zotsatirazi seti yanu yomaliza ya malipoti, Oakland ankayang'ana kuti amvetse mozama za malamulo, chikhalidwe ndi zachuma zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kulanda malo, makamaka deta yabwino pa kupezeka kwa malo, kumvetsetsa bwino za malonda a nthaka, ndi nkhani zokhudzana ndi ufulu wa nthaka. Mwachita mwatsatanetsatane m'mayiko angapo mu Africa: Amatiuza chiyani pamitu yodziwika yokhudzana ndi kulandidwa malo m'maikowa zomwe sitinkadziwa kale? Ndipo kodi pali kusiyana kulikonse kofunikira pakati pa mayiko omwe adaphunziridwa komwe kungadziwitse kuyankha kulikonse kuzinthu izi?
OAKLAND INSTITUTE: Gulu latsopano la kafukufuku likutidziwitsa za mitu yodziwika bwino iyi:
Choyamba, mfundo za mphamvu za mayiko olemera zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa kulanda nthaka:
Mchitidwe wosintha nthaka yachonde ku Africa kukhala minda yamafuta amafuta ukukulirakulira chifukwa maboma ndi mabungwe ambiri amalimbikitsa mafuta a agrofuel monga njira yothetsera kusintha kwa nyengo komanso kudalira mafuta oyaka. Mwachitsanzo, United States ndi European Union, akhazikitsa zolinga zosintha 30 peresenti ndi 10 peresenti, motero, mafuta awo ndi agrofuels. Onsewa amapereka chithandizo ku makampani a agrofuel kuti zolingazi zikwaniritsidwe: Boma la US limapereka US $ 6 biliyoni pachaka pamisonkho ya federal kuti azitha kupanga mafuta a ethanol, ndipo thandizo laposachedwa la ku Ulaya lothandizira kupanga mafuta agrofuel laposa US $ 4 biliyoni pachaka. chaka. Makampani monga makampani akuluakulu a ndege ku Ulaya - kuphatikizapo Lufthansa - akuwonjezeranso kudalira mafuta agrofuel ogulidwa kuchokera ku mayiko a ku Africa. Msika womwe ukukulirakulira wa mafuta a agrofuel wayambitsa kulanda nthaka ku Africa komwe kukuchotsa anthu m'nyumba zawo, kukhetsa mitsinje mpaka kutha komanso kuyika mbewu zamtengo wapatali m'malo mwa mbewu zamafuta akumafakitale.
Chachiwiri, zomwe zimatchedwa njira zothetsera kusintha kwa nyengo, kuphatikizapo malonda a carbon ndi carbon credits ndikutsuka malo omwe makampani ena akupanga pogwiritsa ntchito mapulojekiti a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM):
Mwachitsanzo, kampani ya matabwa ya ku Norway, Green Resources Ltd., ikufuna kusintha mahekitala pafupifupi 7,000 a udzu wachilengedwe wa ku Tanzania ndi ulimi wa paini ndi bulugamu womwe kampaniyo ingakulire kuti ipeze ndalama za carbon kuti igulitse ku boma la Norway. Ku Sierra Leone SLGreen Oil yapeza mahekitala 40,468 opangira ma biodiesel omwe apanga ma carbon credits kudzera mu CDM. Bungwe la Canada Sierra Gold lapeza mahekitala 45,527 a nkhalango ndi udzu woti agwiritse ntchito pulogalamu ya ngongole ya kaboni, kuphatikiza pulojekiti ya CDM yogwiritsa ntchito nthaka yomwe ikuyembekezeka kukhala yamtengo wapatali kuposa US$714 miliyoni pazaka 50. Popeza kuti hekitala imodzi ikufanana ndi kukula kwa bwalo la mpira, izi zimatengera malo ambiri. Kukula kwa njira yobwereketsa ngongole ya kaboni kumapanga phindu la mabiliyoni a madola pogulitsa mpweya ndi nkhalango, koma zikutheka kuti zitha kukhala tsoka kwa anthu omwe amadalira nkhalango ku Africa omwe akutaya ufulu wawo pa malo odyetserako ziweto ndi nkhalango, zomwe ndi zinthu zofunika pa moyo wawo.
