Nkhaniyi idatuluka koyamba m'nyuzipepala ya Haiti Liberté, m'magawo asanu ndi anayi, October-November 2007. [1] Peter Hallward ndi mlembi wa buku latsopano, Damming the Flood: Haiti, Aristide ndi Politics of Containment, lomwe lidzatulutsidwa ndi VERSO mu April 2008. kuchokera ku Grenadier Books ku Brooklyn, New York kapena kuchokera ku Institute of Justice and Democracy ku Haiti.
Pasanathe zaka zinayi zapitazo, kumapeto kwa February 2004, France, US ndi ena ochepa akale 'abwenzi a Haiti' adapempha pulezidenti wosankhidwa wa dziko Jean-Bertrand Aristide kuti atule pansi udindo.
Mosakayikira mabwenzi a Haiti anali ndi zifukwa zawo. Kutsatira chigonjetso chake chachikulu mu Meyi 2000 chipani cha Fanmi Lavalas cha Aristide chidatsimikizira kuti chikhoza kulamulira demokalase ya Haiti mtsogolo mwamtsogolo: pambuyo pa chisankho chochepa kwambiri cha George W. Bush kumapeto kwa chaka chomwecho, ena mwa abwenzi achikulire a Aristide US idayamba kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu kuti iwononge utsogoleri wake. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, Aristide atayamba kupempha France kuti ibweze ndalama zochulukirapo zomwe idalanda kumudzi wakale waukapolo m'zaka za zana lapitalo, mayankho ochokera kumayiko ena ku boma lake adasintha mwachangu kuchoka paudani wanthawi zonse kupita kunkhondo.
Palibe amene amatsutsa mfundo yakuti m’masiku ake omalizira paudindo wake, maiko omwewo anaopseza Aristide ndi ‘kukhetsa mwazi’ ngati angasankhe kutsiriza nthaŵi yake yotsala paudindo. Komanso palibe amene angatsutse mfundo yakuti pofika kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2004, mabwenzi akale kwambiri a ku Haiti anali atachita zonse zofunika kuti chiwopsezo choterechi chioneke ngati chayandikira komanso chomveka. Ngakhale asanabwerere kuudindo mu February 2001, adayesetsa kwambiri kulimbikitsa ndale komanso zotsutsana ndi boma la Aristide, otsutsa omwe adavomereza kuchotsedwa kwa Aristide monga raison d'être. Kukakamizidwa kosalekeza kochokera kwa otsutsawa, kuphatikizidwa ndi njira zolangira zachuma zomwe amawatsatira akunja, pamapeto pake adathandizira Aristide kukona komwe sakanatha kuthawa. Pofika pa 28 February 2004, dera la dzikoli lomwe linali pansi pa ulamuliro wachindunji wa boma linali litacheperachepera ku Port-au-Prince. Gulu lankhondo laling'ono koma lokhala ndi zida zankhondo komanso lolipidwa bwino lomwe motsogozedwa ndi asitikali akale a Guy Philippe ndi Jodel Chamblain mwachiwonekere anali okonzeka kuukira likulu. Asilikali achitetezo aboma omwe alibe zida zambiri analibenso odalirika, ndipo mayiko akunja adanenanso kuti alowererapo pokhapokha Aristide atavomera kusiya ntchito. Ngakhale pali mwayi wochepa woti azibambo a Philippe akadatenga mzindawu pawokha akadatha kuwuyendetsa, pamapeto pake, ndi chithandizo choyenera chapadziko lonse lapansi. Usiku wa 28/29 February, chiyembekezo cha kukhetsa mwazi chinali chenicheni chokwanira.
Chotsutsana kwambiri ndi chiyani? ndi zothekera kukhalabe choncho? ndi zimene zinachitika patangotsala maola ochepa kuti Aristide achoke ku Haiti. Ndi nsana wake ku khoma, kodi anasankha kusunga khungu lake ndi kuvomera kuperekedwa kwa US kuti apite kudziko lachitatu laubwenzi? Kapena, mosiyana, kodi anakakamizika kusiya ntchito ndi asilikali achilendo akunja asanatsogoledwe, manu militari, pa ndege ya ku America?
Kodi Aristide anadumpha n’kupita kumalo otetezeka, kapena anakankhidwira ku ukapolo?
Oimira boma la United States alankhula mobwerezabwereza komanso motalika za zomwe ananena kuti zinachitika usiku umenewo.[2] Anthu achifundo kwambiri ku boma la Lavalas, mosiyana, akhala ndi mipata yochepa yofotokozera mbali yawo ya nkhaniyi mwadongosolo.[3] Ndalankhula tsopano ndi angapo mwa ochita sewero otsogola mu seweroli, ndipo zotsatirazi ndikuwonetsa umboni wawo mwatsatanetsatane kuti nthawi yomwe ili yotsutsana kwambiri m'mbiri yaposachedwa ya ku Haiti ikufuna.
