Pakati pa zododometsa za nyengo ya tchuthi, a New York Times kuwululidwa kuti olamulira a Obama akuganizira za Pentagon kuti apange "zatsopano" ndi "zokhazikika" zamagulu ankhondo kuzungulira Middle East. Ngakhale izi zikuwonetsedwa ngati kuyankha pakuwuka kwa Islamic State ndi magulu ena a zigawenga, pali zochepa zomwe zili zatsopano pa dongosolo la Pentagon. Kwa zaka zopitilira 36, โโasitikali aku US akhala akupanga gulu lankhondo lomwe silinachitikepo lomwe limayambira ku Southern Europe ndi Middle East mpaka ku Africa ndi Southwest Asia.
The mbiri mwa maziko awa ndi tsoka. Awononga madola mabiliyoni ambiri ndipo apereka chithandizo ku mndandanda wautali wa maulamuliro opanda demokalase, kuphatikizapo Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, ndi Djibouti. Athandizira mndandanda wa US nkhondo ndi kulowererapo kwa nkhondo, kuphatikizapo kuwukira kwa Iraq mu 2003, komwe kwachitika anathandiza kupanga Greater Middle East nkhokwe ya mikangano yaulamuliro yotsatizana ndi magulu ampatuko, maiko olephera, ndi tsoka lothandiza anthu. Ndipo zoyambira zalimbikitsa kusintha kwakukulu, anti-Americanism, komanso kukula kwa mabungwe achigawenga omwe tsopano akutsata njira yomwe akuti ndi yatsopano.
Ngati pali zambiri zatsopano za dongosololi, ndikuvomereza kwa anthu za chiyani ena (kuphatikizapo TomDispatch) kukhala yaitali akukayikira: ngakhale zaka zokana za kukhalapo kwa "maziko okhazikika" ku Greater Middle East kapena chikhumbo chofanana, asilikali akukonzekera kusunga maziko m'derali kwa zaka zambiri, ngati si mibadwo, ikubwera.
Zaka makumi atatu ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi za Base Building
Malinga ndi Times, Pentagon ikufuna kupanga maziko angapo, akuluakulu omwe atha kukhala ndi anthu 500 mpaka 5,000 aku US. Dongosololi lingaphatikizepo "malo" anayi - maziko omwe alipo ku Afghanistan, Iraq, Djibouti, ndi Spain - ndi "zolankhula" zazing'ono m'malo ngati Niger ndi Cameroon. Maziko awa angakhalenso ndi magulu a Special Operations okonzeka kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu pazomwe Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter adayitcha "unilateral crisis responseโ kulikonse ku Greater Middle East kapena Africa. Malinga ndi akuluakulu a Pentagon omwe sanatchulidwe omwe atchulidwa ndi Times, kukulitsa kolingaliridwaku kungawononge ndalama zochepa chabe, โmadola mamiliyoni angapo pachaka.โ
Kutali kwatsopano, komabe, njira iyi idayambira Islamic State ndi al-Qaeda. Ndipotu, izo amabwerera mpaka 1980 ndi Carter Doctrine. Imeneyi inali nthawi yomwe Purezidenti Jimmy Carter adanena koyamba kuti United States idzateteza mafuta ndi gasi ku Middle East pogwiritsa ntchito "njira iliyonse yofunikira, kuphatikizapo asilikali." Adapangidwa kuti aletse kulowererapo kwa Soviet ku Persian Gulf, Pentagon unjika Pansi pa Purezidenti Carter ndi Ronald Reagan adaphatikizanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa makhazikitsidwe ku Egypt, Oman, Saudi Arabia, komanso pachilumba cha Indian Ocean. Diego Garcรญa. Pa nkhondo yoyamba ya Gulf ya 1991, Pentagon inatumiza asilikali zikwi mazana ambiri ku Saudi Arabia ndi mayiko oyandikana nawo. Nkhondo itatha, ngakhale kuti Soviet Union inatha, asilikali a US sanapite kunyumba. Asitikali zikwizikwi aku US komanso maziko okulirakulira adatsalira ku Saudi Arabia ndi Kuwait. Bahrain idakhala kwawo kwa Navy Fifet Fleet. Pentagon inamanga makina akuluakulu a mpweya ku Qatar ndikukulitsa ntchito ku United Arab Emirates (UAE) ndi Oman.