Chachitatu, mabungwe achitukuko padziko lonse lapansi akugwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri:
Ndalama zomwe zimatchedwa 'social responsible' kapena 'ethical' ndalama zogulitsira, mothandizidwa ndi maboma angapo akumadzulo, omwe akukhudzidwa ndi kulanda malo ku Africa. Mchitidwe wa ndalama zazikulu za nthaka ku sub-Saharan Africa sizikanatheka popanda thandizo la World Bank Group. Kafukufuku wa Oakland Institute avumbulutsa dongosolo la World Bank Group la malo abwino ochita bizinesi kuti apeze malo. Kuchokera pakuthandizira kukopa osunga ndalama, kupanga ndondomeko ndi malamulo omwe amalola kuti asungidwe bwino komanso opindulitsa, mabungwe a World Bank Group - kuphatikizapo bungwe lawo lachinsinsi, International Finance Corporation, mogwirizana ndi Foreign Investment Advisory Service - amathandizira ndikulimbikitsa malo. ndalama.
PAMBAZUKA NEWS: Chodetsa nkhawa chomwe mukunena ndichakuti 'sikubwerera m'mbuyo chiwonongekocho' - anthu akangosamutsidwa m'nkhalango zomwe sizinali zamoyo komanso udzu ndi udzu kuti athe kulima minda kapena minda yamafuta, kuwonongeka kosasinthika kumachitika. kwa anthu ndi zachilengedwe - ndi mlengalenga. Izi zikutanthauza kuti tiyenera kuchita zopewera m'malo moganiza kuti titha kusintha zomwe tachita m'tsogolomu. Ndi njira ziti zomwe anthu aku Africa ali nazo kuti athe kulimbana ndi kulanda nthaka, pamene ndalama za agrofuels zikulimbikitsidwa ngakhale pa African Union Level?
OAKLAND INSTITUTE: Choyamba, chifukwa cha chinsinsi chokhudza malonda ambiri, tawona m'miyezi ingapo yapitayi momwe kunali kofunika kuulula malonda a malo ndikudziwitsa anthu za zomwe zikuchitika.
Mwachitsanzo, mu June 2011 OI inatulutsidwa mwachidule za mgwirizano wamalo ku South Sudan ndi kupanga mgwirizano. Idasainidwa mu 2008 ndi kampani yaku Texas ya NTD, kubwereketsa kwazaka 49 mahekitala 600,000 kwa US$25,000 kumaphatikizapo ufulu wopanda malire wogwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe zonse m'malo obwereketsa. Anthu amderali sanadziwe za mgwirizanowu mpaka atamva nkhani za OI pawailesi yakumaloko, ndipo m'mwezi wa July 2011, adayamba kutsutsana ndi ntchitoyi.
Mofananamo, OI mwachidule pa bizinesi yayikulu yaulimi yomwe ikutukuka ku Tanzania yomwe imadziwika kuti AgriSol deal, adadziwitsa magulu a anthu komanso atolankhani za kabizinesi kameneka. Kudziwa za mgwirizanowu, womwe ukukambitsirana mwachinsinsi pakati pa osunga ndalama ku US ndi Prime Minister waku Tanzania, kwasonkhanitsa atolankhani ndi magulu a anthu m'dziko muno komanso padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo nkhaniyi ikukambidwa kwambiri kunyumba yamalamulo.
Kunena zodziwikiratu, m'dziko labwino, madera ayenera kudziwa zamalonda asanasaina mapangano pakati pa maboma ndi osunga ndalama akunja. Ndibwino kuti kafukufuku wa Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) azichitika mwadongosolo, mwachitsanzo pa ndalama zonse zazikulu, ndipo zotsatira zake zidziwitsidwe kwa onse okhudzidwa. Moyenera madera akuyenera kufunsidwa pazifukwa izi, kuti anthu athe kupanga zisankho zokhuza malo awo ndi tsogolo lawo. Tsoka ilo, kusanthula kwathu kwa mapangano opitilira 50 m'maiko asanu ndi awiri kukuwonetsa kuti nthawi zambiri anthu safunsidwa, kapena ESIA nthawi zambiri sachitika, ndipo zikachitika, sizidziwika.
Kudziwa koyenera komanso kukambirana ndi madera ndikofunikira. Koma sizikukwanira: Munthu asamangodalira anthu ammudzi kuti achitepo kanthu pa malo omwe akukhala. Chofunikira nโchakuti nzika, mabungwe adziko, magulu a alimi, aphungu ndi zipani za ndale zikambirane ndi maboma ndikuwatsutsa osati pa nkhani za malo okha koma momveka bwino za zisankho zomwe akupanga pa nkhani ya kasungidwe ka chuma ndi chitukuko cha ulimi. .
