Lipoti la Oxfam International la "Rigged Rules and Double Standards" pa Zamalonda, kudalirana kwa mayiko komanso kuthana ndi umphawi ndikuyesa molimba mtima kuphatikiza malingaliro awiri. Komabe, pamene ma paradigms awiri ali osakwanira, kuwaika pamodzi kumangopanga kufufuza kwa schizophrenic. Ndipo ichi ndiye tsogolo la lipoti la Oxfam lokhudza kudalirana kwa mayiko.
Oxfam International yalephera kusakaniza ma paradigms awiri - imodzi yomwe imatsogolera demokalase ya anthu, ina yomwe imatsogolera malonda, malonda, misika. Lingaliro loyamba la kudalirana kwadziko lapansi likukhazikika pa mfundo zachilungamo, demokalase, ulamuliro ndi kukhazikika ndipo ukugwiridwa m'njira zambiri ndi gulu lodana ndi dziko lonse lapansi lomwe lawulula malamulo opotoka komanso osalungama a malonda mu WTO ndi World Bank/IMF trade liberalization. mapologalamu, lingaliro lachiwiri la kudalirana kwa mayiko monga momwe mabungwewa akulimbikitsira.
Lingaliro loyamba limagwirizanitsa ndikuyika malonda mu ndondomeko zofunika kwambiri zozikidwa pa ufulu wa anthu, kutenga nawo mbali mu demokalase, ndi kukhazikika kwa chilengedwe. Paradigm yachiwiri imachotsa demokalase, ulamuliro ndi kukhazikika monga "zolepheretsa malonda", zimayika malonda pamwamba pa zida zina za ndondomeko. Pochotsa malonda kuchokera ku chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe, imachotsa anthu ndikusokoneza zachilengedwe. Zimapanga umphawi mwa kuwononga chitetezo cha zachuma ndi zachilengedwe.
Makumi asanu ndi anayi pa 100 aliwonse a lipoti la Oxfam amatulutsanso zotsutsa za kudalirana kwa mayiko, ngakhale ikulephera kuvomereza ngongole zake ku gulu lodana ndi kufalikira kwa dziko lapansi ndikuyesa kulinyoza poyambitsa mawu akuti "globo phobe". Gulu lodana ndi dziko lonse lapansi silili globo phobic, limachokera ku mgwirizano wapadziko lonse komanso mgwirizano. Chomwe chimatsutsana ndi malamulo a malonda aulere osayendetsedwa ndi chikhalidwe, chilungamo, demokalase ndi malire a chilengedwe.
Oxfam ikuwonekanso kuti ikutsutsana ndi "malamulo osakanizika" awa amalonda pokhapokha ikafika pamutu 4 wokhudza Market Access and Agricultural Trade ". M'mutu uno kumasula malonda ndi misika yosagwirizana ndi malamulo akukhala zonse ndi ndondomeko zachuma. Mutuwu umayamba ndi lingaliro la WTO / World Bank - Trade ikhoza kupereka injini yamphamvu pakukula kwachuma ndi kuchepetsa umphawi. Kuti injiniyo igwire ntchito, mayiko osauka amafunikira misika yamayiko olemera. Kukulitsa mwayi wopeza msika kungathandize maiko kufulumizitsa kukula kwachuma, pomwe pa nthawi yomweyo kupangira mwayi watsopano kwa osauka. Izi zili choncho makamaka pazaulimi ndi katundu wolimbikira ntchito, popeza moyo wa anthu ambiri okhala pansi pa umphawi wakhazikika m'magawo awa.
Kupeza msika kukuyenera kukhala mankhwala amatsenga ochotsa osauka kwambiri muumphawi. Komabe, kupeza msika ndi liwu lina chabe lofotokozera za kutumiza kunja ndi kulamulira kunja. Malonda ndi ubale pakati pa dziko lotumiza kunja ndi dziko lotumiza kunja. Poika chidwi chonse pakupeza msika kumayiko olemera omwe akutumiza kunja Oxfam imabisala ndikupangitsa kuti asawonekere mtengo wachuma, chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso zachilengedwe zomwe zimadza chifukwa cha kutengeka kwachuma komanso mfundo zaulimi zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira m'maiko osauka a Third World. Ngakhale kuti msika umasonyeza kuti mayiko olemera akuitanidwa kuti apereke nsembe, ndi osauka omwe ali m'mayiko osauka omwe akufunidwa kudzimana kwenikweni.