M'malingaliro anga ndizodziwikiratu, makamaka mwachiwonekere, kuti Aristide adakankhidwira kunja. Aristide adakankhidwa, ndipo adakankhidwa ndi chiyembekezo chimodzi chokha chomwe sanakonzekere kukumana nacho? Chiyembekezo chaposachedwapa cha chiwawa chochuluka kwa anthu wamba opanda zida, pamodzi ndi chiyembekezo cha nthawi yaitali cha nkhondo yapachiweniweni yofooketsa.
Boma la Aristide silinali langwiro, koma kuchotsedwa kwake mwachiwawa kunali mlandu wandale. Chomwe chimasokoneza chithunzicho, pang'ono, ndikuti akuwoneka kuti anali Aristide mwiniwake yemwe, mphindi yomaliza, adakwanitsa kukakamiza adani ake akunja kuti amutulutse, pokana kugwadira zomwe akufuna kuti angosiya ndikusiya. achoke yekha. Ngakhale kuti sanathe kupulumutsa boma lake poyang’anizana ndi udani waukulu wa mayiko, Aristide akanatha kutsimikizira kuti dziko lapansi liwona amene kwenikweni anachititsa kuti liwonongeke.
Komabe, asanaone zimenezi, dziko liyenera kutsegula maso ake.
Ine 'Big Lie'
Tiyeni tikambirane, poyambira, kufotokoza komwe kumaperekedwa ndi anthu omwe amati adapulumutsa Aristide. Nkhani yaku US-French ya zomwe zidachitika usiku wa 28 February ndiyolunjika. Mlembi wa boma wa US Colin Powell ndi Ambassador wa US ku Haiti James B. Foley (mofanana ndi nduna yakunja ya ku France Dominique De Villepin ndi kazembe wake Thierry Burkard) akunena kuti pamene mayiko a mayiko ena anayamba kumusiya, ngakhale kuti anali ovuta komanso achiwawa. wolamulira wankhanza monga Aristide amawona kuti wawonongedwa. Ananenanso kuti gulu laling’ono la zigawenga la Guy Philippe lomwe poyamba linali gulu lankhondo linayamba kuwononga mapolisi akutali m’matauni ndi m’mizinda ya m’chigawo cha Haiti, Aristide anazindikira kuti zigaŵenga zake ‘zopanda chifundo’ sizingafanane ndi zigawenga zawo zosalongosoka koma zankhanza. Akuti mbali zingapo za Port-au-Prince zidayamba chipwirikiti pa 26-27 February, mitsempha yake idasweka.
Colin Powell ndi James Foley akunena, ndiye, madzulo a Loweruka 28 February Aristide adatumiza pempho lofuna thandizo ku ambassy ya ku America. Foley akunena kuti Aristide anamupempha njira yopulumukira imene ‘ingatsimikizire chisungiko chake’ ndi ‘kutetezera chuma chake’.[4] Foley akunenanso kuti iye ndi anzake 'adadabwa kwambiri' ndi pempho la Aristide. 'Sitinadziwe ngakhale pang'ono kuti akonzeka kunyamuka tsiku limenelo', kotero kuti chisankho chadzidzidzi cha Aristide chothawa 'chinatidabwitsa kwambiri.' nzodabwitsa kuti Aristide anaganiza zochoka, ndipo usiku wonse wa Loweruka, ndinayembekezera kotheratu kuti asintha maganizo chifukwa chakuti watsimikiziridwa kukhala wosakhazikika ndi wosadalirika.'[5]
Malinga ndi kazembe Foley ndi wachiwiri wake Luis Moreno, Aristide adasankha mwaulere komanso mwakufuna kwake. 'Aristide sanakopeke konse', akukumbukira Foley. ‘Anaganiza zochoka. Anawopa kuti akanatha kukumana ndi imfa ngati sakanatha kutulukamo.’ [7] Popeza kuti zigawenga za Philippe mwachiwonekere zinali zokonzekera kupita ku Port-au-Prince, Foley akuvomereza kuti boma lake linagawana nawo mantha ameneŵa. 'Tinaopa kuti mkangano umenewo pulezidenti aphedwa', motero dziko la US linaganiza zopanga opaleshoni yomaliza kuti apulumutse moyo wake.[8] (M'malo mwake, pa 17 February Foley mwiniwake adachotsa gulu lankhondo la Philippe gulu laling'ono la anthu omwe 'analibe chithandizo chenicheni'; abwana a Foley Roger Noriega nawonso adawanyoza kuti 'otayika khumi ndi awiri'[9]).
