Chitsime: Independent Media Institute
Nkhani yaposachedwa ya Wall Street Journal (WSJ), “.Malamulo a Facebook okhudzana ndi Udani ndi Ndale zaku India,” yatsekereza mgwirizano wosayera wa Facebook ndi Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), chipani cholamula ku India.
M'nkhani ya August 14, atolankhani a WSJ a Newley Purnell ndi Jeff Horwitz mwatsatanetsatane momwe Ankhi Das, mkulu wa ndondomeko ya anthu a Facebook ku India ndi South ndi Central Asia, anatsekereza kuchitapo kanthu motsutsana ndi atsogoleri a chipani cha BJP. Facebook idayika atsogoleri awa mkati kuti amalimbikitsa "zachidani" komanso "zowopsa" komanso zomwe zitha kuyambitsa, monga a Purnell ndi Horwitz adalemba, "chiwawa chenicheni padziko lapansi." Chifukwa chomwe Das akuti adapereka kuti asiye kuphwanya malamulo a Facebook kusalangidwa ndikuti kuchita izi kungawononge bizinesi ya Facebook ku India.
Facebook nayenso posachedwapa $ 5.7 biliyoni m'makampani otsogola aku India a Reliance Jio kwa 9.99 peresenti ya magawo ake - imodzi mwa magawo ndalama zazikulu nthawi zonse ndi kampani iliyonse yaukadaulo pamtengo wocheperako. The yaikulu Ogwiritsa ntchito Facebook ndi WhatsApp padziko lonse lapansi akuchokera ku India, pomwe Facebook ili ndi opitilira 300 miliyoni pomwe WhatsApp ili ndi ogwiritsa ntchito oposa 400 miliyoni. Facebook idagula WhatsApp kwa $ 19 biliyoni mu 2014 ndipo ali ndi zopereka zamalonda pa nsanja iyi, yomwe malamulo a chinkhoswe ndi opaque kwathunthu. Ngakhale kuposa Facebook, WhatsApp wakhala nsanja yayikulu yochezera ya BJP ndi zake gulu lankhondo kufalitsa disinformation, monga zinalili Purezidenti Jair Bolsonaro ku Brazil.
Pa Ogasiti 21, Horwitz ndi Purnell analemba Facebook idakumana ndi vuto mkati chifukwa chakulephera kuthana ndi kuphwanya malamulo ake olankhula chidani ku India: "Ogwira ntchito pa Facebook akukakamiza utsogoleri wa kampaniyo kuti awonenso momwe amachitira mawu achidani ku India, nati [m'kalata yopita ku 'FB Leadership'. ' kuti] kampani yalekerera zinthu zapoizoni zochitidwa ndi akuluakulu andale otchuka."
Aka sikanali koyamba kuti Facebook iwonetsere mawu audani komanso anthu ogawa za mapiko akumanja awululidwe. Mu a Nkhani ya 2017 ya Bloomberg, Lauren Etter, Vernon Silver, ndi Sarah Frier analemba kuti Facebook "imagwira ntchito mwakhama ndi zipani zandale ndi atsogoleri kuphatikizapo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito nsanja kuti athetse chitsutso-nthawi zina mothandizidwa ndi 'magulu ankhondo’ zimene zimafalitsa nkhani zabodza ndi mfundo zonyanyira.” Adalembanso kuti "gulu lodziwika bwino la Facebook padziko lonse lapansi la boma ndi ndale ... lotsogozedwa ndi Washington ndi Katie Harbath, katswiri wakale waukadaulo waku Republican yemwe adagwira nawo ntchito yapurezidenti wakale wa New York a Rudy Giuliani mu 2008," adathandizira zipani zandale "kuchokera ku India. ndi Brazil kupita ku Germany ndi UK—ogwira ntchito m’gawoli akhala ogwira ntchito m’kampeni.” Mu 2018, a zisanu-mndandanda wankhani kwa Newsclick yolemba a Cyril Sam ndi Paranjoy Guha Thakurta zisanachitike zisankho zaku India za 2019 zidafufuza za ubale wapamtima pakati pa oyang'anira Facebook ndi BJP, makamaka gulu la Prime Minister Narendra Modi, ndipo adapeza kuti ubalewu udapitilira ubale wa Facebook ndi zipani zina zandale ku India.