Kuchulukirachulukira kwa zogulitsa kunja kwaulimi komanso kupezeka kwa msika kumatanthauzanso kuchuluka kwa anthu m'maiko omwe kudya kosakhazikika kukupangitsa kuti chuma chochepa cha dziko lapansi chisathe kunyamula. Kodi ndi malaya ndi ma jeans angati omwe ogula olemera angavale, nanga angadye bwanji nyemba zobiriwira ndi sitiroberi? Lipoti la Oxfam silidziwa zomwe zingachitike pakugwiritsa ntchito zinthu mosakhazikika kutengera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimatumizidwa kuchokera kumayiko osauka kupita kumayiko olemera. Ndipo imanyalanyaza mfundo yakuti paulimi kudya kwambiri m'mayiko olemera kumachokera ku zakudya zochepa zomwe zimafunikira ndipo motero umphaŵi wambiri m'mayiko osauka.
Popeza kuti malonda a zaulimi amadalira nthaka, madzi ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, ndiponso kuti nthaka ndi madzi n'zochepa, mfundo zaulimi zomwe zimakonda kugulitsa kunja zimachititsa kuti nthaka ndi madzi asamapange zakudya zofunika kwambiri m'dzikoli. Kulamulira kwa katundu kunja kumasintha kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zachilengedwe kuti apange zinthu zapamwamba m'mayiko osauka pamtengo wotsika mtengo kwa ogula a mayiko olemera. Imasuntha ulamuliro pa chuma kuchokera kwa alimi ang'onoang'ono ndi asodzi kupita ku mabungwe a zaulimi, kuwononga zachilengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito kosakhazikika ndipo potero amawononga moyo wa alimi ang'onoang'ono ndikubweretsa umphawi m'malo mochotsa.
Mayiko onse a Padziko Lonse Lachitatu akufunidwa ndi Banki Yadziko Lonse kuti asinthe ulimi wawo kupita ku ulimi wokhazikika kunja ndikuyang'ana zogulitsa kunja kwa nyama, zinthu zam'madzi ndi maluwa ndi ndiwo zamasamba. Chinsinsi "chatsopano" cha Oxfam ndiye njira yakale yotumizira kunja kwa World Bank. Kusiyana kokhako ndikuti Oxfam imayitcha mu jargon ya WTO ya "kufikira kumsika" pomwe Banki imayitcha kumasula komanso kusintha kwachuma. Chinsinsicho chimalepheretsa osauka paziwerengero za 3.
Choyamba, imapatutsa malo osowa ndi madzi kuti asakwaniritse zosowa za chakudya cham'deralo ndikupereka misika yogulitsira kunja komwe kumabweretsa njala ndi njala kwa anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo komanso ocheperako. Izi ndi zomwe zidachitika panthawi ya utsamunda ndipo zikuchitika pansi pa kugwirizana kwa mayiko. Monga Utsa Patnaik, katswiri wodziwika bwino wa zachuma wa ku India wasonyeza, pansi pa ulamuliro wa Britain pa munthu aliyense ku India kudya kunatsika kuchokera ku 200kg / ha mu 1918 kufika pa 150 kg mu 1947. Mbewu zopanda chakudya zinakula mofulumira 10 kuposa mbewu za chakudya, kudyetsa misika yogulitsa kunja. Njala Yaikulu ya Bengal yomwe idapha anthu 2 miliyoni ndi zotsatira zake. Ku Java, pansi paulamuliro wa Dutch, mbewu zogulitsa kunja zidakulitsidwa ndi 600% pomwe kudya kwa paddy kudatsika kuchoka pa 199kg/cop mu 1885 mpaka 162 Kg/cop mu 1940.
Mgwirizano wosiyana pakati pa kuchulukirachulukira kwa katundu wogulitsidwa kunja ndi kuchepa kwa chakudya m'dziko muno komanso mdziko lonse lapansi wawonetsedwa pansi pa njira zotsogozedwa ndi World Bank Structural Adjustment Programmes. Ku Nigeria, Ethiopia, Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania ndi Zaire zomwe zimachokera ku 60% ya anthu okhala ku sub-Saharan Africa, pakhala kuchepa kwa 33% kwa phala pamutu ndi 20 peresenti kuchepa kwa chakudya chonse pamutu wocheperako. kuposa zaka khumi. Mayiko onse adawona kukwera kwa malonda ogulitsa kunja kwaulimi pamodzi ndi kuchepa kwa chakudya chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamutu uliwonse.