Mosakayikira a US akadachita zinthu zina zingapo kuti apewe mikangano yoopsa kwambiri. Iwo akanatha kuvomereza pempho lachangu la CARICOM ku UN kuti atumize asilikali oteteza mtendere padziko lonse lapansi, mwachitsanzo, kapena akanangowauza amuna a Guy Philippe kuti apereke M16s zawo ndi kubwerera ku ukapolo wovomerezedwa ndi US ku Dominican Republic. . Koma monga mkulu wa antchito a Colin Powell Lawrence Wilkerson adafotokozera pambuyo pake, m'malo mokhumudwitsa Philippe ndi 'ragtag band' yake, Foley ankakonda m'malo mwake kuyankhula ndi Purezidenti Aristide; adakumana ndi zomwe adakumana nazo m'mawa, kunena kwake, adakumana naye ndi chiwonongeko chomwe chikuyembekezeka kuchitika, ndipo Purezidenti Aristide, mwachiwongolero chake, adapanga chisankho chotenga chopereka cha Ambassador Foley ndi choka m’dzikolo.’ Ponena za ulamuliro wa demokalase wamphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse, Wilkerson anati, mwachionekere anali pulezidenti wosankhidwa osati woukira boma wakale amene anafunikira kuchoka m’dziko lake. 'Aristide ndiye anali tsogolo. Aristide anali munthu amene anafunika kuchotsedwa ku Haiti, ndipo ngakhale iye ankamvetsa zimenezo. Pokambirana ndi kazembe wathu, adamvetsetsa izi. Iye anadziŵa kuti iye anali ndodo ya mphezi, ndi kuti ngati sadzichotsa yekha pachisumbucho, padzakhala kukhetsa mwazi kochuluka.’” [10]
Pokometsera zambiri pa nkhani yake, Kazembe Foley akuti adalankhula ndi Aristide osachepera kanayi Loweruka usiku womwewo. Iye anati: ‘Ndinamuuza kuti ndikumva chisoni kwambiri kuti zimenezi zikuchitika. Zinali zokambitsirana zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri.’ Foley akukumbukira kuti ‘Aristide “sanatsutsepo konse kaimidwe kathu” kuti pangakhale kukhetsa mwazi ngati sakachoka.’ Iye amakumbukira kuti ‘chodabwitsa chinali kungokhala kwa Aristide ndi kuleka nzeru zake. Maganizo anga anali oti Aristide anali ataganiza kale zochoka. Sanafunikire kukhutiritsa.’ Mwinamwake anali atabwera kudzagawana ndi Foley mosabisa kanthu ponena za cholowa chake ‘chowopsya’.[11]
Odabwa kapena ayi, boma lachisoni la US linakonzekera mwamsanga mayendedwe otetezeka a Aristide kuchokera ku Haiti, pa ndege yomwe inanyamuka pa eyapoti ya Port-au-Prince yomwe inali ku US cha m'ma 6:15 m'mawa wa Lamlungu 29 February. Malinga ndi Foley, kuwonjezera pa gulu lankhondo lolimbikitsidwa la US Marines omwe analipo kale ku Port-au-Prince, gulu lankhondo la anthu asanu ndi limodzi la US linafika kuti ligwirizane ndi ntchitoyo "ndi achitetezo a Aristide, kuphatikiza wamkulu wa alonda ake aku California- zochokera Steele Foundation', David Johnson. [12] Wachiwiri kwa Foley a Luis Moreno akuti pamodzi ndi ogwira ntchito kumene ku US adatsagana ndi Aristide ndi mkazi wake ku eyapoti. Monga abwana ake, Moreno nayenso adamva chisoni. "Ndidawonetsa chisoni kuti ndidabwera kudzamuwona akuchoka," adauza Washington Post pa 2 Marichi. “Nthaŵi zina moyo umakhala wotero,” anayankha motero Aristide.’ Nthaŵi ina asananyamuke, Aristide anasonkhezeredwa kusaina kalata imene, malinga ndi maganizo ake a ku United States, inkaoneka kuti ikupereka zifukwa zalamulo za kusintha kwa demokalase. ‘Lamuloli lisalembedwe ndi mwazi wa anthu aku Haiti’, linatero. ‘Ngati kusiya ntchito kwanga kuletsa kukhetsa mwazi, ndikuvomera kuchoka.’ Ndiyeno Moreno ‘anagwira dzanja lake n’kuchoka.’ [13]
Popeza US idangofuna kumuteteza, idalola wothawayo kusankha komwe akupita. US akuti Aristide adasankha chitetezo cha Bangui, ku Central African Republic ? akanakhala otetezeka kumeneko, mwina, kusiyana ndi malo osayeruzika ngati Miami, kapena m'mayiko oyandikana nawo omwe amathandiza poyera ngati Venezuela, Jamaica kapena Saint Vincent ndi Grenadines. 'Sitinamukakamize kuti akwere ndege', Colin Powell anaumirira pa 1 March; 'anakwera ndegeyo mwaufulu, ndipo ndicho choonadi.' Mneneri wa George Bush, Scott McClellan nayenso anaumirira kuti kuchoka kwa Aristide kunali 'chosankha chake', ndikuti chisankho chopita ku Central African Republic chinalinso 'chisankho chake. kusankha dziko limene angasankhe kupitako.’ McLellan anali ndi zina zambiri zokhudza anthu a ku Haiti ndi zosankha zawo:
Malingaliro achiwembu sachita chilichonse kuthandiza anthu aku Haiti kupita patsogolo ku tsogolo labwino, lotukuka […] Tikugwira ntchito zomwe zili zokomera anthu aku Haiti, monga momwe anthu aku Haiti […] Tidakwaniritsa chigamulo chamtendere, chademokalase, komanso chogwirizana ndi zomwe zikuchitika ku Haiti […] Tiyeni tiyike izi mwatsatanetsatane. Nthawi zina anthu amasiya chikhulupiriro mwa atsogoleri awo […] Aristide sankatsatira mfundo zake za demokalase zomwe zinalembedwa m’malamulo oyendetsera dzikolo [koma] tsopano tili ndi ndondomeko ya demokalase yomwe ikugwira ntchito, yomwe ikupita patsogolo. Choncho tinathandiza kusunga boma lademokalase ndi malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino ndi zomwe tinachita, pamodzi ndi mayiko ena.[14]
Lolemba pa Marichi 1, Colin Powell anakana mwamphamvu kukakamira kwa Aristide kuti adabedwa ndi asitikali aku US. "Ndinachita nawo izi Loweruka usiku wonse," adatero Powell.