Izi ndi zomwe zidachitika ku Mozambique komwe mavuto osiyanasiyana ndi osunga ndalama ochokera kumayiko ena adayambitsa kutsekedwa kwa malo akuluakulu mu 2009 (kuzizira kwa boma pakulanda malo kunatha zaka ziwiri, koma ndalama zazikulu zidayambiranso mu Okutobala 2011). Ku Tanzania nakonso, boma laganiziranso zofuna za anthu: mapangano ena a malo adasinthidwa kapena kuthetsedwa chifukwa maunduna amodzi adayesa zofuna za osunga ndalama poyerekeza ndi zomwe a Tanzania akufunikira pano komanso mtsogolo. Kuphatikiza apo, ambiri mwa osunga ndalama akulu omwe adadziwika sanapeze kuchuluka kwa malo omwe adapempha kuboma - mwachitsanzo, kampani yaku UK ya Sun Biofuels idapempha mahekitala 18,000 koma idangopeza mahekitala 8,200 kuchokera ku boma.
Padziko lonse lapansi, nzika ndi mabungwe azipembedzo ayeneranso kukayikira mfundo zachitukuko ndi mphamvu zomwe mayiko olemera akutsatiridwa. Ambiri a iwo akulimbikitsa kulanda malo kudzera mu ndondomekozi komanso kudzera mu chithandizo chachindunji chomwe amapereka kwa osunga ndalama. Kuphatikiza apo, monga tawonera ku Mozambique, USAID yakhala ikulimbikira kugulitsa malo ndi kuti malowo apezeke kwa anthu akunja.
PAMBAZUKA NEWS: Pakufufuza kwanu pazamalonda 50 m'maiko asanu ndi awiri, simunapezepo umboni woti mayiko kapena anthu awo abwerera mwachilungamo. Ndipo sikuti minda ya agrofuel imachotsa mbewu zokha, imafunikiranso madzi owirikiza kawiri. Poganizira za kuchepa kwa phindu pazachuma ndi kuwononga ndalama za chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe, n'zosamveka kuti mayiko agwirizane ndi osunga ndalama. Kodi n'chiyani chikuchititsa khalidwe lowononga limeneli? Nโchifukwa chiyani maboma ali okonzeka kuvomereza mabizinesi osauka ochokera kwa osunga ndalama?
INSTITUTE YA OAKLAND: Maboma ambiri a mu Africa amalimbikitsa ndi mtima wonse kugulitsa malo olimapo akunja ndipo nthawi zambiri amapereka zinthu zimene ena amazitcha kuti โzowakomera mโkamwaโ. Akuluakulu ena akuwoneka kuti akukhulupiriradi kuti malonda a minda adzakulitsa kukula ndi ndalama zomwe zikubwera, zimathandizira pakumanga, ndikupanga ntchito kwa anthu amderalo. Chikhulupiriro chakuti chuma chambiri chidzabweretsa chitukuko chofunikira kwambiri chachuma chalimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi akatswiri a bungwe la World Bank ndi akuluakulu a mayiko omwe akupereka ndalama.
Mchitidwe wa ndalama zazikulu za nthaka ku Africa sizikanatheka popanda ntchito ya Banki Yadziko Lonse pazaka makumi awiri zapitazi, zomwe zakhala zikukonzekera kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo ogwirizana ndi bizinesi kuti apeze malo ogulitsa. Kuchokera pakuthandizira kukopa osunga ndalama, kupanga ndondomeko ndi malamulo omwe amalola kuti pakhale mgwirizano wopindulitsa komanso wopindulitsa, Banki Yadziko Lonse yakhala ikuthandiza kwambiri kuti athe kulimbikitsa ndi kulimbikitsa ndalama za nthaka.
Otsatsa malonda amalonjezanso molimba mtima za chitukuko cha zachuma, 'modernisation' ndi ntchito zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, AgriSol Energy Tanzania LLC, imati isintha dziko la Tanzania kukhala 'dera lamphamvu zaulimi' pogwiritsa ntchito mbewu zosinthidwa ma genetic ndi matekinoloje ena kuti awonjezere zokolola.
