Funso 2: Kodi/kodi uzimayi unathandiza kupanga ndale zanu? Kapena kodi/kodi ndale zanu zidakhazikitsa mgwirizano wanu ndi feminism/feminists?
Delia: Ngakhale kuti zingaoneke ngati zozungulira, ndikuganiza kuti ndingayankhe bwino funsoli mwa kupitiriza nkhani yanga. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za mโma 80, 1987 kunena zoona, ife (bambo a Karin, mchimwene wake, ndi ineyo) tinakhala chaka chonse ku Philippines. Imeneyo inali nthawi yolimbikitsa kwambiri. Ndale zinali mumlengalenga, ndipo mlengalenga munali, mophweka, magetsi. Gulu la amayi, lachikazi tsopano, linali lamoyo komanso lowoneka bwino pakati pa mabungwe opita patsogolo. Ndinakhazikitsa gulu lalingโono lophunzira la akazi omwe ankakumana mlungu uliwonse kuti awerenge ndi kuphunzira za feminism. Zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi gulu lililonse limene ndinachita nawo ku United States. Chifukwa chimodzi, amayiwa anali ndi chidziwitso chochuluka pazochitika zakusintha, ndipo kotero ndime iliyonse yaing'ono yomwe timawerenga (yoyimira chiphunzitso) inasokonezedwa mosalekeza ndi kukambirana kwa zitsanzo zambiri za zochitika zenizeni (zoyimira machitidwe). Chinanso, misonkhano yathu yambiri ya mlungu ndi mlungu inayenera kuimitsidwa chifukwa chakuti nthaลตi zonse panali zochitika zachangu, zina mwa izo zochitira munthu kapena anthu omangidwa kapena kuzunzidwa, pamene zina zinkaphatikizapo kuchita nawo ziwonetsero zazikulu. Koma tsopano kuti danga la demokalase linalola kuyenda ndi kuyenda kosavuta kwa malingaliro ochokera Kumadzulo, ndinawona kumvetsetsa kwa mtundu ndi tsankho kukhala phunziro lofunika kwa ife akazi achi Filipino kulimbana nawo. Umenewo sunali mutu umene tinaumvetsa mosavuta mโgulu lathu lophunzira. Koma sizinkandidetsa nkhaลตa konse kuti omenyera ufulu wa akazi a ku United States abwera kudzaphunzitsa akazi a ku Filipino za mmene, mwachitsanzo, รขโฌลsitiyenera kupitirizabe kuimba mlandu utsamunda chifukwa cha mavuto [athu] monga akazi.รข Uthenga: pitirirani, kale; simukudziwa, koma vuto ndi amuna anu. Zinandivutitsanso kuti omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe wa ku Philippines amatha kunena mopanda nzeru mawu akuti, Betty Friedan analemba ndikugwiritsa ntchito izi mwachindunji pazochitika zathu monga akazi aku Philippines. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, ndinadzipeza kuti ndikulimbana ndi maphunziro atsopano. Ndinayamba kuwerenga nthanthi yachikazi mwanjira ina-ndipo tsopano zosindikizira zachikazi ndi kupanga chiphunzitso chachikazi ku US zinali kukulirakulira-ndipo ndinayamba kuganiza ndi kulemba za momwe chiphunzitso chaukazi kumayiko akumadzulo chingakhudzire mayendedwe a azimayi a Dziko Lachitatu. .
Pamene tinabwerera ku United States, ulamuliro wokulirapo wa รขโฌลkusintha kwachikhalidweรขโฌ kunali kuonekera mโsukuluyi. Nditangofika kumene kuchokera ku Philippines komwe, ngakhale panali gulu lachidwi la azimayi, gulu lomwe likupita patsogolo lidasungabe chikhalidwe chake chazachuma, ndidalandira izi ngati mankhwala. Postmodernism inkawoneka ngati ikupereka mpata wokambirana za mtundu ndi jenda kuwonjezera pa kalasi polimbikira kuzindikira "kusiyana." Poyamba ndidakumana ndi izi ngati kumasula, ponse pawiri kuchokera ku ziletso za malingaliro okhwima amagulu omwe amalandilidwa ndi ufulu wadziko, ndi kuchokera ku tsankho ndi kupapatiza kwa anthu apakati, akazi achikazi. Panthawiyi, nawonso, neoconservatism yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi olamulira a Reagan/Bush idagwira ndipo mabungwe opita patsogolo ku US anali atasowa. Zomwe zidatsala pakukonza zidakhala zakumaloko komanso zachindunji, zitataya gawo lalikulu kapena logwirizanitsa. M'malo mwake, ndikaganizira m'mbuyo, ndikuzindikira kuti kunali koyambirira kwa 1982 pomwe omenyera ufulu wachikazi ku US adayamba kufunsana kuti, gulu la azimayi lili kuti? Pogwirizana ndi nkhondo ya ku Philippines, sindinavutike nazo, podziwa bwino kuti inali yamoyo ku Philippines komanso m'mayiko ena a Third World.
Masiku ano feminism imangopezeka kusukulu yaku United States. Sipanakhalepo gulu lachikazi loti lilankhulepo kwa nthawi yayitali, ngakhale kusakhalapo kwake ndichinthu chomwe omenyera ufulu wachikazi amawoneka akuwopa kuunika mozama. Ndale zopita patsogolo m'sukuluyi zakhazikitsidwa makamaka m'malo olankhulana, azikhalidwe, ndi kusagwirizana kwakukulu kuchokera kudziko lenileni, ngakhale pamene amagwiritsa ntchito รขโฌลkumanzereรขโฌ . Chilankhulo chake ndi chapamwamba, mawu ake osamvetsetseka kupatula oyambitsa, ndipo zonena zake zopita patsogolo ndi zokayikitsa kwambiri. Kuti tiyembekezere kupangidwa kwa Neocolonial World Third World, academy ku Philippines sanakhale opanda chikoka ichi. Koma monga mwa nthawi zonse, kusintha kofulumira kwa chuma cha ndale padziko lonse lapansiรขโฌโmakamaka makamaka, kuwonongeka ndi kuipidwa kumene kwabweretsa neoliberalismรขโฌโkwadzetsa gulu lapadziko lonse lodana ndi kudalirana kwa dziko lonse lomwe tsopano ndi lovuta kulinyalanyaza. รขโฌลNkhondo ya ku Seattleรขโฌ ya 1999 ndi misonkhano yambiri yapadziko lonse pambuyo pake ikuwonetsa kayendedwe katsopano kosiyanasiyana. Mosiyana ndi akatswiri a maphunziro, omenyera ufulu wachikazi adaphatikizapo, omwe mantra yawo yosalankhula yakhala TINA ya Thatcher (Palibe Njira Zina), otsutsana ndi dziko lapansi amalankhula za dziko latsopano lomwe lingatheke. Mwinamwake ena mwa iwo amalingalira โdziko latsopanoโ mmene ukapitalizimu ungakhale waumunthu, koma wina akuyembekeza kuti ena adzafika polingalira chitaganya chosiyana kotheratu. Izi ziyenera kuchitika, chifukwa potsatira zoopsa za 9/11, "nkhondo yachigawenga" ya boma la Bush "ndi kuwukira kwa Iraq, ndizopanda tanthauzo kunena kuti tikukhala m'nthawi zowopsa.
Inde, ndikupitirizabe chidwi changa ndi akazi a ku Philippines ndi nkhondo zandale. Kusamuka komwe sikunachitikepo kwa ogwira ntchito osamukira ku Philippines pakali pano ndi mutu womwe ukufufuzidwa ndi omenyera ufulu wachikazi ku United States. Zonsezi ndi zabwino kwambiri, koma pokhapokha ngati maphunzirowa sakulephera kutsutsa zomwe zachitika kale padziko lonse lapansi. Tsoka ilo, pakadali pano zochepa zomwe zikuchitika motsatira izi. Pachifukwa ichi, ndale zachikazi monga momwe zilili panopa sizikhala zofunikira kwa ine. Inu mukhoza kunena kuti udindo wanga monga รขโฌลwomenyera ufulu wachikaziรขโฌ wakhala waufupi kwambiri.
Karin: Ndikuganiza za ine, chifukwa cha nthawi ndi momwe ndinakulira, ukazi ndi ndale zinali zofanana. Ndikutanthauza kuti รขโฌลchikaziรขโฌ chinali gawo limodzi laling'ono, lomwe nthawi zambiri silinatchulidwe lomwe ndimamva kuti รขโฌลndale.รขโฌ Zonse zidangolukidwa pamodzi kukhala nsalu imodzi: lingaliro lakuti atsikana/akazi ndi anthu, ndi lingaliro lakuti anthu onse. oyenerera kukhala mโchitaganya cholungama ndi chachilungamo. Pamene ndikukumbukira ubwana wanga, zachikazi sizinkafunika kunenedwa mokweza. Ndinali mwana wamkulu, ndipo sindikumbukira kuti ankachitiridwa zinthu mosiyana ndi mngโono wanga. Ndinkawaona mayi anga ngati munthu wawo, osati mthunzi wa bambo anga monga momwe zinalili kwa makolo a anzanga ena. Ndale zambiri zinasintha maganizo anga a kusukulu, ndipo kukula monga munthu wandale kunaphatikizapo kukambirana ndi makolo anga, ntchito zapakhomo, ndi kukangana ndi aphunzitsi anga ponena za kuipa kwa ukapitalizimu, atsamunda, ndi ufumu wa ku America.
Ndili patebulo lakukhitchini, ndinatha kuona chithunzi chomwe makolo anga anajambula pamitengo yakuda. Chinali chigoba chakuda chakumbuyo kwa lalanje chomwe chimati: รขโฌลKung hindi sasan, kailan pa?รขโฌ (Ngati sichoncho, ndiye liti?) Nthawi zonse ndinkamasulira kuti tsiku lina padzakhala kusintha kwa anthu. ndipo pa tsikulo anthu adzakhala omasuka. Unali uthenga wopatsa chiyembekezo, komanso kuyitana kuchitapo kanthu komanso kuzindikira zandaleรขโฌโchenjezo lokhudza zoopsa zomwe zingabwere ngati wina sachitapo kanthu kapena kuzindikira.
Kuchokera pamene ndinali mโgiredi lachisanu mu 1972 mpaka 1984 pamene ndinamaliza maphunziro anga a ku koleji, nkhani yaikuluโimene inasintha moyo wanga wa ndale inali ya ulamuliro wankhanza wa US-Marcos ku Philippines. Iyi inali nkhani yomwe idasokoneza ubale wa makolo anga ndi dziko lakwawo, motero idapanganso lingaliro langa lolumikizana ndi malo komanso mbiri yoposa makolo anga. Ndikayangโana mโmbuyo ndikudziwa kuti zili choncho chifukwa pa msonkhano wanga wa nambala 10 wa kusekondale mu 1990, mayi wachizungu wa ku America amene ndinkamukonda koma sindinkamudziwa bwino, anandilonjera ndi nkhonya mโmwamba. รขโฌลMakibaka!รขโฌ anakuwa, kundinyezimira kwambiri. Amanenanso za mawu osintha a gulu lodana ndi ma imperialism omwe ndidawaphunzitsa anzanga onse a m'kalasi (ndi aliyense pasukulu yonse, mwachiwonekere) komanso amavala zomata ndi zilembo zalalanje pa sweatshirt yomwe ndimakonda ya bulauni pa chithunzi cha kalasi yathu. chaka. Ndinayima pakati pa mzere wakutsogolo, kotero kuti mawuwo akuwoneka bwino mpaka lero kwa aliyense amene akadali ndi chithunzicho!
Sindikuganiza kuti ndinadziona ngati china chilichonse kupatula รขโฌลFilipinoรขโฌ mpaka nditamaliza koleji chapakati mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980. Chikazi chinali gulu loganiziridwa; kungakhale tero kwa ine chifukwa chakuti makolo anga sanandiikire ziyembekezo zirizonse zowonekera pa ine kukwaniritsa udindo wanga โwamkaziโ monga mkazi wa munthu wina, ndipo sindinalangizidwe konse kukwatiwa ndi dokotala, loya, kapena mwamuna wina waluso wotero. . Mโmalomwake, inenso ndinkayembekezera kuti ndidzakhala munthu woteroyo. Kuphatikiza apo, ndidalandiranso uthenga woti kudziyimira pawokha pantchito yanga kuyenera kukhala kwapamwamba kwambiriรขโฌโmwina cholinga chokhachoรขโฌโkuposa ubale uliwonse wamunthu kapena wabanja. Ndikudabwa ngati amayi ena am'badwo wanga adalandira uthenga wamphamvu womwewo kuchokera kwa makolo awo omenyera ufulu wazaka 70s.
