakopa ovota kuti "amve bwino" omwe akufuna kulembetsa zovuta zawo pandale popanda kuchita zambiri kuti athetse vuto lomwe layambitsa.
Ife tikuoneka kuti tikulowa mu Nthawi Yotsiriza. Zikukhala zotsutsana ndi Neoliberal End of History yomwe inali kukondweretsedwa mu 1991 monga kupambana kwa msika waulere pambuyo poti Soviet Union itagwa. Ndivuto lachitukuko cha Azungu, osati pachimake.
Mfundo.
1) Rod Schoonover, "Lipoti Langa Lanyengo Linachotsedwa," New York Times op-ed, pa Julayi 31, 2019, adanenanso kuti White House idaletsa lipoti lake lokhudza zovuta zakusintha kwanyengo chifukwa "maziko asayansi owunikirawo sanagwirizane ndi zomwe oyang'anira akuwongolera pakusintha kwanyengo." โ
2) Ponena za US National Security Strategy (NSS) of Energy Dominance, onani Ben Aris, "Busting Nord Stream 2 nthano," Intellinews.com, August 27, 2018. Mlembi wa Mphamvu wa US Rick Perry wayerekezera mpweya wa US ndi asilikali a ku America omwe amamasula Ulaya. kuchokera ku chipani cha Nazi. "United States ikuperekanso ufulu ku kontinenti yaku Europe," adauza atolankhani ku Brussels koyambirira kwa mwezi uno. "Ndipo m'malo mokhala ngati asitikali achichepere aku America, ali ngati gasi wachilengedwe wamadzimadzi." Onaninso ndi https://truthout.org/articles/freedom-gas-will-be-used-to-justify-oppression-at-home-and-abroad/. โ
3) "Euro Slides Pambuyo pa Trump Kuwopseza Zilango Zoletsa NordStream 2 (Kachiwiri!)," Zero tchinga, June 12, 2019. โ
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