Koma si atsogoleri onse a mu Afirika amene akukakamizidwa ndi mayiko olemera kapena akusocheretsedwa ndi akatswiri akunja. Ngakhale bungwe la OI silinalembepo za katangale wokhudzana ndi malonda a minda, tazindikira nthawi zingapo za kuchitirana chinyengo pakati pa akuluakulu aboma ndi makampani akunja. Mwachitsanzo, pulojekiti ya AgriSol ku Tanzania imagwiritsa ntchito nduna zingapo zakale, kuphatikizapo mmodzi, Lawrence Masha, yemwe, pamene Nduna ya Zam'kati, adawonetsetsa kuti malo omwe akuyembekezeredwa achotsedwa kwa anthu okhalamo. Ku Sierra Leone, a Franklyn Kargbo, mtsogoleri wa kampani yazamalamulo yomwe idakhudzidwa ndi magawo angapo a malo adasankhidwa kukhala Mtumiki wa Chilungamo ndi Attorney General, yemwe ali ndi gawo lofunikira pakukulitsa kubwereketsa malo komanso udindo wantchito yokonzanso malo.
Kusemphana maganizo kotereku sikuyenera kukhala kodabwitsa kwambiri tikaganizira za ndalama zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi malonda a malo: Mabizinesi ena amayembekezeredwa kupereka ndalama zokwana madola mamiliyoni mazana ambiri pachaka kwa osunga ndalama. Chifukwa chake timakhulupirira ku OI kuti nzika ndi dongosolo la chilungamo mu Africa liyenera kuyang'anitsitsa kwambiri malonda a nthaka omwe amakambidwa ndi maboma awo, makamaka pamene mgwirizano woterewu umakhudza zolimbikitsa zachuma komanso ndalama zochepa zomwe anthu amapeza mwachindunji, monga momwe tawonera nthawi zambiri Institute.
PAMBAZUKA NEWS: Pakhala pali malipoti angapo akuti misika ya carbon yagwa. Kodi kuchuluka kwa kulanda malo komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi kuyerekeza kwa mpweya ndikofunika kwambiri kotero kuti kulandidwa kwa nthaka kungayambe kuchepa kapena pang'onopang'ono? Kapena kodi ichi, monga momwe mumachitchulira, ndi 'chivundikiro chobiriwira' cholandidwa malo, monga momwe ntchito zotembenuza ndi 'kutukuka' zinathandizira kulanda malo mu Africa m'zaka za zana la 19?
OAKLAND INSTITUTE: Misika ya Carbon ndi amodzi mwa omwe akuyendetsa kulanda malo mu Africa. Pakalipano zikuwoneka kuti sizikukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuwonjezeka kwaposachedwa kwa ndalama zogulira malo kusiyana ndi malonjezo a phindu lalikulu kuchokera ku minda yamatabwa, chakudya, ndi agrofuels. Makamaka, mafuta a agrofuel, opangidwa pamlingo waukulu ndi mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndipo amalimbikitsidwa ndi maboma ambiri ndi mabungwe monga njira yothetsera kudalira kwapadziko lonse pamafuta oyaka, akhala dalaivala wolanda malo ku Africa. Kufuna kwamayiko otukuka kwa agrofuels kukulimbikitsidwa ndi United States ndi European Union omwe akhazikitsa zolinga zosintha 30 peresenti ndi 10 peresenti, motsatana, mafuta awo ndi agrofuels. Mlembi wa zamphamvu ku United States a Steven Chu ananena kuti ndalama za ku America zogulira mafuta agrofuels zakonzedwa kuti 'tithetse kudalira [kwathu] pa mafuta akunja ndi kuthetsa vuto la nyengo.' Akuti cholinga cha European Union chikhoza kupangitsa kuti mahekitala XNUMX miliyoni agwiritsidwe ntchito popanga mafuta a agrofuel.
Opanga ndondomeko ndi makampani opanga mphamvu zamagetsi alimbikitsa mafuta agrofu kukhala gwero lokhazikika la mphamvu zoyera. Komabe, ma agrofuels sakhala okhazikika kapena otsika kaboni. Agrofuel mbewu monocultures amafuna madzi ochulukirapo, zakudya, ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndipo malo ambiri oyeretsera agrofuel ndi njira zoyendera amadalirabe mafuta ndi malasha. Kuphatikiza apo, mafuta a agrofuel amatha kusinthidwa kukhala biodiesel, yomwe imapangitsa injini za dizilo zomwezo zomwe mpweya wake umathandizira kusintha kwanyengo.