Kuitana koyamba komwe tidalandira kuchokera kwa anthu achitetezo a Purezidenti Aristide, anthu omwe amamugwirira ntchito omwe adalumikizana ndi achitetezo athu, ndipo panali funso lokhudza kuthekera kwawo kupitiliza kumuteteza. Ndipo ankafuna kukambirana ndi Kazembe wathu za kuthekera konyamuka ndipo anali ndi mafunso angapo omwe adawafunsa kazembe wathu.
Kazembeyo adakambirana nane ndi Mlembi Wothandizira Noriega patelefoni. Tinamuuza kuti atha kuyimba foniyo ndikuwona zomwe Purezidenti Aristide anali kuganiza. Ndipo adalankhula za chitetezo cha katundu, chitetezo cha zinthu zake, zake? katundu wa atumiki ake ena, ndipo kodi angakhale ndi chosankha cha komwe akupita ngati ataganiza zochoka.
Tinamupatsa mayankho a mafunso amenewa, mayankho olimbikitsa. Ndiyeno m’kati mwa madzulo, kukambirana kwina kunachitika. Ananena kuti akufuna kuganiza za izi, akufuna kulankhula ndi mkazi wake, zomwe adachita. Ndipo adabweranso kwa ife nati ndi chisankho chake, malinga ndi zomwe anthu ake achitetezo amamuwuzanso za kuwonongeka kwa zinthu, kuti achoke.[15]
(Sizingakhale zopanda nzeru kuweruza 'mayankho abwino' a Powell ku mafunso osiyanasiyana a Aristide malinga ndi zomwe Powell mwiniwake anasankha kutsindika apa ? Kutetezedwa kwa katundu wa Aristide. Yankho labwino la Powell pa funsoli likutsimikiziridwa mosavuta. Zinaphatikizapo kuchotsa mwamsanga. chitetezo chonse cha m'nyumba ya Aristide, polola kuti chiberedwe ndi kutayidwa kwa masiku angapo, mpaka lero. , zomwe zinamupangitsa kuti azikhala pansi pa ofesi yake kwa mausiku khumi ndi awiri. M'chaka cha 7, mosiyana, dziko la US silinangoteteza katundu wa mkulu wankhanza Raoul Cédras, koma adachita lendi nyumba zake zingapo kwa miyezi ingapo. ).
Patangotha masiku angapo, wolankhulira Powell adatsimikiziranso mzere womwewo, pamaso pa kuyimba kosasinthika kuti afufuze kuchokera ku CARICOM ndi Congress Black Caucus. 'Kunalibe kuba, kunalibe kulanda, kunalibe zowopseza', kotero 'palibe chofufuza [...]. Sitinachirikize kuti atule pansi udindo.’ M’malo mwake, ‘tinatha kumupulumutsa mwa kum’tulutsa m’dzikolo atakumana ndi ziwawa pafupifupi […] Tsopano popeza tili pamene tili, cholinga chake chiyenera kukhala pa kupita patsogolo.’ [16]
Kunena mwachidule, atolankhani ambiri adavomereza, ndipo akuvomerezabe, kulongosola kovomerezeka kwa US kumeneku mokulirapo kapena pang'ono. Koma kusiya pambali funso lovuta loti anali Aristide (wopambana 92% ya mavoti mu 2000) kapena Philippe (wopambana 2% ya mavoti mu 2006) yemwe angakhale ndi mlandu wokhudza kupha anthu. Haiti, padakali zovuta zochepa ndi zochitika zaku US.
