Lachiwiri, June 14, a Guardian la London lofalitsidwa "Kumanzere ndi Libertarian Right Cohabit M'dziko Lodabwitsa la Otsutsa Kuphedwa kwa Genocide."1 Mu ndemanga iyi ya mawu pafupifupi 1,100, wolemba mabuku waku Britain George Monbiot adatiukira tonse awiri (pakati pa ena) monga "okana kupha anthu" komanso "okonzanso" pazolemba zathu za Yugoslavia wakale ndi Rwanda. Monbiot adamenyanso Noam Chomsky, John Pilger, ndi gulu la Media Lens lochokera ku UK chifukwa choyanjana ndi anthu oyipa monga momwe tilili.
Poyankha, aliyense wa ife adapereka mipukutu yosiyana kwa a Guardian pofika kumapeto kwa mlungu wotsatira (June 17-19). Koma a Guardian adapeza kuti zomwe tapereka zinali zovuta, ndipo adachedwetsa chigamulo chake chokhudza momwe alili pomwe amayenera kuyang'ana kulondola kwa zomwe tidalemba - china chake chomwe sichinachitirepo cholakwika choyambirira cha Monbiot komanso kusokeretsa kwambiri.
Pofika pa Julayi 5, a Guardian anali atakana mipukutu yathu yonse iwiri.2 Koma, idatipemphanso kuti tiperekenso yankho limodzi limodzi, popanda chitsimikizo cha kufalitsa, ndipo idatipempha kuti tizitsatira malire okhwima a mawu 550 - kapena theka la kutalika kwa mawu oyamba a Monbiot.
Posakhalitsa tinapereka mpukutu wophatikizika kwa a Guardian ndendende mawu 550; ndipo pa Julayi 20, masabata asanu ndi tsiku limodzi atasindikiza choyambirira cha Monbiot, the Guardian adafalitsa yankho lalifupi, la mawu 524 pansi pa mayina athu. Koma m'malo mopatsa dzina lomwe lidawonetsa zonena zathu za zolakwika za Monbiot, umbuli, komanso kutchula mayina mwachinyengo, Guardian anaipatsa mutu womwe unali wodandaula komanso wodzitchinjiriza: "Sindife Okana Kupha Anthu."3
Ndemanga zosachepera ziwiri zatumizidwa ku Guardian Tsamba latsamba la Mayankho lomwe lili m'munsimu gawo lathu lolemba wofalitsa nkhani waku Canada a Joe Emersberger adapereka maulalo ku mayankho athu oyambilira, omwe tidatumiza ku ZNet. Koma ndemanga za Emersberger zidachotsedwa ndi a Guardianapolisi aluntha, osabwezeretsedwanso; ndemanga ya m'modzi wa ife (Peterson) yomwe idalumikizidwa ndi mayankho omwewa idachotsedwanso. Pambuyo pake, ndemanga yomalizayi idabwezeretsedwa, "mwina poyankha madandaulo a anthu," Media Lens ikukhulupirira.4
Kumbali inayi, ndemanga yoyamba yolembedwa ndi Guardian atatsegula gawo lake la Mayankho kuti ayankhe pa Julayi 20 adatifunsa kuti: "Ngati mukuti ndinu osati kukana kupha anthu ku Bosnia ndi Rwanda, mukuti chani? Ndipo chonde, chiganizo chimodzi chikwanira."5 Izi, ndithudi, ndi funso laukali, ndipo silingathe kuyankha m'chiganizo chimodzi. Koma ndi funso lomwe tidayankhapo nthawi yayitali Ndale za Kupha Anthu6 ndi m'mawu athu oyambirira kuti Guardian anali atakana, ndipo woyang'anira Webusaiti yake sanali kulola aliyense kutumiza hyperlink!