PAMBAZUKA NEWS: Pomwe COP17 ikuchitika ku Durban, pali chidwi chachikulu pakusintha kwanyengo komanso chilengedwe. Kodi mapangano a nthaka adzakhala ndi zotsatira zotani pa kuthekera kwa madera ndi mayiko kuthana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo?
OAKLAND INSTITUTE: Kulanda madzi, nthaka ya nkhalango, ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe, mabizinesi amakono akusintha minda yaulimi ya mu Afirika kukhala minda ikuluikulu ya limi limodzi kwinaku akuchepetsa mphamvu ya kupirira ndi njira zachikhalidwe za anthu akumaloko. Izi ndizodziwikiratu kwa abusa, omwe amaweta ziweto zomwe zimangoyendayenda. Aweta alibe chilolezo chovomerezeka pa malo omwe akugwiritsa ntchito, ndipo malo awo odyetserako ziweto akuphwanyidwa chaka ndi chaka, zomwe zimachepetsa mphamvu zawo zolimbana ndi chilala.
Kafukufuku wa OI ku Tanzania akuwonetsa mwachitsanzo kuti Amasai ataya malo ovuta kwambiri omwe amadyetserako msipu wa nyengo kapena kupeza madzi a ng'ombe zawo. Ntchito yomanga madamu komanso njira zazikulu zothirira nzimbe ku Ethiopia zatsala pang'ono kutenga mahekitala masauzande ambiri a malo odyetserako ziweto omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi agropastoralists ku South Omo Valley komanso kuzungulira nyanja ya Turkana.
Nโzosakayikitsa kunena kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa minda ndi njira zazikulu zothirira zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa madzi opezeka pa ulimi ndi kupezeka kwa msipu, zomwe zidzapangitsa kuti zotsatira za kusintha kwa nyengo, makamaka chilala, zikhale zoipa kwambiri mโtsogolo. Kuonjezera apo, kutha kwa nkhalango ndi kukula kwa mbeu imodzi kudzawonjezera kukokoloka ndi kuwonongeka kwa nthaka, zomwe zidzachititsa kuti zotsatira za zivomezi za nyengo, chilala ndi kusefukira kwa madzi zikhale zazikulu kwambiri m'tsogolomu.
PAMBAZUKA NEWS: Popeza pali umboni wonse wosonyeza kuti ulimi wa mโmafakitale uli ndi gawo lalikulu pakukweza mpweya wa mpweya wa GHG umene umakulitsa kusintha kwa nyengo, nโchifukwa chiyani Banki ya World Bank ili ndi chidwi chofuna kutumiza njira zovulazazi ku Africa? Ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani EU ndi US asungabe zolinga zoonjezera kudalira mafuta a biofuel ngakhale pali umboni wakuti akuwonjezeka, m'malo mochepetsa mpweya wa carbon?
INSTITUTE YA OAKLAND: Ngakhale kuti mayiko olemera alengeza kuti kupanga mafuta a agrofuel kukhala chinthu chofunika kwambiri pofuna kuthana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, zikuwoneka kuti chifukwa chachikulu kwambiri ndi kuchepetsa kudalira kwa dziko lotchedwa 'otukuka' kudalira mafuta oyaka. Motero, kuchepetsa mpweya wotulutsa mpweya wa kaboni kukuwoneka ngati cholinga chachiลตiri cha mayikowa.
PAMBAZUKA NEWS: Mโchaka cha 2009, dziko la Mozambique linasiya kulanda malo akuluakulu, koma mu 2011 lamuloli linathetsedwa ndipo anthu ambiri anapitirizabe kugula malo. Ndi njira ziti, ngati zilipo, zomwe zakhazikitsidwa pakati pa 2009 ndi 2011 pofuna kuteteza ogwiritsa ntchito malo ang'onoang'ono kuti asatayidwe? Kodi izi zitha kugwira ntchito?
OAKLAND INSTITUTE: Ena amakhulupirira moona mtima, monga boma la Etiopiya lapano, akuwoneka kuti asankha kuti zigawo zonse za anthu awo, makamaka magulu azikhalidwe ndi azibusa, zilibe kanthu. Zotsatira zake, monga tawonera ku Gambella ndi South Omo ku Ethiopia, malo a anthu amalandidwa ndi mphamvu kuti apezeke kwa osunga ndalama kuti apititse patsogolo minda ikuluikulu.