Poyambirira, ngati chisankho cha Aristide chosiya ntchito chinali chophweka chosankha mwaufulu, ndizosadabwitsa kuti adasankha kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wake payekha komanso mofulumira. Kupyolera mu February 2004 Aristide anaumirira mobwerezabwereza kutsimikiza mtima kwake kuti agwiritse ntchito nthawi yotsalayo, ndipo akuwoneka kuti sanauzepo aliyense, kuphatikizapo anzake apamtima ndi abwenzi ake, mpaka pakati pausiku kapena 1am m'mawa wa Lamlungu 29 February. , kuti anali wokonzeka kuganizira zosiya udindo wake usanathe mu February 2006. Nthawi yomaliza phungu wake wamkulu wa zamalamulo Ira Kurzban anakwanitsa kulankhula naye m'mawa wa Loweruka 28 February, ndipo sizinali choncho. zikungosonyeza kuti Aristide wayamba kuganiza zosiya ntchito. [17] Mlembi wake wapadziko lonse atolankhani Michelle Karshan anali ku Dominican Republic kumapeto kwa sabata imeneyo koma adalandira cholembera kuchokera kwa mkazi wa Aristide Mildred usiku wa 28 February, cholemba chomwe chinangokambirana malingaliro atsopano oti tipite patsogolo pazokambirana zina ndi otsutsa ndale ? kachiwiri panalibe kunong'oneza za kusiya ntchito. Chakumapeto kwa usiku womwewo, mamembala a gulu la Aristide adatsimikizira zokonzekera zomwe zakhala zikuchitika kwa nthawi yayitali zofunsa mafunso ku National Palace (ndi Tavis Smiley ndi George Stephanopoulos, pakati pa ena) omwe akukonzekera tsiku lotsatira. "Angapo aife tidalumikizana ndi [Aristide ...] mpaka Loweruka usiku kwambiri," adatsimikizira Prime Minister waku Jamaican komanso wapampando wa CARICOM PJ Patterson. ‘Palibe chimene chinanenedwa kwa ife chosonyeza kuti pulezidenti akuganiza zosiya ntchito.’ [18] Mosapatulapo, mabwenzi apamtima a Aristide ndi achinsinsi onse amachitira umboni mfundo imodzimodziyo.[19]
Chachiwiri, kupatsidwa kulimbikira kwa US pankhani yaufulu komanso mwaufulu wakusiya uku, ndizodabwitsa kuti US yokha idasankha kukonza mobisa, pakati pausiku, zikuwoneka kuti palibe makamera kapena atolankhani kapena mboni iliyonse yodziyimira payokha yomwe pambuyo pake ikanatha kutsimikizira mwakufuna kwake kwa osankhidwa aku Haiti (momwe aneneratu?) Pamene mtolankhani David Adams anafunsa Foley ndi Moreno za izi, iwo anafotokoza moona mtima kuti kunali kulakwitsa wamba, kuyang'anira chifukwa chakuti ntchito yopulumutsa inayenera kukwera pa liwiro lalikulu ndipo ndi ndodo yokha ya mafupa.[20] Mwina palibe aliyense ku ofesi ya kazembe wa US adakwanitsa kupeza nthawi yokonzekera zotsatira za chochitika chomwe adachita kwa zaka zingapo. N’kutheka kuti kusakonzekera komweku kumatithandiza kumvetsa mfundo yakuti Foley anali wokonzeka kuvomereza ‘kalata yosiya ntchito’ yolembedwa modabwitsa komanso yosamveka ngati imeneyi. Concannon, 'kulingalira bwino kungafune mawu omveka bwino omwe akuwonetsa chisankho chosatsutsika komanso chopangidwa mwaufulu chosiya ntchito. M’malo mwake, kalatayi ikuwoneka kuti ili pafupi kwambiri ndi chinachake cholembedwa ndi munthu amene sanafune kusiya ntchito, koma analibe ufulu wofotokoza cholinga chimenecho.’ [21]
Zidakali zodabwitsa kuti Aristide mwiniyo akanasankha Central African Republic kukhala malo ake othawirako. CAR ndi wachiwawa, wopondereza komanso wotetezedwa kwambiri ndi kasitomala wa Aristide yemwe ndi mdani wapadziko lonse, France, ndipo atangofika adatsekeredwa m'ndende yapanyumba ndipo adaletsedwa pafupifupi ma TV kapena telefoni. [22] Kwa wina yemwe ali pamalo a Aristide zabwino za CAR pamalo ngati Jamaica, tinene, sizodziwikiratu. Powell ndi Noriega anafulumira kufotokoza kuti 'chisankho choyamba' cha Aristide chinali South Africa. Mwachisoni, komabe, iwo adanena kuti ndege