Oxfam yomwe idayamba ngati bungwe lothandizira njala ikuwoneka kuti idayiwala mizu yake ndipo silinaneneponso za kuyenera kwa chakudya ndi njala mumutu wake wokhudza zogulitsa kunja kwaulimi.
Kachiwiri, chiŵerengero cha ndalama zowonjezeredwa za $100b kumayiko otumiza kunja chimabisa mtengo kuzinthu zachilengedwe zakumaloko komanso moyo wamba pomwe alimi ndi asodzi amasamutsidwa ndi mabungwe otumiza kunja ndi agribusiness omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosakhazikika kuti apeze phindu ndi phindu. M'magulu okondedwa a nyama, maluwa ndi shrimps, mtengo wamthunzi wa 10 $ umasiyidwa malinga ndi zachilengedwe, kuwonongeka ndi kuwonongeka kwa moyo pa $ iliyonse ya ndalama zogulitsa kunja kwa makampani. Chiwerengero chamatsenga cha Oxfam cha 100b$ chiwonjezeke chomwe amapeza kuchokera kunja chimabisa thililiyoni imodzi ya chiwonongeko cha chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe m'zachuma zakomweko, ndikusiya madera osauka. Ichi ndichifukwa chake famu iliyonse ya shrimp, gawo lililonse la maluwa, nyumba iliyonse yophera anthu amatsutsidwa ndi anthu amderalo.
Magawo atatu otumizira kunja omwe alimbikitsidwa kwambiri pansi paulamuliro watsopano womasula malonda ndi ulimi wamadzi, floriculture ndi nyama. Malinga ndi malingaliro omwe alandilidwa pazamalonda aulere, ndalama zomwe zimatuluka kunja kuchokera ku shrimp zomwe zimalimidwa kunja, maluwa ndi nyama zitha kubweretsa chakudya kuchokera kumayiko ena, chifukwa chake kugwa kwapang'onopang'ono komwe kumachitika chifukwa chakuchepa kwapang'onopang'ono kuchokera pakukulitsa chakudya cham'nyumba kupita ku kulima zinthu zamtengo wapatali zodyedwa. ogula olemera akumpoto akanakhala ochulukirapo kuposa kupanga.
Komabe, sizothandiza komanso zokhazikika kulima shrimp, maluwa ndi nyama kuti zitumizidwe ku India. Nthawi zonse mphamvu yopangira chakudya imawonongeka m'dziko lathu chifukwa cha kusintha kwachuma komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kuposa chakudya chomwe chingagulidwe pamisika yapadziko lonse lapansi potumiza kunja. Pankhani yotumiza maluwa kunja, India adawononga ndalama zokwana Rs. 1.37 biliyoni ngati ndalama zakunja zolimbikitsa zogulitsa zamaluwa kunja, ndi ma Rs. 0.32 biliyoni adalandira. Dziko la India litha kugula chakudya chimodzi mwa magawo anayi okha pazakudya zomwe zikanalima ndi ndalama zogulira kunja kuchokera ku floriculture.
Choncho, chitetezo chathu cha chakudya chatsika ndi makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu asanu pa zana, ndipo ndalama zathu zakunja zawonjezeka ndi ndalama zopitirira 1 biliyoni. Pankhani yotumiza nyama kunja, pa dola iliyonse yomwe amapeza, dziko la India likuwononga ndalama zokwana madola khumi ndi zisanu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nyama zaulimi kuti zitheke. Ng'ombe ku India ndi magwero a feteleza organic ndi mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa. Akaphedwa chifukwa cha kugulitsa kunja, ntchito zofunikazi zomwe zimaperekedwa mwaufulu ndi ng'ombe kwa mlimi zimawonongeka ndipo tiyenera kuitanitsa feteleza wamankhwala ndi mafuta opangira mafuta, motero kuonjezera kutuluka kwa ndalama zakunja ndikupangitsa kuti nyengo ikhale yosasunthika.
Pankhani ya nyumba imodzi yophera anthu kunja kwa Al Kabeer, yomwe ili ku Andhra Pradesh, Boma likadapulumutsa ndalama zakunja zokwana Rs. 360 miliyoni pachaka kuchokera pagulu loyamba la nyama zomwe zimaphedwa. Poganizira za moyo wawo wotsalira kukhala zaka 5, akadasunga ndalama zokwana Rs. 360 × 5 - Rs. 182 biliyoni. Kutsatira mkangano womwewo, ngati nyama zonse zomwe zidzaphedwe mkati mwa zaka zisanu (5) zomwe Al-Kabeer akugwira ntchito zikukhala moyo wawo wonse, ndiye kuti zitha kupulumutsa ndalama zokwana ma Rs. 182.05 x 5 = Rs. 910 biliyoni. Izi zikutanthauza kuti motsutsana ndi ndalama zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa za Rs. 200 miliyoni ndi Al-Kabeer kudzera mukupha, boma likhoza kupulumutsa Rs. 9.1 biliyoni mu ndalama zakunja popanda kupha.