Bungwe la World Bank Group likufotokoza kusinthana pakati pa mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene ndi osunga ndalama akunja kukhala ndi kuthekera kwakukulu - 'kupambana-kupambana' - ndipo pazaka makumi awiri zapitazi, akhazikitsa mabungwe ambiri omwe amalimbikitsa ndalama m'maiko aku Africa kuti alimbikitse chitukuko cha mabungwe azibizinesi. , kupititsa patsogolo kasungidwe ka ndalama mโmaiko, ndi kuchotsa zolepheretsa kubizinesi kwa mayiko akunja pazaulimi ndi magawo ena.
PAMBAZUKA NEWS: Dziko la South Sudan lomwe lasintha kukhala dziko lodziyimira pawokha lapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu cholandidwa malo. Kodi mungafotokoze momwe makampani akulu ndi mabungwe azachuma padziko lonse lapansi atengerapo mwayi pa izi?
OAKLAND INSTITUTE: Zolemba za mikangano zasiya dziko la South Sudan lomwe ndi lofooka ndipo silingathe kupititsa patsogolo ulamuliro wake kumadera akumidzi ndipo likusowa ndondomeko yoyendetsera ndalama zambiri. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, boma latsopano lopanda ndalama likuchirikiza malonda a nthaka, akukhulupirira kuti ntchito zazikuluzikulu ndizo njira yofulumira kwambiri yopezera chakudya chokwanira komanso kubweretsa ndalama zofunikira. Zotsatira zake, malinga ngati mgwirizanowu uli ndi gloss of legality, makampani anganene kuti apeza ufulu wobwereketsa. Makampani sakambirana kawirikawiri ndi anthu okhala m'madera omwe akhudzidwa, kapena amawunika momwe chilengedwe chikuyendera, monga momwe lamulo la 2009 Land Act likufunira. Komanso samva kukakamizidwa ndi mabungwe aboma kuti azitsatira 'zabwino' zoteteza zachilengedwe. Munjira zambiri, ndalama ku South Sudan itatha nkhondo zimayendetsedwa ngati zomwe zikuchitika pankhondo: Ngati muli ndi ndale komanso zankhondo, chilichonse ndi kotheka.
Izi zikukulirakulira ndi mabungwe azachuma padziko lonse lapansi (IFIs) ndi mayiko omwe akupereka ndalama zomwe akulimbikitsa boma la South Sudan kuti lipatse makampani akunja malo opangira ulimi wa mafakitale. Boma la dziko la South Sudan layamba ntchito yolimbikitsa ntchito zaulimi mโdziko la South Sudan ndi bungwe la International Finance Corporation (IFC) ndi bungwe la United States Agency for International Development (USAID) pofuna kulimbikitsa chuma cha ulimi mdziko la South Sudan ngakhale tatchulawa. nkhawa.
PAMBAZUKA NEWS: Munayang'ana kwambiri polojekiti ya 325,000 ha AgriSol ku Tanzania, yomwe idzadalira kusamuka kwa anthu 162,000. Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka mgwirizano (mtengo pa hekitala, kutalika kwa lendi, msonkho wamakampani, zolimbikitsa zina), chonde fotokozani momwe izi zikuwonetsera momwe mapanganowa amapangidwira mokomera mabizinesi akuluakulu aulimi?
OAKLAND INSTITUTE: Ngakhale akunena kuti akupindulitsa a Tanzania ndikuthandizira zosowa za dziko la chakudya, kulimbikitsa moyo wa alimi ang'onoang'ono, zolemba zamkati za AgriSol zimasonyeza cholinga chake chenicheni komanso mtengo weniweni wa Tanzania polimbikitsa mabizinesi akunja otere. Mwachitsanzo, kampeni yathu yatsopano yachidule yodzudzula Agrisol ya PR ikuwonetsa:
- AgriSol Energy idzalipira Tanzania .55 cents pa hekitala ndi lendi kwa zaka 99 za lendi.
- Kukakamira kwa AgriSol pa 'Strategic Investor Status' kumaphatikizapo kufunikira kwake kuti alandire chilimbikitso kuphatikizapo kuchotsedwa kwa ntchito pa dizilo, zipangizo zaulimi ndi mafakitale ndi katundu; kukhululukidwa kwa 30 peresenti ku msonkho wamakampani, kupanga mafuta agrofuel, ndi pempho la boma kuti lipereke ndondomeko yomanga njanji ya Mishamo.