yake itatha kale kudutsa nyanja ya Atlantic, Thabo Mbeki ? Mnzake wapadziko lonse lapansi wa Aristide? mwadzidzidzi adasiya lonjezo loti amupatse mwayi woti athawire kwakanthawi, zomwe zidapangitsa US kuti iwononge maola khumi ndi awiri akufunafuna malo ena. Nyuzipepala ya New York Times ndi mapepala ena adafotokoza momveka bwino kuti mfundo yochititsa chidwiyi ndi yowona, ndipo atolankhani ena akupitiriza kubwereza mpaka lero, chifukwa cha zomwe Foley ananena. Koma onse awiri Aristide ndi woyendetsa ndege wake komanso wachinsinsi Frantz Gabriel (yemwe anatsagana ndi Aristides kupita ku ukapolo pa 29 February) akutsindika kuti sanafunsepo South Africa kupempha chitetezo. Gabriel akunena kuti pamene anatsogozedwa kukwera ndege Aristide ‘sanadziŵe kumene anali kupita.’ [23] Mnzake wa Aristide Randall Robinson analankhula ndi nduna ya zakunja ya ku South Africa masana a Lamlungu pa February 29, ndipo anauzidwa kuti ‘sitinathe. sindinamve chilichonse kuchokera kwa [Aristide]. Sitikudziwa komwe ali, ndipo sipanakhalepo pempho lothawirako.' ndiponso kuti boma la South Africa ‘sanamukanize chikhululukiro kapena kuthamangitsidwa m’dzikolo monga momwe dipatimenti ya boma ya United States ndi The New York Times inanenera.’ [24] Patatha milungu ingapo atathamangitsidwa ku Haiti, pulezidenti wa ku South Africa Thabo Mbeki analandira Aristide ndi manja awiri. , ndipo akupitiriza kumulandira kumeneko mpaka lero.
Ndizodabwitsanso, ngati Aristide adasankhadi kuthawa ku Haiti chifukwa choopa chitetezo chake, kuti abwenzi ake aku France ndi America sanangosiya gulu lake lodziwa bwino komanso lolumikizana bwino la alonda a Steele Foundation kuti amuulutse. zawo.
II Kuukira Modzidzimutsa?
Popeza ngakhale maboma aku France ndi America kapena oyimira awo pazofalitsa sanathe kupeza mayankho okhutiritsa a mafunsowa, ena okhulupirika a Aristide amakonda kumvetsetsa zomwe zidachitika pa 28/29 February mosiyanasiyana. Akuganiza kuti Purezidenti wawo akukonzekera kuteteza Port-au-Prince ku chiwembu cha Guy Philippe, asitikali aku US mwadzidzidzi adalowa m'nyumba yake ku Tabarre ndikumugwira. Iwo amaganiza kuti Aristide anali wopanda mphamvu chifukwa cha chiwopsezo chodzidzimutsa. Mnzake wakale wa Aristide ndi mlangizi Randall Robinson anali kuyankhulana naye nthawi zonse pazochitika za February, ndipo atalankhula naye pa March 1st anaumirira kuti 'Aristide sanasiye ntchito. Anabedwa ndipo zochitika zonse zikuwoneka kuti zikugwirizana ndi zomwe ananena. Akadasiya ntchito, sitikanafunikira mazenera otsekedwa ndikuletsa kulumikizana ndi asitikali kumutenga atamuloza mfuti. Akadasiya ntchito, akanasangalala kuchoka m’dzikolo. Iye sanali. Iye anakana. Motsindika ayi. Sanasiye ntchito. Anagwidwa ndi United States: pulezidenti wosankhidwa mwademokalase, wogwidwa ndi United States mu komiti ya chisankho cha America. Ichi n’chinthu chochititsa mantha kuchilingalira.’ [26]
Kufotokozera kumeneku ndithudi kuli pafupi kwambiri ndi momwe zinthu zilili zenizeni komanso kulinganiza kwenikweni kwa mphamvu ku Haiti kusiyana ndi nkhani yopusa yomwe Foley ndi Moreno anatulukira. Zikuwonekeratu kuti madzulo a 28 February, Aristide adakumana ndi chiyembekezo cha imfa, iye mwini, mkazi wake komanso zikwi za omutsatira ake. Zikuwonekeratu kuti mgwirizano wa Franco-US unamukakamiza kutuluka m'dzikoli ndi mfuti, osati mophiphiritsira koma kwenikweni; Malinga ndi gwero lodziwika bwino ku Port-au-Prince, ngati US mwanjira ina inganene kuti 'yapulumutsa' Aristide ku ngozi yomwe idachitika usiku womwewo, mwina idachokera pachiwopsezo chakupha komwe kukubwera komwe anthu omwe amagwira ntchito. m'malo mwa ambassy wa ku France.