Kutsatira kuwukira kwa 2001 ku Afghanistan komanso kuwukira kwa Iraq mu 2003, Pentagon idawononga madola mabiliyoni ambiri kumanga ndi kukulitsa maziko enanso. Pachimake cha nkhondo zotsogozedwa ndi US, panali zambiri 1,000 kukhazikitsa, zazikulu ndi zazing'ono, ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq kokha. Ngakhale kutsekedwa kwa maziko ambiri aku US m'maiko awiriwa, Pentagon ikadali ndi mwayi wofikira maziko akuluakulu asanu ndi anayi ku Afghanistan kupyolera mu 2024. Atachoka ku Iraq mu 2011, asilikali anabwerera mu 2014 kuti reoccuping osachepera makhazikitsidwe asanu. Kudutsa ku Persian Gulf masiku ano, pali maziko aku US m'maiko onse kupatula Iran ndi Yemen. Ngakhale ku Saudi Arabia, komwe kukwiyira kwambiri kupezeka kwa US kudapangitsa kuti boma lichoke mu 2003, pali asitikali ang'onoang'ono aku US. zongoyembekezera ndi chinsinsi drone maziko. Pali maziko achinsinsi mkati Israel, anayi malo in Egypt, ndipo osachepera imodzi mkati Jordan pafupi ndi malire a Iraq. nkhukundembo imakhala ndi maziko 17, malinga ndi Pentagon. M'madera ambiri, asilikali agwiritsa ntchito ma drones kuchokera osachepera asanu maziko ku Pakistan m'zaka zaposachedwa ndipo pali makhazikitsidwe asanu ndi anayi atsopano Bulgaria ndi Romania, pamodzi ndi malo otsogolera a Clinton omwe akugwirabe ntchito Kosovo.
Ku Africa, Djibouti Camp Lemonier, makilomita ochepa chabe kudutsa Nyanja Yofiira kuchokera ku Peninsula ya Arabia kukodzedwa kwambiri kuyambira pomwe asitikali aku US adalowa itatha 2001. Tsopano pali asitikali opitilira 4,000 pamalo a maekala 600. Kwina, asilikali apanga mwakachetechete kusonkhanitsa maziko ang'onoang'ono ndi malo kwa ma drones, maulendo apaulendo, ndi magulu a Special Operations ochokera ku Ethiopia ndi Kenya kupita ku Burkina Faso ndi Senegal. Maziko akuluakulu mu Spain ndi Italy thandizirani zomwe masiku ano zikwizikwi za asitikali aku US akutumiza ku Africa pafupipafupi.
Mbiri Yatsoka
Pambuyo pa zaka 36, โโzotsatira za kumanga kwakukulu kumeneku zakhala, kunena mofatsa, zopanda phindu. Monga momwe Saudi Arabia ikuwonetsera, maziko aku US nthawi zambiri athandizira kupanga zigawenga zazikulu zomwe akukonzekera kuti agonjetse. Kukhalapo kwa mabasiketi ndi asitikali aku US m'maiko opatulika achisilamu kunali chida chachikulu cholembera anthu al-Qaeda komanso gawo la Osama bin Laden. adanena kuti ali ndi chidwi za kuukira kwa 9/11.
Kudutsa ku Middle East, pali a Kulumikizana pakati pa kukhalapo kwa US ndi kupambana kwa al-Qaeda kulemba anthu ntchito. Malinga ndi pulofesa wakale wa West Point, Bradley Bowman, mabungwe ndi asitikali aku US ku Middle East akhala "chachikulu chothandizira za anti-Americanism and radicalizationโ kuyambira pomwe bomba lodzipha linapha 241 Marines ku Lebanon mu 1983. Africa, kuchuluka kwa magulu ankhondo aku US ndi gulu lankhondo "kwabweza," ndikuthandiza zigawenga, malinga ndi kafukufuku wofalitsidwa ndi Army's. Ndemanga ya Asilikali ndi Oxford Research Group. A posachedwapa Lipoti la UN akuwonetsa kuti kampeni ya ndege yaku US yolimbana ndi IS yapangitsa zigawenga zakunja kulowa nawo "pamlingo womwe sunachitikepo".
Chimodzi mwazokwiyitsa anthu aku America omwe maziko otere amachokera ku chithandizo chomwe amapereka kwa opondereza, opanda demokalase. Mwachitsanzo, olamulira a Obama adangopereka kutsutsa mwamphamvu boma la Bahrain, lofunika kwambiri pankhondo zankhondo zaku US, mu 2011 pomwe atsogoleri ake adachita nkhanza. atasweka pa otsutsa demokalase mothandizidwa ndi asitikali aku Saudi Arabia ndi UAE. Kumalo ena, maziko aku US kupereka zovomerezeka ku hosts Zotsatira za Economist Democracy amaona "maulamuliro aulamuliro," kuthandiza bwino kuletsa kufalikira kwa demokalase m'mayiko monga Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, ndi UAE.
Low-Balling
Njira yokhazikitsira Pentagon sinangokhala yopanda phindu polimbikitsa anthu kuti atenge zida zankhondo ku United States ndi ogwirizana nawo, yakhalanso yokwera mtengo kwambiri. Maziko ankhondo kudutsa Kuposa Middle East mtengo United States pafupifupi madola mabiliyoni ambiri chaka chilichonse, monga gawo la chiลตerengero $ Biliyoni 150 mu ndalama pachaka kusunga maziko ndi asilikali kunja. Camp Lemonnier ku Djibouti yekha ali ndi renti yapachaka ya $70 miliyoni komanso osachepera $ Biliyoni 1.4 pamtengo wokulirapo wopitilira. Ndi Pentagon tsopano ikufuna kukulitsa malo oyambira ndi olankhula kuchokera ku Burkina Faso kupita ku Afghanistan, kuyerekezera kwamitengo komwe kunanenedwa mu New York Times mu โmamiliyoni otsikaโ ngwoseketsa, ngati si osokeretsa mwadala. (Wina akuyembekeza kuti Ofesi Yoyang'anira Boma ikufufuza kale ndalama zenizeni.)
Kufotokozera kokhako kwa ziwerengero zotsika kwambiri za mpira wotero ndikuti akuluakulu akungotenga mopepuka - ndipo motero osatengera zomwe akuganiza - kupitiliza kwa ndalama zomwe zilipo panthawi yankhondo pazigawozo. M'malo mwake, kulimbikitsanso maziko a Pentagon m'derali kudzapereka okhometsa misonkho aku US ku mabiliyoni ena pakumanga, kukonza, ndi ndalama za ogwira ntchito pachaka (pamene zida zankhondo ku US akupitirizabe kukhala ndi ndalama zochepa komanso kunyalanyazidwa).
Lingaliro lakuti asilikali amafunika ndalama zowonjezera kuti abweretse, monga Times ikunena kuti, "mndandanda wazinthu zomwe zilipo kale m'dongosolo limodzi logwirizana" ziyenera kudabwitsa okhometsa misonkho aku America. Kupatula apo, Pentagon yawononga kale mabiliyoni ambiri pa iwo. Ngati okonzekera zankhondo sanalumikizane ndi maziko awa kukhala ogwirizana pakadali pano, kodi kwenikweni akhala akuchita chiyani?
M'malo mwake, Pentagon mosakayikira ikugwiritsa ntchito njira yodziwika bwino yopezera ndalama - kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsika mtengo kuti muteteze ndalama zambiri kuchokera ku Congress pakudzipereka tsopano, kulipira-zowona-mitengo-mtsogolo. Zochitika ziwonetsero kuti asilikali akapeza njira zatsopano za bajeti, ndalama ndi zoyambira zimakula, nthawi zambiri kwambiri. Makamaka m'malo ngati Africa omwe akhalapo ndi US pang'ono mpaka pano, dongosolo la Pentagon ndi template ya kukula kosasunthika. Monga Nick Turse yasonyezedwa at TomDispatch, asitikali apanga kale "malo opitilira 60 ndi malo oloweraโฆ. mโmaiko osachepera 34โ kudera lonselo uku akuumirira kwa zaka zambiri kuti ili ndi maziko amodzi okha ku Africa, Camp Lemonnier ku Djibouti. Ndi Congress potsiriza idadutsa bajeti ya feduro ya 2016, kuphatikiza mabiliyoni ambiri kuchuluka kwa ndalama zankhondo, Dongosolo loyambira la Pentagon likuwoneka ngati mwayi wotsegulira kuti apeze ndalama zambiri mchaka cha 2017.
Kupitiriza Kulephera
Koposa zonse, maziko omwe Pentagon yamanga kuyambira 1980 yathandizira kulowererapo kwankhondo ndi nkhondo zomwe zingasankhe. Maiko a 13 ku Greater Middle East. Popanda mpikisano wamphamvu kwambiri, maziko awa adapanga nkhondo iliyonse - yoyipa kwambiri pakuwukira koyipa kwa Iraq - zonse zosavuta kuzilingalira, kukhazikitsa, ndi kuchita. Masiku ano, zikuwoneka kuti ndizosadabwitsa kuti cholinga cha Pentagon "chatsopano" ndi Islamic State, yomwe kukhalapo kwake komanso kukula kwake kumabwera chifukwa cha nkhondo ya Iraq ndi chipwirikiti chomwe chidayambitsa. Ngati a White House ndi Congress avomereza dongosolo la Pentagon ndipo asitikali achita bwino kukulitsa ndikukulitsa maziko ake mderali, tingofunsa kuti: Kodi kuzungulira kotsatiraku kudzabweretsa chiwawa chanji?
Zaka makumi atatu ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi zakukhazikika kwa US ku Greater Middle East, gulu lankhondo lalephera ngati njira yoyendetsera derali, komanso kugonjetsa mabungwe azigawenga. N'zomvetsa chisoni kuti zida zankhondozi zakhala zikuchitika kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo tsopano zimatengedwa mopepuka kotero kuti anthu ambiri a ku America saganizira za izo. Mamembala a Congress sakayikira za phindu la maziko kapena mabiliyoni omwe apereka kuti amange ndi kuwasamalira. Atolankhani, nawonso, samanenapo kanthu za nkhaniyi - kupatula pomwe ofalitsa nkhani amafalitsa nkhani mwadongosolo zidawukhira ndi Pentagon, monga zikuwonekera ndi dongosolo "latsopano" lomwe lidawonetsedwa ndi a New York Times.
Kukulitsa maziko oyambira ku Greater Middle East kudzangopititsa patsogolo mfundo zankhondo zakunja zokhazikitsidwa ndi malingaliro okhudza mphamvu yankhondo yomwe imayenera kutsutsidwa kalekale. Kuyika ndalama pazoyambira "zopirira" m'malo mochita ukazembe, ndale, komanso kuthandiza anthu kuti achepetse mikangano m'dera lonselo sikungachite zambiri kuposa kutsimikizira nkhondo.
David Vine, a TomDispatch zonse, ndi pulofesa wothandizira wa anthropology pa American University ku Washington, DC Buku lake laposachedwa, Base Nation: Mmene US Mabungwe Akumidzi Amayiko Amayiko Amawononga America ndi Dziko, yasindikizidwa posachedwa ngati gawo la American Empire Project (Mabuku a Metropolitan). Iye walembera a New York Times, ndi Washington Post, ndi Guardianndipo Mayi Jones, pakati pa zofalitsa zina. Kuti mudziwe zambiri, pitani www.basenation.us ndi www.davidvine.net.
Nkhaniyi idawonekera koyamba pa TomDispatch.com, tsamba lawebusayiti la Nation Institute, lomwe limapereka kusuntha kwazinthu zina, nkhani, ndi malingaliro kuchokera kwa Tom Engelhardt, mkonzi wanthawi yayitali pakusindikiza, woyambitsa nawo American Empire Project, wolemba Mapeto a Chikhalidwe Chogonjetsa, monga za novel, Masiku Otsiriza a Kusindikiza. Buku lake laposachedwa ndi Gulu lamagulu: Kuwoneka, Nkhondo Zachibvundi, ndi Global Security State mu Dziko Lokha Lopambana (Mabuku a Haymarket).
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