- Kafukufuku wake akufuna kuti akambirane ndi boma kuti alandire thandizo la ndalama zogulira zinthu, zomwe pakadali pano zikuyenera kuperekedwa kwa alimi ang'onoang'ono aku Tanzania. Kufuna kumeneku kudzapatutsa chuma chosowa chaboma kuchoka kwa anthu ang'onoang'ono kupita ku osunga ndalama akuluakulu akunja.
- Njira ya 'ulimi wamakono' womwe Serengeti ndi AgriSol amawona umagwirizanitsa ulimi wa mbewu, ulimi wa ziweto, ndi ulimi wa agrofuel kudzera mu mgwirizano pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana a agribusiness mu chain chain. Othandizana nawo akuphatikizapo Monsanto, Stine, ndi John Deere, pakati pa ena ambiri (monga momwe zikuwonekera kuchokera ku slide kuwonetsera kwa osunga ndalama) ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo ichi ku Tanzania kudzatsegula dzikoli ku kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa makampani akuluakulu a zaulimi padziko lonse lapansi.
PAMBAZUKA NEWS: Mukunena mfundo yosangalatsa yokhudza ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa mapulogalamu azaka makumi atatu apitawa ndi kulanda malo komwe kulipo pano ku Zambia. Kodi ma SAP akonza bwanji njira yoti kulandidwa malo kuchitike?
INSTITUTE YA OAKLAND: Monga momwe kwasonyezedwera mโlipoti la dziko lathu, mโkati mwa mavuto a zachuma ku Zambia cha mโma 1970/80, ma SAP a World Bank/IMF anakakamizika ku Zambia mโma 1990, monga mkhalidwe wa ngongole zobweza ngongole. Ngongolezi zidalumikizidwa ndi zikhalidwe kuphatikiza zoyesayesa zolimbikitsa kumasula chuma, kubisa anthu wamba, komanso ndalama zakunja.
Izi zidapangitsa kuti Lands Act idakhazikitsidwa ndi nyumba yamalamulo mchaka cha 1995 yomwe imathandizira kuti pakhale chuma cha migodi, ulimi, ndi zokopa alendo ndipo m'kupita kwanthawi, malo atha kugulidwa ndikugulitsidwa mwaulele ngati chinthu. Atsogoleri a midzi, mabungwe a anthu, atsogoleri a mipingo, ndi ena onse okhudzidwa ndi lamuloli, ponena kuti izi ziyika anthu osauka pamavuto ndi kusokoneza ulamuliro wa atsogoleri pa nkhani za kasamalidwe ka nthaka. Lamulo la Lands Act linaphatikiza nkhokwe/malo otetezedwa kukhala malo achikhalidwe, kulimbikitsa maufulu aboma kubwereketsa mopanda ufulu wachikhalidwe, kuchotsera ziletso pa umwini wamayiko akunja, kuwongolera kusintha kwa nthaka kuchoka pamwambo kupita kudziko, ndikuchotsa kuthekera kwa boma kulandanso malo omwe sanatukuke. dziko. Mu 1996, bungwe la Zambia Development Agency (ZDA) lidakhazikitsidwa kuti likhale 'one-stop shop' kuti lithandizire ndalama zabizinesi, kugulitsa chuma chaboma, komanso kuthandiza osunga ndalama kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana za boma pomwe kukhazikitsidwa kwa Zambia Investment Center (ZIC) kunali chofunika cha 1995 Investment Act, cholamulidwa ndi ngongole ya WB/IMF ya PIRC II.
PAMBAZUKA NEWS: Mukunena kuti ndondomeko ya Banki Yadziko Lonse imatsutsana ndi nkhani zovuta za ufulu wa anthu, chitetezo cha chakudya ndi ulemu waumunthu, pamene bungwe la IFC la 'Performance Standards for Social and Environmental Responsibility' ilibe njira zoyenera pazochitika za anthu, kuwonekera komanso ufulu wa anthu. Kodi mukuganiza kuti kuphatikizidwa kwa njira zotere kungakakamize osunga ndalama ndi maboma kuti akhazikitse mapangano 'oyenera' otenga malo?