Koma kumasulira kwenikweni kwa nkhani yobedwayi kulinso ndi mavuto ake. Mu sabata yatha ya February, ngakhale adapempha anthu kuti akhale tcheru, Aristide akuwoneka kuti sanakonzekere bwino kuteteza Port-au-Prince motsutsana ndi gulu laling'ono la Philippe. Aristide adasankha kukhala kumapeto kwa sabata la 28/29 February kunyumba yake yakumtunda ku Tabarre, m'malo motetezedwa mosavuta ku National Palace. Usiku wa 28 February wokha, Aristide akuwoneka kuti sanachitepo kanthu kuti alimbikitse omutsatira kuti ateteze nyumba yake kuti asawonongedwe. Panthawi ina usiku wa 28 February, zikuwoneka kuti Aristide kapena wina wapafupi ndi Aristide adathamangitsa osachepera ena mwa alonda ake aku Haiti. Kenako anasankha kukhala yekha usiku wonsewo, ndipo makamaka pa foni, kuyesera kulankhula njira yothetsera vutoli. Patapita nthawi Moreno ndi woperekeza wake wa Delta-Force anafika kunyumba ya Aristide, cha m'ma 4 koloko m'mawa, zikuwoneka kuti Aristide adakopeka kuti avomere zomwe zinali zongopeka kale, ndipo adagwadira zofuna za Franco-US kuti asiye ntchito kusanache. Malinga ndi kunena kwa mmodzi wa alonda ake a ku Haiti, Casimir Chariot, amuna amene anatsagana ndi Moreno ‘anali alonda ovala monga ife, okhala ndi makutu. Awa sanali anthu amene anabwera ndi unyolo kudzamanga pulezidenti. Awa anali amuna amene anabwera kudzatsimikizira chitetezo cha nthumwizo. Zonse zinachitidwa modekha kwambiri.’[27] Pamene Aristide anaperekezedwa m’nyumbamo ndi Moreno patapita nthaŵi pang’ono, cha m’ma 5 koloko m’mawa, ngakhale kuti siziri zoonekeratu kuti amayembekezera kutengedwa molunjika ku bwalo la ndege? iye kapena mkazi wake Mildred sanatenge chilichonse, kupatula chikwama cha pulezidenti ndi kachikwama kakang'ono kamene Mildred ankatenga nthawi zonse pamaulendo apakati pa Nyumba yachifumu ndi Tabarre[28] ? zikuwoneka kuti anali wokonzeka kulowa nawo kazembe wa US pamsonkhano wa atolankhani m'mawa kuti afotokozere dzikolo.
Kodi Foley anali wolondola, ndiye, pamene adaumirira madzulo a ku Haiti (mu August 2005), kuti zomwe Aristide adanena kuti adabedwa zinali zongopeka chabe?
Iye sanabedwe. Akunama. Anandipempha kuti ndimuimbire. Anapempha thandizo ku United States […] Anandipempha - aliyense amadziwa kuti Washington sasunga zinsinsi, nthawi zonse pamakhala zochulukira kwa atolankhani - adandipempha kuti "palibe kutayikira, chonde. Ngati nkhaniyi idziwika, ndimakhala pachiwopsezo cholephera kupita ku eyapoti. Ngati anthu a m’gulu langa adziwa kuti ndakonzekera kuchoka, zindivuta.” Pambuyo pake, ena mwa antchito ake achitetezo adatumizidwa kukacheza kuti asakhale nawo. Ku Tabarre, kumene “chimères” ankatchingira mipiringidzo usiku uliwonse, anapemphedwa kuchoka usiku umenewo. Panali matelefoni ambiri opita kwa anzake kuwauza za kuchoka kwake ndi kuitana ena kuti atsagane naye. Zonsezi ndikunena kuti ndi bodza lalikulu.[29]
Monga tiwona pakamphindi, zina mwazambiri za akaunti ya Foley zikuwoneka kuti ndizolondola. Pofika pafupi ndi 3 kapena 4am m'mawa wa 29 February, zikuwoneka ngati Aristide 'adavomereza', ngati sakuchoka ku Haiti, osachepera kuti achite nawo ndondomeko yomwe ingapangitse kuti athamangitsidwe m'dzikoli.