Nkhani ya Ogasiti 14 WSJ amadziwika anthu atatu otchuka a BJP omwe zolemba zawo za Facebook zinali ndi mawu achidani: T. Raja Singh, woimira boma ku Telangana, adawopseza kupha Asilamu omwe amadya ng'ombe ndi kuwombera Rohingyas, othawa kwawo achisilamu omwe akuthawa ku Myanmar; Anantkumar Hegde, membala wa Nyumba Yamalamulo ku Karnataka, adalemba zojambula ndi zolemba za Asilamu omwe akufalitsa "Corona Jihad." (WSJ inanena kuti atafunsa Facebook za zolemba zina za Singh ndi Hegde, "Facebook idachotsa ena mwa iwo" ndipo "adati a Singh saloledwanso kukhala ndi akaunti yotsimikizika, yodziwika ndi baji ya buluu." Momwemonso, "Facebook sinachitepo kanthu mpaka Magaziniyo itafuna ndemanga kuchokera ku kampaniyo za ... [za Hegde] 'Corona Jihad' zolemba.") Kapil Mishra, yemwe kale anali woyimira malamulo ku Delhi, adatengapo gawo poyambitsa ziwawa koyambirira kwa chaka chino ku New Delhi. , zomwe adatsutsidwa kwambiri ndi zipani zotsutsa, magulu odziyimira pawokha, atolankhani, ngakhale (ngakhale osatchula dzina) Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg. Atatuwa anali m'gulu la ziwerengero za BJP zomwe gulu la Facebook likukhazikitsa mfundo zake za "Anthu Oopsa ndi Mabungwe" omwe ali oyenera kuletsedwa kosatha, monga zimachitikira kumayiko ena. kuphatikizapo United States.
Kufotokozera kwa WSJ kungatipangitse kukhulupirira kuti vuto la Facebook ndi vuto la munthu payekha, la Ankhi Das, mutu wake wa ndondomeko ku India. Nkhani yeniyeni imafika mozama. Mphamvu zama digito - Google, Facebook, Amazon, Apple, ndi Microsoft - sizimangotsimikiziridwa ndi chuma chawo. Malo ochezera a pa Intaneti-Google ndi Facebook-atenga malo ochezera a pa TV, osati ponena za zotsatsa malonda, moyo wa ofalitsa pansi pa capitalism, komanso mwachikoka. Kuchulukirachulukira komwe mungapange, m'pamenenso mumakhala ndi mwayi wopeza anthu ambiri owonera komanso kutsatira. Purnell ndi Horwitz inanena kuti "m'miyezi iwiri yokha ya kanema wamalankhulidwe" a Kapil Mishra - momwe adalimbikitsa chiwawa pochotsa otsutsa - "kutumizidwa, zomwe zikuchitika patsamba la Facebook la Mr. 2.5 miliyoni. ”
M'mbuyomu, anthu ambiri adavomereza kuti atolankhani - zomwe Thomas Carlyle adazitcha kuti Fourth Estate mu demokalase - ali ndi gawo la chikhalidwe cha anthu ndipo chifukwa chake ayenera kukhala. zoyendetsedwa ndi ubwino wa anthu. Press Council of India, ngakhale ingakhale yofooka kwenikweni, ali ndi code yomwe atolankhani akuyembekezeka kutsatira. Ku US, zopingasa pakati mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya media zimayendetsedwa.
Pali zinthu ziwiri zomwe tiyenera kuzizindikira. Choyamba ndi chakuti zofalitsa nkhani si bizinesi ina iliyonse koma ndizofunikira pa demokalase. Ndipo chachiwiri ndi chakuti kulamulira pawokha ndikowopsa ku demokalase. Woweruza wa Khothi Lalikulu ku United States a Louis Brandeis amanenedwa kuti, "Titha kukhala ndi demokalase, kapena titha kukhala ndi chuma chokhazikika m'manja mwa anthu ochepa, koma sitingakhale nazo zonse ziwiri."
Zaka zoposa 75 pambuyo pa moyo wa Brandeis, mawu ake okhudza kulamulira adatchulidwa mu msonkhano wa Congress mu July ndi ma CEO a Google, Amazon, Facebook, ndi Apple. Mtengo wophatikizana wamsika wamakampani anayiwo ndi pafupifupi $5 thililiyoni. Ngati tifanizira izi ndi GDPs ya mayiko onse, amatuluka pamwamba pa Germany, ndipo kumbuyo kwa US, China ndi Japan okha. Ndi mphamvu yamsika iyi yomwe imawapatsa mphamvu yokhotakhota, kapena pankhani ya chuma chofooka, kupotoza mawonekedwe, machitidwe awo ovomerezeka ndi olamulira.
Tsoka ilo, zokonda zamakampani azatekinoloje omwe ali ndi ndalama zambiri izi sizigwirizana ndi zokonda za anthu. Izi zikuwonekera bwino ndi nkhani ya Facebook, monga 98.5 peresenti ndalama zake zimachokera ku zotsatsa. Kutsatsa kumadalira kuchuluka kwa mawonedwe, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ma post ndi zomwe zimayendetsa ndizomwe zimayendetsa ndalama za Facebook. Facebook yapeza, monga ofufuza a MIT adachitira, kuti amadana ndi nkhani zabodza zimayendetsa ma virus, ndipo chifukwa chake ilibe cholimbikitsa kuletsa zolemba zotere. Ngakhale idadzinenera kuti imagwira ntchito pamikhalidwe ya anthu ammudzi komanso nkhani zathanzi, mphamvu yamabizinesi ake imachokera pakufunika kwake kukhala ndi maso ochulukirapo, chifukwa chake amatero. amadya nkhani zachidani ndi zabodza. Kafukufuku wamkati adapeza kuti 64 peresenti a mamembala omwe adalowa m'magulu ochita monyanyira adachita izi chifukwa cha zida zopangira za Facebook.
Matenda awa azama media samangokhala pa Facebook. Makina osakira a Google yawonetsa zovuta zofananira, monganso zake ma algorithms ozindikira zithunzi. Koma mosakayika, Facebook yakhala yopambana wotsogolera kufalitsa ndale za chidani ndi nkhani zabodza padziko lapansi.
Zomwe Trump, Bolsonaro ndi Modi ali nazo zofanana, kupatula ndale zawo zakumanja, ndikudalira kwawo Facebook ndi WhatsApp pamakampeni awo. Ngakhale tawona zochitika za troll TV-Fox News ku US ndi Republic TV ku India-kulowa m'malo azama TV, WhatsApp ndi Facebook akhala malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi, mothandizidwa ndi ma algorithms a Facebook. Ngakhale zitha kuwoneka kuti zolondola zimamvetsetsa bwino nsanja za digito kuposa ena, ndichifukwa chake zakhala zikuyenda bwino kwambiri ndi iwo, pali umboni wochulukirapo wakuti chithandizo chomwe Facebook chimapereka kwa ziwerengero zosiyanasiyana zamapiko akumanja komanso mawu achidani sizongochitika mwangozi. koma gawo la njira zake.
M'chilankhulo chaukadaulo watsopano, mawu achidani si cholakwika m'machitidwe ochezera a pa Intaneti koma chinthu chofunikira. Vuto la mawu achidani silingathetsedwe popempha mwaulemu a Zuckerbergs a nsanja za digito kuti azichita zinthu moyenera. Zimafunika, ngakhale pang'ono, kuswa ma monopolies awo ndi kuwawongolera ngati zofunikira za boma.
Nkhaniyi idapangidwa mogwirizana ndi Nkhani Yanyumba ndi Chizindikiro, ntchito ya Independent Media Institute.
Prabir Purkayastha ndiye mkonzi woyambitsa wa Newsclick.in, nsanja ya digito. Iye ndi womenyera ufulu wa sayansi ndi ufulu mapulogalamu kayendedwe.
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