Ndipo zitsanzo zomwe ndinali nazo pokhala munthu wa ku Philippines wochita zandale sanali amuna okha, mwinanso konse. Mwachitsanzo, ndimakumbukira Mlongo Caridad ndi Bambo Gigi, atsogoleri achipembedzo amisala amene anadzipereka ndi mtima wonse kumenya nkhondo ku Philippines. Ndimakumbukira anzanga a makolo anga omwe anali a hippie ojambula kapena olemba kapena ophunzira kapena aphunzitsi. Ndimakumbukira kuti palibe aliyense amene makolo anga ankamudziwa ndi kumukonda anakwatirana mwamwambo, ndipo palibe mkazi aliyense amene anafika posintha mayina awo. Mosiyana ndi abwenzi omenyera nkhondo awa, anthu "okhazikika" (oyera, odziwika bwino, ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha) mtawunimo monga dotolo wamtawuniyi ndi dotolo wamano anali ndi mabanja "aku America" โโomwe anali ndi akazi omwe analibe ngakhale mayina awoawo. ana amene ankaloledwa kutuluka pa madeti ndi kuyendetsa galimoto yabanja.
Uzimayi unakhala ndondomeko ya ndale yodziwika kwa ine ku koleji. Kukhala ndi makolo odziwa bwino ntchito, ophunzira amandilimbikitsa kukhala m'dziko lapamwamba momwe ndidatha kudzipeza ndekha ndikudzifotokozera ndekha mwaumwini, chikhalidwe, ndi ndale. Zinadziwika kuti akazi ambiri anzanga anakulira m'mabanja a makolo akale kwambiri omwe makolo awo anali ofunika kwambiri chifukwa mibadwo ya chuma yochuluka imadutsa mwa amuna. Anzanga ambiri achikazi ochenjera samayembekezeredwa kuchita zambiri kuposa kumaliza maphunziro awo ndi digiri yonyezimira ku koleji yathu yapamwamba, kungopeza mwamuna yemweyo, kapena wabwinoko, wamakhalidwe. Iwo anali kupandukira kulemera kwa izo zonse, chinachake chimene ine sindimachidziwa chirichonse. Mnzanga wapamtima ku koleji anachokera ku chikhalidwe chofanana ndi ine, ndi amayi amphamvu, ophunzira kwambiri komanso momveka bwino kuyembekezera kuti akhale munthu wake. Tinagwirizana chifukwa cha chikhulupiriro chomwe timaganiza kuti titha kukhala anthu - zomwe, popeza ndife akazi, tingatchulidwe kuti "chikazi."
Lero ndinganene kuti ukazi umandipatsa mawu andale. Ndikutanthauza kuti popanda chikhalidwe cha akazi monga ndondomeko yomwe imafuna chidwi kwa magulu oponderezedwa, malingaliro anga ndi malingaliro anga sizingaphatikizidwe muzandale zilizonse. Koma panthawi imodzimodziyo, chikhalidwe cha akazi sichimanditsogolera kuti ndidziwe zomwe ndikuchita pa ndale. Tsopano monga munthu wokhazikika pantchito zamaphunziro, ndimayang'ana njira zopangira ndikuthandizira mayendedwe achilungamo. Ine sindiri wokondweretsedwa ndi zachikazi monga chiphunzitsoรขโฌโchikunena, kuchokera ku maphunziro a akaziรขโฌโkuposa ine ndiri mu feminism monga mawonekedwe a chinkhoswe pakati pa okhulupirira ndi ochita kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Sindinakopeke konse ndi Maphunziro a Akazi, kapena ukatswiri wa ukazi mu maphunziro. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, monga munthu amene tsopano ndikufunafuna udindo pa koleji ya zaluso zaufulu, ndikuthokoza kwambiri okonda zachikazi m'maphunziro omwe adandiphatikiza m'magulu awo ngakhale ndisanalandire "zidziwitso" zoyenerera chifukwa adazindikira zolemba zanga ndikulinganiza. amagwira ntchito monga zopereka kumunda wawo.