Pankhani yotumiza shrimp kunja, Rupee iliyonse yopeza kunja yapanga ma rupees opitilira asanu owononga zachilengedwe zamadzi, zachilengedwe, ulimi ndi usodzi. Ulimi wa shrimp wa mafakitale umawononga malo ochulukirapo nthawi 200 kuposa kukula kwenikweni kwa maiwe kudzera m'madzi apansi panthaka, kuipitsa madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kuwononga ulimi ndi mitengo ya mangrove. Pantchito iliyonse yopangidwa, moyo khumi ndi zisanu umawonongeka. Kuchuluka kwa chakudya kumawonongeka chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa ulimi wapakhomo ndi usodzi kuposa zomwe zingagulidwe ndi ndalama zomwe zimagulitsidwa kunja kuchokera ku shrimp zolimidwa m'mafakitale. Kuphatikiza apo, ndalama zogulira kunja zimapita ku nyumba zolemera zamafakitale, ndipo mtengo wowonongeka umaperekedwa ndi alimi osauka ndi asodzi amisiri.
Chifukwa chake, monga gulu, tikulipira zambiri pankhani ya kusowa kwa chakudya komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kuposa momwe timapezera potumiza kunja kwa mbewu zapamwamba monga shrimps, maluwa ndi nyama.
Alimi aku Andhra Pradesh akuchita ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi Vision 20/20 mfundo yotsogozedwa ndi kutumiza kunja komwe sikumawona gawo lililonse kwa omwe ali ang'onoang'ono koma amawona ulimi ngati bizinesi yogulitsa kunja kwazaulimi.
Pomaliza, kumasula katundu kunja ndikoyipa kwa zotumiza kunja. Osati kokha kuti anthu ndi chilengedwe amamasuka muulamuliro wamalonda wosagwirizana ndi malamulo, zogulitsa kunja zimavutikanso. India yemwe amadziwika kuti tsabola queen, yemwe adayesa mafunde atsamunda sangathenso kutumiza tsabola chifukwa cha kutaya komanso kutsika mtengo kwamitengo. Kupitilira apo, kutsika mtengo kwa ndalama zamayiko kukakamiza mayiko kuti atumize katundu wokulirapo komanso wokulirapo wazinthu zotumizidwa kunja kuti alandire ndalama zotsika ndi zochepa.
Chifukwa chake, zotumiza kunja sizimangotanthauza kupeza ndalama zambiri, ndikunama mfundo yapakati pa lipoti la Oxfam loti kuwonjezeka kwa 1% kwa zotumiza kunja kumathandizira ku 100b$. Ngakhale mayiko atachulukitsa kuwirikiza kawiri kuchuluka kwa ndalama zotumiza kunja, sanawonjezere ndalama za ndalama zakunja chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa malonda. Kusintha machitidwe azamalonda kumafuna kusintha kwachuma pachuma chapadziko lonse lapansi - mtundu womwe gulu lodana ndi dziko lapansi likuyitanitsa.
Ndi kusintha kwapangidwe kumeneku, malonda salinso "injini ya kukula". West Bengal idakulitsa zokolola zake zaulimi ndi kukula osati kudzera kumayiko ena koma kudzera pakukonzanso nthaka. Kuyika zinthu m'manja mwa anthu, ndikutsimikizira alimi ang'onoang'ono mwayi wopeza misika yapafupi ndi njira yotetezeka, yokhazikika komanso yophatikiza kuchotsa umphawi. Olima ang'onoang'ono amafunikira mwayi wopeza misika yam'deralo yomwe ikuwonongeka chifukwa makampani apadziko lonse lapansi amataya zinthu zamtengo wapatali, zotsika mtengo, zothandizidwa ndi ndalama zogulira kunja pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo otulutsa kunja.
Malonda a mayiko opangidwa pa maziko a chuma champhamvu cha m'deralo ndi zachilengedwe zokhazikika zidzathandiza kwambiri. Chuma chochokera kunja chomwe chimapangidwa ndi kusokoneza chuma cha anthu, kuwononga moyo wa m'deralo ndikuwononga zachilengedwe komanso chuma cham'deralo kumabweretsa umphawi pakati pa anthu, ngakhale owerengeka othawa kwawo amapeza ntchito m'makampani ogulitsa kunja.