Kupititsa patsogolo chitetezo chake cha Monbiot komanso kulimbikitsa zokambirana za mbali imodzi, a Wopenya (A Guardian's sister paper, yomwe imapezeka Lamlungu kuti igwirizane ndi GuardianLolemba mpaka Loweruka ndondomeko) adasindikiza Nick Cohen's "Kuchepa ndi Kugwa kwa Opanga Zidole" 7 masiku atatu yankho lathu lisanawonekere. Ichi chinali diatribe motsutsana ndi anzeru "odana ndi kumadzulo" (Noam Chomsky, Tariq Ali, Harold Pinter, Arundhati Roy, ndi "wolemba wopusa wotchedwa Diana Johnstone") omwe m'mawu a Cohen "amakhulupirira kuti ma lackeys a imperialism yaku America anali kupanga nkhani za Ziwawa za ku Serb kuti zitsimikizire kukula kwa mphamvu zakumadzulo. " Kenako patatha masiku asanu ndi limodzi idatulutsa yankho lathu, a Guardian lofalitsidwa "Kuti Atutsi Ndiwo Anayambitsa Kuphana ku Rwanda Ndi Kukonzanso Koyera" ndi James Wizeye, yemwe amadziwika kuti ndi "mlembi woyamba ku Rwanda High Commission" kapena ambassy ku London.8 Palibe mayankho ochotsera omwe adasindikizidwa ndi a Guardian zomwe zidatsutsa zabodza izi kuchokera kwa mneneri wa boma lomwe, tidati, lakhala lakupha anthu ambiri ku Rwanda ndi Democratic Republic of Congo kwazaka makumi awiri zapitazi.9
ena Guardian-Observer History10
The Guardian ndi Wopenya kwa nthawi yayitali sanathe kumasuka ku nkhani zodziwika bwino, zokomera ndale, zaku Western pa Yugoslavia ndi Rwanda. Izi zinamveka momveka bwino pa nkhani ya Yugoslavia pamene mtolankhani wawo wamkulu kumeneko, Ed Vulliamy, monyadira adanena kuti amadana ndi Aserbia komanso kusafuna kufotokoza mopanda ndale. "Ndine m'modzi mwa atolankhani omwe sangawone izi ngati nkhani ina yomwe ndiyenera kukhala odzipatula komanso momwe ndiyenera kusalowerera ndale," adalemba mu 1993. "[W]ith Omarska ndi Trnopolje [mu 1992] kufalitsa cholinga cha nkhondoyo inakhala lingaliro lopusa. . . . Ndili kumbali ya Asilamu a ku Bosnia motsutsana ndi ndondomeko ya mbiri yakale ndi yankhondo yofuna kuwafafaniza."11 Kumbali ina, mazana a Aserbia a ku Bosnia anaphedwa ndi kugwiriridwa mโndende zoyendetsedwa ndi Asilamu a ku Bosnia za Celebici, Konjic ndi Tarcin (kutchula atatu akuluakulu);12 koma Vulliamy sanalembepo za iwo, ngakhale mu malipoti ake ambiri a Guardian, adatchulapo za kukhalapo kwa Tarcin ndi Celebici kamodzi kamodzi kokha.13 Kodi aliyense angaganize zake ndi zake Guardian"Zochita kwa mtolankhani waku Russia yemwe, atayendera Celebici ndi Tarcin okha panthawi yankhondo ku Bosnia, adalengeza kuti misasa imeneyi imapanga kudzipereka kwa Serb kumapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi makhalidwe abwino, komanso utolankhani wofuna kukhala ndi malingaliro opusa? Kapena zimene iwo anachita kwa mtolankhani wa ku Russia ameneyu anali kufalitsa pempholi pansi pa mutu wakuti: โTiyenera Kumenyera Chikumbukiro cha Masasa Achisilamu a ku Bosniaโ?14