Ngakhale kuti zachikazi ndi zachikazi zandithandiza kuti ndidzipeze ndekha, ndikuganiza kuti ndiyenera kunena kuti monga ndondomeko ya ndale yokhudzana ndi kusintha kwa kamangidwe, chikazi sichinandisangalatse. Ndipo, monga omenyera ufulu wachikazi asamukira ku maphunziro ndikusintha malingaliro omveka bwino okhudza akazi ndi kuponderezana kwa amuna ndi akazi kukhala chiphunzitso chapamwamba, ndakhala ndikukakamizika kutsata zomwe zikuchitika kumeneko. Mofananamo, sindinatsatire zomwe zikuchitika mu maphunziro a lgbtq, kapena maphunziro a queer, chifukwa sindinawapeze okondweretsa, kapena okhudzidwa, ndi zenizeni zomwe ndikuzimvetsa mozama ndi kuzisamalira. Mwanjira zina, uku kwakhala kutayika kwanga, popeza sindinathe kutenga nawo mbali m'njira zapamwamba pazokambirana zomwe zikuchitika m'masukulu onse. Posachedwapa, katswiri wina wodziwika bwino wa ku Latino adayendera sukulu yathu ndipo adandiitana kuti ndikakambirane naye chakudya chamadzulo. Amaonedwa kuti ndi "nyenyezi yomwe ikukwera" m'munda wake, munthu uyu wakhazikika mu chikhalidwe cha maphunziro, zikhalidwe zake ndi zikhalidwe zake zimayikidwa muzochita zake zonse, komabe amadzipereka ku chiphunzitso cha kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Ndinasilira kudzipereka kwake ku ntchito yake; Ndidakondweranso ndi malingaliro ena omwe adapereka onena za รขโฌลoopsaรขโฌ monga momwe amawukira ndale, mwachitsanzo. Koma ndikuvomereza kuti ntchito yophunzitsa anthu zamaganizo apamwamba sikundisangalatsa kwambiriรขโฌโchimene ambiri mwa omenyera ufulu wa akazi ndi okayika omwe ali pafupi ndi ine akuchita masiku ano, pamene sapita kokagula zinthu.
Ndiye ngati feminism sipanga ndale zanga, bwanji? Ndikuganiza kuti ndapanga ndondomeko yanga ya chilungamo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu kuchokera kuzinthu zosiyana, ndipo mwinamwake zachilendo, zosonkhanitsa za moyo ndi zochitika za ntchito. Mโmenemo, ndithudi, ndimasonyeza mwaลตi wanga wochuluka: kawonedwe kanga ka zinthu zoipa mโdzikoโndi mmene ziyenera kusinthidwiraโsikukhazikika mโmalo oponderezedwa kotheratu kapena kukhala pansi pachuma, ndipo sindisunga malingaliro anga. kulumikizana kwachilengedwe ndi anthu oyandikana nawo kapena gulu la anthu kapena chipani chandale kapena dziko. Mu ichi, ndikuganiza kuti ndine รขโฌลAmerica,รขโฌ wokonda payekha payekha, wapakati, komanso wamba wamba. Ili ndiye maziko anga, ndipo sindikuganiza kuti ndingathe kapena ndiyenera kuchita chilichonse kuti ndisinthe. Kumbali ina, imodzi mwa mfundo za zolembazi ndikuwonetsa kuti malingaliro athu okhudza chikhalidwe cha akazi adapangidwa ndi zochitika zina zomwe tinakula kukhala akuluakulu okonda ndale. Ndakhala ndikuwululidwa m'moyo wanga wonse kwa anthu osiyanasiyana ndi zovuta zomwe ndaphunzirapo kuti kuzunzika kwa anthu si kwachibadwa kapena kosapeweka, komanso kuti kusintha kwakukulu ndi kotheka komanso kofunikira.
Tsopano monga munthu amene amalipidwa kuti aphunzitse ndi kulemba za dziko limeneloรขโฌโngakhale ndimakayikira kwambiri za kutsekeredwa munsanja ya minyanga ya njovu ndi kutsekeredwa m'ndende, monga ndimafotokozera anthu nthawi zambiri, ku Great White NorthรขโฌโNdinganene kuti. simunganene kuti โmukudziwaโ kalikonse ngati simukumvetsetsa kuti ndinu ndani komanso komwe munachokera. Limenelo silingakhale funso lachikazi, koma ndithudi ndi funso la anthu ammudzi.
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