OAKLAND INSTITUTE: Ngati Banki Yadziko Lonse ikanati itsimikize za ufulu wa anthu, chitetezo cha chakudya, ndi ulemu wa anthu, zikanatanthauza kuti ikasiya kuchirikiza nyengo yabwino kwa osunga ndalama zivute zitani. Maudindo ake 'akuchita bizinesi' atengera kuchuluka kwa miyezo ya chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chilengedwe m'malo mopanda mfundo zofunika zotere. Ngakhale kuti izi sizingakakamize osunga ndalama ndi maboma kuti agwire ntchito yogula malo, mapangano, zingachotsere mavuto omwe mabungwe a "chitukuko" ali nawo pamaboma amayiko osauka.
PAMBAZUKA NEWS: Mudanenapo mโmbuyomu kuti zisankho zogwiritsa ntchito madzi ndi nthaka mu Africa kwa anthu a mu Africa zikhazikike ndi anthu aku Africa kudzera munjira za demokalase. Ndi zitsanzo ziti za machitidwe abwino omwe tingamange kapena kutengerapo?
OAKLAND INSTITUTE: Kafukufuku wathu watsopano akuwonetsa kuti mosiyana ndi ulimi wothirira waukulu, kuyang'ana pa ulimi wothirira waung'ono wabwino, ulimi wokhazikika ndi njira zoyendetsera madzi zimatha kusintha miyoyo ya anthu ang'onoang'ono am'deralo, kupititsa patsogolo chitetezo cha chakudya komanso kupewa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa madzi. Mu Africa monse, kasamalidwe kokhazikika kwa madzi ndi ulimi wothirira wa minda yaying'ono zapangitsa kuti zokolola zichuluke kwambiri.
Mwachitsanzo, ku Zimbabwe, kayendetsedwe ka madzi kokhazikika komanso njira zokolera madzi monga zomwe zinakhazikitsidwa ndi Zvishavane Water Resources Project zatsimikizira kuti ndi zothandiza kwambiri pakukula kwa zokolola, kulimbitsa mphamvu zowonongeka ndi nyengo komanso kukonza ndalama ndi chakudya. Ku Burkina Faso monganso mโmaiko ena a Sahelian, kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zosungitsa nthaka ndi madzi (SWC) monga maenje obzalira (ie zai), mizere ya miyala (ie mabund) ndi madamu amiyala otha kutha, kwadzetsa kuchuruka, chitetezo chachuma, kuchuluka kwa anthu. kukhazikika, kupititsa patsogolo zamoyo zosiyanasiyana komanso kuwongolera madzi. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoterezi m'zaka za m'ma 1980, alimi adapeza zokolola zambiri za 50-60 peresenti ya mapira ndi manyuchi.
- Ku Mali, kukhazikitsidwa kwa System of Rice Intensification (SRI) pakati pa alimi ang'onoang'ono m'chigawo cha Timbuktu kudachepetsa kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomwe zokolola za mpunga zidakwera mpaka matani 9 pa hekitala, kuwonjezereka kwa 50 mpaka 100 peresenti kuposa zokolola zomwe zidapezeka. pansi pa njira zochiritsira zothirira.
- Ku Ghana, kupanga zakudya zazikulu monga mapira ndi manyuchi zimasonyeza, pa avareji, zokolola zabwino pansi pa ulimi wothirira waung'ono kusiyana ndi ulimi wothirira waukulu. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti ulimi wothirira waung'ono ku Ghana unathandizira 1.5 metric ton/hekitala ya mapira poyerekeza ndi 0.50 metric ton/hekitala pansi pa ulimi wothirira waukulu.
- Ku Kenya, ulimi wa biointensive, luso laulimi lotsika mtengo lopangidwira alimi ang'onoang'ono, lasonyezedwa kuti limagwiritsa ntchito madzi ochepera 70 mpaka 90 peresenti kusiyana ndi ulimi wamba (chifukwa cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa nthaka yapamwamba ya zinthu zachilengedwe, kuphimba nthaka mosalekeza ndi mbewu, ndi chonde chokwanira ku thanzi la mizu ndi zomera).
-Ku Lesotho, kukwera kwa mwayi kwa alimi kupeza madzi komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zothirira ting'onoting'ono, monga ulimi wothirira ndi mapopu opondaponda, zathandiza kuti madzi asungidwe bwino komanso zokolola za alimi omwe akungoyamba kumene kugulitsa. zokolola zochuluka pamsika wapafupi
PAMBAZUKA NEWS: Kodi bungwe la Oakland Institute latikonzera chiyani munyengo ikubwerayi?
OAKLAND INSTITUTE: Khalani Maso
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