Kukondera kwa Vulliamy, ndipo mosakayikira "utolankhani wake wokondana" -kuchokera kusakhulupirika m'bwalo lamasewera la mikangano,15 zakhala zikuwonetsedwa kwa zaka zambiri ndi zolakwika zake pamilandu ya Fikret Alic, yemwe Vulliamy adamufotokozera kuti ndi "wachichepere wa ku Bosnia yemwe torso yake yowonda, kumbuyo kwa waya waminga wa msasa wachibalo wa Trnopolje, idakhala chizindikiro cha kuphedwa konyozeka ku Bosnia-Herzegovina" ;16 pakukana kwake kuvomereza mtsogoleri wachisilamu wa Bosnia komanso Purezidenti wanthawi yankhondo Alija Izetbegovic kukana dziko lamitundu yambiri, lololera, komanso ladziko komanso kulimbikitsa kutsekedwa kwa ndale zachisilamu;17 ndi kudzipereka kwake kwanthawi yayitali pakuwonjezeka kwa chiwopsezo cha Asilamu aku Bosnia pomwe akukumana ndi kutsika kwakukulu kochokera ku mabungwe okhazikitsidwa.18 Kukondera komweku komanso kusaona mtima komweku kudawonekeranso mu chiwawa cha Vulliamy cha 2009 pakuitana kwa Amnesty International kwa Noam Chomsky kuti apereke nkhani yake yapachaka ya Stand Up for Justice, ponena kuti Chomsky adapepesa mosadziwika bwino chifukwa cha nkhanza zaku Serbia munkhondo zaku Balkan, kuphatikiza "kulavulira manda a anthu. akufa."19
Maonedwe a Vulliamy awa komanso kapangidwe kazinthu zosokoneza mosakayikira adalowetsedwa mufunso lodziwika bwino la a Emma Brockes mu 2005 ndi Chomsky wa Guardian,20 nkhani yomwe Guardian Reader's Editor (ombudsman) adatsimikiza kuti adapotoza zikhulupiriro za Chomsky moyipa kwambiri kotero kuti Guardian adachotsa zokambiranazo pa Webusaiti yake.21 Ngakhale kuti Brockes akanatha kufunsa Chomsky mafunso okhudza nkhani zambiri zomwe amazidziwa bwino, adangoganizira za Yugoslavia ndi Srebrenica, komanso katswiri wina dzina lake Diana Johnstone, yemwe ntchito yake ku Yugoslavia Vulliamy inali itatchedwa "poizoni."22 Chopaka chimodzi chosaiwalika mu Guardiankuyankhulana kwa zokambiranazo kunawonekera pansi pa mutu wake ("Wanzeru Kwambiri?"), pomwe pofotokozera, owerenga adapeza ziganizo zotsatirazi:
Q: Kodi mukunong'oneza bondo chifukwa chothandizira omwe amati kuphedwa kwa Srebrenica kunakokomeza?
A: Chisoni changa chokha ndikuti sindinachite mwamphamvu mokwanira.
Kutsatizana kwa mafunso ndi mayankho kumeneku sikunapezeke paliponse mโmafunso ofalitsidwa. M'malo mwake, yankho lomwe latchulidwa pano lidaperekedwa ku funso losiyana kwambiri, pomwe Brockes adafunsa Chomsky ngati adanong'oneza bondo kusaina kalata yotseguka yomwe imatsutsa lingaliro la wofalitsa waku Sweden kuti asatulutse buku la Johnstone la 2002. Nkhondo ya Opusa: Yugoslavia, NATO ndi Western Delusions (Atolankhani Ndemanga ya Mwezi uliwonse); kalata iyi inanenedwa Opusa' Crusade monga "zapadera," ndipo anawonjezera kuti "pali nkhani zina zofunika kwambiri zomwe zili pachiwopsezo, zomwe ndi ufulu wolankhula ndi ufulu wopereka malingaliro otsutsana nawo." 23 Brocks ndi ena Guardian's chinenero-m'malo anachotsa maganizo kalata yotseguka pa nkhani ufulu wa kufotokoza ndi chitetezo chake chachikulu cha ntchito Johnstone, ndipo analembanso mawu enieni Chomsky kuthandiza "amene amati kupha Srebrenica anali mokokomeza." Umu ndiye buku la Johnstone lovuta komanso losavuta kumva lomwe lidasokonekera potengera momwe amaganizira za kupha anthu ku Srebrenica, komwe Brockes amafunsa mokondera komanso mochulukidwa mopepuka mpaka kukhala wopanda pake.
Choyipa china chosaiwalika chinali mkangano wa Brockes woti Chomsky amagwiritsa ntchito mawu owopsa "kuti awononge zinthu zomwe samagwirizana nazo," komanso kuti adawagwiritsa ntchito pozungulira mawu oti "kupha" kutanthauza kuti "pankhondo yaku Bosnia" kupha anthu ku Srebrenica mwina kunali kochulukira. " Zonsezi zinalola Brockes kuti awonjezere kusaona mtima ndi kunyoza kuti, "posindikizidwa osachepera, amatha kukumana ndi maphunziro ochepa kwambiri kuposa achinyamata omwe ali ndi zaka zambiri; monga, Srebrenica sanali kupha anthu." Koma kafukufuku wakunja wazamalamulo atakakamiza Brockes kuti atsimikizire kuti Chomsky adanena zomwe Brockes adanena, zojambulira zomwe adalankhula ndi Brockes zidapezeka kuti "zinalembedwa pang'ono" (mwachitsanzo, kufufutidwa) pakanthawi pakati pa kusindikizidwa kwa bukuli. interview ndi GuardianKufufuza kwa boma pankhaniyi.24
Monga tawonera, njira zamtunduwu zili mumwambo wa Vulliamy "journalism of attachment", ndipo ndizoseketsa kuona kuti mu mbiri yake ya Chomsky, Brockes sanapeleke bwino dzina la Johnstone monga "Dian".e" m'malo moti Diana, monga momwe Vulliamy sanatchulire molakwika miyezi isanu ndi itatu yapitayo mu ndemanga ya IWPR Balkan Crisis Report.25 Zikuoneka kuti mwina Brockes ndi/kapena akonzi ake adagwirapo ntchito kuchokera palemba la miyezi isanu ndi itatuyi pokonzekera zolemba zomaliza za kuyankhulana, kapena Vulliamy mwiniwake adathandizira pokonzekera zolembazi. Mulimonsemo, palibe aliyense pa Guardian adalemba molakwika dzina la Johnstone asanatulutse zoyankhulana ndi Brockes.
Kumayambiriro kwa Disembala 2005, Ed Vulliamy adalumikizana ndi olemba ena a 23 ndi omenyera ufulu omwe adalimbikitsa kwanthawi yayitali kuti Srebrenica ya Srebrenica yaku Western - ndikuwonetsa "zabwino" motsutsana ndi "zoyipa" zankhondo ku Yugoslavia - potsutsa GuardianLingaliro lochotsa kuyankhulana kwachipongwe kwa Brockes ndi Chomsky ndikupereka "kuwongolera" kwa choyambirira. The "Guardian yaipitsa mbiri ya Brockes mopanda chilungamo," ziwerengero 24zi zidanenedwa m'kalata yotseguka, ndipo "zinapereka chidindo chovomerezeka pakuyesa kutsutsa kuphedwa kwa anthu aku Bosnia ndikuchepetsa kuphedwa kwa Srebrenica." Ena mwa omwe adasaina nawo Vulliamy anali David Rohde, David Rieff, Attila Hoare, Oliver Kamm, Nick Cohen, ndi Nerma Jelacic - onse akale kwambiri omwe amatsutsa za Serb perfidy komanso kuzunzidwa kwa Asilamu aku Bosnia.26
Zofanana ndi utolankhani wautali wa Vulliamy wokondana ndikuyitanitsa "kumenyera chikumbukiro cha misasa ya Bosnia," zabodza zomwe Brockes adakambirana ndi Chomsky, komanso kuwukira kwa Monbiot pa "onyoza achifwamba," yakhala mfundo yosaneneka kuti zovuta zilizonse zomwe zingachitike ku bungweli zimafotokoza. Srebrenica ili kupyola malire a utolankhani wolemekezeka. Kusaloledwa ngati kupepesa kapena kunyoza kapena kulavulira m'manda ndi chilichonse chomwe chimatengera mbiri yakale motsatiridwa ndi maakaunti okhazikitsidwa kapena mafunso okhudza kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe adaphedwa kumeneko. 27 Utolankhani wa attachment ndi utolankhani wokhazikika wa chipani.
Ndipo monga kale pakhala pali chipani cha Western pa kutha kwa Yugoslavia,28 momwe maudindo a olakwira ndi ozunzidwa adaponyedwa koyambirira (1991-) ndipo adatsatiridwa mwamphamvu komanso motsimikiza ndi Guardian-Observer's olemba, kotero mzere wa chipani pa kupha anthu ambiri mu 1994 ku Rwanda watsogolera kufalitsa kwake kwa zisudzo za nkhondoyi kwa zaka zambiri.
Apanso, kuponyedwa kwa ophwanya malamulo ndi ozunzidwa kunali koonekeratu: Maudindowa akufanana ndi udani wakale wa US ndi Britain ku boma la Rwanda la Ahutu ambiri motsogozedwa ndi Purezidenti Juvenal Habyarimana, komanso mgwirizano wawo ndi gulu lankhondo la Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) . Koma ku Rwanda, gawo lachitatu lidachitidwa pa omwe akuti mpulumutsi wa dziko kuchokera kwa Ahutu "genocidaires," ndi kuperekedwa kwa munthu amene, monga mwa mawu a Ambuye GuardianMtolankhani wamkulu waku Africa Chris McGreal, ndi "mtsogoleri wakale wa zigawenga za Chitutsi yemwe adathetsa kupha anthu [ndipo] adadziwika kuti Abraham Lincoln waku Africa"29 โ Paul Kagame.
Maudindo awa adapatsidwa olakwira-ozunzidwa-wopulumutsa, akutsatiridwa kwambiri ndi Guardian kuyambira April-July 1994 nthawi, kutembenuzira zenizeni zenizeni za mkangano wa ku Rwanda, zomwe zimamveka bwino pamene munthu ayang'ana nkhanza za miyezi inayi mkati mwa zaka zonse za 20 kukwera ndi kufalikira kwa mphamvu za Kagame. 30
Kagame anaphunzitsidwa ku Fort Leavenworth, Kansas mโchaka cha 1990. Pamene RPF inalanda dziko la Rwanda kuchokera ku Uganda pa October 1 chaka chimenecho, ngakhale kuvala yunifolomu ya asilikali a Uganda, United States ndi Britain sanatsutse mchitidwe wankhanza umenewu, iwonso. analepheretsa bungwe la UN Security Council kuchitapo kanthu pa Rwanda mpaka March 1993,31Kutsatira chiwopsezo chachikulu cha RPF chomwe chidawonetsa kuti ndi wamkulu kuposa gulu lankhondo la boma la Rwanda, kuthamangitsa anthu miliyoni imodzi, ndikufooketsa kwambiri boma la Habyarimana. Kumayambiriro kwa Epulo 1994, zinali zofunika kwambiri kuti nkhani ya "kuphedwa kwa fuko la Rwanda" ikhazikitsidwe kuti ziwawa za RPF ndi kulanda mbali yakumpoto kwa dzikolo, kuwonjezeka kwake mwachangu kwa magulu ankhondo ndi zida zankhondo,32 kulowa kwake ndale m'boma la Rwanda pansi pa mapangano ogawana mphamvu ndi azungu, kuukira kwawo kwankhondo, kuphana kwake ndi kuyeretsa kwakukulu kwamtundu wa Ahutu, zonse zizikhala chete monga momwe zingathere, ndipo nkhani yopereka malipoti m'malo mwake ndi Ahutu onyansa komanso Kuzunzidwa kwa Atutsi. The Guardian(pamodzi ndi mabungwe ena onse aku US ndi UK media) adakumana ndi vutoli.33
"Chochitika chochititsa chidwi" pakupha anthu ambiri mu 1994 ndipo pambuyo pake chinali kuponyedwa kwa ndege ya Habyarimana panthawi yomwe inkafika ku bwalo la ndege ku Kigali pa April 6. Anthu achihutu ochita zinthu monyanyira mozungulira Habyarimana, omwe, poyang'anizana ndi kutaya mphamvu ndi mwayi pansi pa mgwirizano wamtendere wa Arusha ndi kugawana mphamvu mu August 1993, anapha pulezidenti wawo m'malo movomereza kukhazikitsidwa kwa mapanganowo ndipo kenako anayambitsa ndondomeko yawo yowononga anthu a Tutsi a Rwanda.34
Koma vuto lalikulu lachiwembu cha Chihutu ichi lidayamba mu 1997, pomwe a Michael Hourigan, wofufuza wamkulu ku Rwanda Tribunal, adapeza odziwitsa a RPF omwe adatsimikizira "kukhudzidwa" kwa Kagame,<