Pothetsa malonda, Oxfam yakhala osawona momwe malamulo a dziko amasinthira kuchoka ku chakudya kupita ku malamulo otumiza kunja, ulimi umachoka pakukhala anthu mamiliyoni ambiri kupita ku mabungwe ochepa abizinesi, ndipo zachilengedwe sizikhalanso ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. ndi anthu am'deralo chifukwa cha moyo wawo ndi thanzi lawo koma ndi mabungwe kuti athandize anthu olemera kudya. Izi ndizovuta zomwe Oxfam imangokhala chete - palibe alimi ang'onoang'ono ndi alimi mu lipotilo, "opanga" okha, palibe ulimi wokhazikika m'masomphenya a Oxfam, kungopeza msika, ngakhale kusintha kuchokera kuzinthu zakunja kupita kuzinthu zamkati kwapangitsa. zakhazikitsidwa kuti zikhale njira yabwino kwambiri yopititsira patsogolo ndalama zaulimi.
Izi ndi zomwe zili pamtima pazokambirana zazakudya ndi zaulimi padziko lonse lapansi. Kulikonse kuyitana kukupangidwa kuti akhazikitsenso ulimi mu chilengedwe, chikhalidwe ndi zosowa zofunika za chakudya ndi moyo. Magulu akugwira ntchito yotsitsimutsa alimi ang'onoang'ono, kuteteza alimi ang'onoang'ono ndi kulimbikitsa misika yam'deralo. Apa ndi pamene chilungamo cha malonda chidzakwaniritsidwa. Osati mwamantha wamantha a Banki Yadziko Lonse, kapena mukwaya "yofikira pamsika" ya Zoellick - Lamy - Kwaya Yaifupi yomwe Oxfam adalowa nawo ngati mwana womaliza wakwaya. Imakamba za "kuphatikizana kwapadziko lonse lapansi" koma projekiti ya kudalirana kwachuma ndi projekiti yopatula chuma ndi ndale. Ndipo ndikupatula pazachuma izi zomwe zikupanga ndale zopatula ku Europe ndi India.
Kuphana kwa mtundu wa Gujrat komanso kukwera kwa LaPen ku France ndi mbali za ndale zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kudalirana kwachuma komwe kwawononga moyo ndi ntchito, chuma ndi zikhalidwe. Oxfam, ndi othandizira ena okhudzana ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko atcha kumangidwa kwachuma champhamvu cham'deralo ndi dziko "kudzipatula". Koma awa ndiye maziko achitetezo chachuma chifukwa chake ndi njira yokhayo yothanirana ndi Xenophobia ndi fundamentalism ndi mphamvu zaudani ndi kudzipatula. Kusatetezeka komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha kudalirana kwa mayiko kukupereka mwayi woti anthu azidzipatula okha. Choncho kudalirana kwa mayiko kumapangitsa kuti anthu azidzipatula, kusaganizira ena komanso kugawikana. Chuma champhamvu m'deralo chimaphatikiza madera popanga chitetezo chokwanira komanso kulimbikitsa zikhalidwe zophatikiza.
Ma equations ndi omveka bwino: -
Globalization = kusatetezeka komanso kuchotsedwa. Demokalase Yachuma ndi kukhazikika = chitetezo ndi kuphatikizidwa.
Oxfam ili ndi loto lopanga gulu losintha machitidwe azamalonda amphamvu monga gulu lolimbana ndi tsankho ku South Africa. Chifukwa chake Oxfam iyenera kuyenda ndi mayendedwe a anthu ndikuyendetsa chidwi chake ndi mphamvu ndi kuvomerezeka kwa iwo.
Oxfam tsopano ikuyenera kusankha - kodi idzayimilira malonda oyendetsedwa ndi mfundo zamtendere, chilungamo ndi kukhazikika kapena ikhala mawu ofooka, osagwirizana, azinthu zazikulu zamalonda zaulere?
Kodi udzaika mtendere ndi chisungiko cha anthu pamwamba pa malonda ndi malonda?
Kodi idzaika anthu patsogolo kapena malonda?
Kodi idzaika chakudya patsogolo kapena kutumiza kunja?
Kodi zidzapita njira yonse yolimbana ndi kusintha kwapangidwe ndi kusintha kwa malamulo a malonda ndi ndondomeko ya malonda aulere?
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama