Tikudziwa kuwonongeka kwa Enron ku chuma cha America. Ndiye n'chifukwa chiyani akadali oyenera kulandira ndalama za okhometsa msonkho ku US? M'malo mongodzigwetsa mu bankirapuse, Enron akupitiliza kuchita bizinesi padziko lonse lapansi. Ndipo khulupirirani kapena ayi, bungwe lonyozeka komanso lonyozeka likupitilizabe kufunafuna ndalama zapagulu pantchito zake zapadziko lonse lapansi.
Malipoti omwe akupitilira za kugwa kwa Enron apangitsa kuti anthu ambiri akhulupirire kuti bungweli ndi lantchito zonse. Sichoncho. Lingaliro la Enron loti apereke chitetezo chandalama cha Chaputala 11 chinapangitsa kuti asiye ntchito zake zogulitsa mphamvu ku America ndikukakamiza kampaniyo kugulitsa zina mwazinthu zake. Koma unyinji wa mabizinesi ake akunja adakalipobe. Ngakhale akuyang'anizana ndi milandu ya omwe akugawana nawo komanso kufunsa kwa Congression ku United States, Enron akukonzekera kuchoka pakubweza komwe akuchita ntchito zake zamphamvu padziko lonse lapansi.
Enron, kudzera mu ma consortia ndi mabungwe angapo, akupitilizabe kusokoneza misika yamagetsi m'maiko padziko lonse lapansi. Katundu wake wapano ku Latin America mokha akuphatikiza magawo amakampani amafuta ndi magetsi ku Brazil ndi Venezuela, mapaipi ku Colombia ndi Bolivia, ndi mafakitale amagetsi ku Panama, Guatemala, ndi Puerto Rico. Ambiri mwa mayikowa, akuluakulu akhala akutsimikizira kuti mavuto omwe Enron Corporation ili nawo ku United States sangakhudze ntchito zawo.
Ndalama za okhometsa misonkho zaku America zathandizira kumanga ufumu wapadziko lonse wa bungweli. Lipoti latsopano la Institute for Policy Studies ku Washington, DC, limasonyeza kuti kuyambira 1992, mapulojekiti okhudzana ndi Enron alandira ndalama zoposa $ 4 biliyoni za boma la US. Magwero ena aboma - monga World Bank ndi European Investment Bank - adapereka ndalama zina $3 biliyoni.
Mwanjira iliyonse, $ 7 biliyoni ndi ndalama zambiri. Koma tsopano Enron akufuna zambiri. Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), bungwe lomwe likugwira ntchito ndi ndalama za boma, likulingalira ngongole ya $ 125 miliyoni pakukulitsa mapaipi amafuta aku Bolivia omwe Enron akutsata kudzera mu gulu lotchedwa Transredes. Pamodzi ndi Shell Bolivia, amene ali nawo mbali ina yaikulu mโbungweli, Enron akupindula ku Bolivia pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama za boma kuti apititse patsogolo machitidwe ake oipa.
Monga kwathu, Enron kunja ali ndi mbiri yayitali yokankhira kuchotsedwa kwamakampani ndikupewa kuyang'anira. Boma la Bolivia posachedwapa layamba kufufuza zolakwika mu ndondomeko yomwe Enron poyamba adalowa m'misika yamagetsi ya dziko. Mabungwe oteteza zachilengedwe komanso omenyera ufulu wa anthu monga Organisation of Ethnic Communities of Santa Cruz (Bolivia) akutsutsa mfundo yakuti kukula kwa mapaipi a Transredes kusokoneza madera okhudzidwa ndi zachilengedwe, komanso madera otetezedwa a anthu amtundu wa Bolivia. . Akunena za tsoka lapitalo pomwe payipi yamafuta ya kampani ya Sica Sica-Arica idaphulika mu Januwale 2000, ndikutaya migolo masauzande ambiri amafuta osayengedwa mumtsinje wa Desaguadero akuluakulu asanayambe kukonza.
N'chifukwa chiyani US ikupitiriza kuthandizira bankroll malonda onyansa ngati awa? M'dzina la 'malonda aulere,' mabungwe olipidwa ndi boma monga IDB ndi World Bank atha zaka zoposa makumi awiri akulimbikitsa kubizinesi kwa magawo amagetsi ndi magetsi. Kuchokera ku Ulamuliro wa Reagan, akakamiza mayiko omwe akufuna thandizo lachitukuko kuti akhazikitse njira zowawa za 'kusintha kwadongosolo' ndikuletsa mafakitale. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mabungwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana amatsutsana ndi maboma osauka kuti apeze ndalama zakunja zomwe zimafunikira kwambiri.
Zotsatira zake, ntchito zapagulu zakhala zikugwera m'manja mwachinsinsi komanso mabungwe ngati Enron amachita bizinesi yawo popanda kuyankha pagulu. Anthu wamba amavutika pamene makampani amachepetsa katundu ndi kukweza mitengo, kufalitsa masautso pakati pa omwe sangakwanitse kulipira zambiri zothandizira anthu omwe kamodzi kamodzi kokha monga magetsi, madzi, ndi chithandizo chamankhwala. Izi zimabweretsanso zipolowe. Kukweza kwa mitengo kwa Enron kwadzetsa kuzimitsidwa kwa magetsi zomwe zidadzetsa zipolowe ku Guatemala ndi Dominican Republic, pakati pa mayiko ena.
Mamembala a Congress adzakhala ndi mwayi woletsa kutuluka kwa ndalama za boma kupita ku Enron, pamene IDB ndi anthu ena azachuma abwera kudzapatsidwa chilolezo. Asanavomereze ndalama zina zamabanki, opanga malamulo akhoza kuumirira kuletsa ngongole zamtsogolo zamapulojekiti okhudzana ndi Enron. Izi zitha kuyimitsa ntchito zowononga komanso zopanda udindo monga kukulitsa mapaipi aku Bolivia.
Kuletsa kotereku motsutsana ndi ndalama zambiri za okhometsa msonkho pazochita zapadziko lonse za Enron zitha kukhala gawo loyamba labwino, koma zambiri zikufunika kuti tiletse nkhanza zomwezi. Malamulo oyendetsera malonda padziko lonse lapansi ndi ndalama ayenera kusinthidwa kuti ateteze zofuna za anthu. Tiyenera kukana zomwe mabungwe azachuma padziko lonse lapansi monga IDB ndi Banki Yadziko Lonse amapangira kuti akhazikitse zinthu zofunikira komanso kulimbikitsa kuthetseratu - ndondomeko zomwe zimayitanitsa ziphuphu zamtundu wa Enron komanso kusalungama kwamafuta. Ndipo tikuyenera kuwonetsa kukwiyira komweko kwa zolakwa zamakampani kumayiko ena zomwe timawonetsa chiwopsezo chikafika kunyumba.
Nadia Martinez ndi Wothandizira Kafukufuku ndi Sustainable Energy and Economy Network ku Washington, DC (www.seen.org). Mark Engler ndi wolemba ku Brooklyn. Adagwirapo kale ntchito ndi Arias Foundation for Peace and Human Progress ku San Josรฉ, Costa Rica, komanso Public Intellectuals Programme ku Florida Atlantic University.
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