Pafupifupi maola 24 pambuyo pake, Lolemba 1 Marichi, pomwe Aristide wotopa komanso wolumikizana pang'ono adapatsidwa mwayi wofotokozera zomwe zidachitika, adauza CNN kuti adagwidwa ndi "kubedwa kwamakono". Ananenanso kuti agwera mumsampha wa 'coup d'état' wamakono, wozikidwa pa chiwopsezo cha chiwawa kuposa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zenizeni. 'Ndinauzidwa kuti (UNINTELLIGIBLE) ndibwino ndichoke. Ndipo pansi pa chivundikiro cha ukazembe, analankhula nane. Ndipo asilikali analankhula nane. Othandizira aku America adalankhula nane. Anthu a ku Haiti analankhula nane. Ndipo potsiriza ndinazindikira kuti zinali zoona. Tinkati tikhala ndi magazi. Ndipo nditafunsa kuti ndi anthu angati omwe angaphedwe, iwo anati masauzande akhoza kuphedwa […] Choncho ndinafunika kuyesetsa kuti ndipewe kukhetsa magazi kumeneko. Adagwiritsa ntchito [UNINTELLIGIBLE] kundikankhira kunja. Ndicho chifukwa chake ndimachitcha mobwerezabwereza kuti coup d’état.’ Anderson Cooper wa CNN anamukakamizanso pa mfundo imeneyi, pambuyo pake m’programu imodzimodziyo:
[Cooper] Mukunena kuti mukufuna mukadakhalabe? kuti ngati kuli kwa inu, mukadakhalabe pansi ku Haiti, kuti simunachoke mwakufuna kwanu? [Aristide]: Ndichomwecho. […] [Cooper]: Bambo Aristide, ndikuvutika kugwirizanitsa ziganizo ziwirizi, zomwe mwanena komanso zomwe boma la US linanena kudzera mwa Mlembi Colin Powell, yemwe adanenanso kuti simunabedwe, kuti , United States, sanakukakamizeni kukwera ndege, kuti munakwera ndege mofunitsitsa. Ndipo akunena kuti chimenecho nchoona. Mukuti? nkhani yanu ndi yosiyana kwambiri ndi izo. [Aristide]: Inde, chifukwa ndikukuuzani zoona. [30]
Patangotha masiku ochepa, Aristide atapereka (kudzera pa foni yobisika) zomwe zingatsimikizire kuti ndizomwe zidachitika pa 28/29 February, adatsindikanso za chiwopsezo chachiwawa, cholimbikitsidwa ndi ulamuliro wankhondo waku US. , monga chinthu chotsimikizika. Ndikoyenera kutchula nkhani yomasuliridwa mwachangu iyi pafupifupi kwathunthu:
Pa 28 February, usiku, mwadzidzidzi, asitikali aku America omwe anali kale ku Port-au-Prince adatsikira kunyumba yanga ku Tabarre kudzandiuza poyamba kuti achitetezo onse aku America omwe ali ndi mgwirizano ndi boma la Haiti ali ndi njira ziwiri zokha. . Mwina amachoka nthawi yomweyo kupita ku United States, kapena amamenya nkhondo kuti afe. Kachiwiri, adandiuza otsala 25 achitetezo aku America omwe adalembedwa ntchito ndi boma la Haiti omwe amayenera kubwera pa 29 February chifukwa zolimbikitsa zinali zoletsedwa, zoletsedwa kubwera. Chachitatu, anandiuza kuti alendo komanso zigawenga za ku Haiti, zonyamula zida zamphamvu, zinali kale ndi mwayi wowombera Port-au-Prince. Ndipo pomwepo, Achimereka ananena ndendende kuti adzapha zikwi za anthu ndipo kudzakhala kupha. Kuti kuwukira kwakonzeka kuyamba, ndipo chipolopolo choyamba chikawomberedwa palibe chomwe chingawaletse ndipo palibe chomwe chingawapangitse kudikirira mpaka atalanda, chifukwa chake ntchito ndikutenga ine wakufa kapena wamoyo.
Panthaŵiyo ndinauza Achimereka kuti ntchito yanga yoyamba inali kupulumutsa miyoyo ya anthu masauzande amenewo usikuuno. Pankhani ya moyo wanga, kaya ndili ndi moyo kapena ndili wakufa, sichofunikira. Ngakhale kuti ndinali kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito zokambirana, m'pamenenso chitsenderezo chinali chikukulirakulira kuti anthu a ku America ayambe kuukira. Ngakhale zinali choncho, ndinadziika pangozi yochepetsera makina opha anthu kuti nditsimikizire kuchuluka kwa ngozi, kuchuluka kwa chinyengo kapena mantha.
Zinali zovuta kwambiri kuposa kupusa. Nyumba ya National Palace inazunguliridwa ndi azungu okhala ndi zida mpaka mano. Malo a Tabarre? nyumba ? anazunguliridwa ndi alendo okhala ndi mano. Bwalo la ndege la Port-au-Prince linali kale pansi pa ulamuliro wa amuna ameneŵa. Pambuyo pa kupenda komalizira kumene ndinapanga pamsonkhano ndi woyang’anira chitetezo cha ku Haiti ku Port-au-Prince, ndi woyang’anira chitetezo cha ku America, chowonadi chinawonekera. Kudzakhala kuphana chifukwa tinali kale m’dziko lachilendo losaloledwa ndi lamulo lomwe linali lokonzekera kugwetsa mitembo pansi, kukhetsa magazi, ndiyeno kundibera ndili wakufa kapena wamoyo.
Msonkhano umenewo unachitika cha m’ma 3 koloko m’mawa. Poyang’anizana ndi tsokali, ndinaganiza zofunsa kuti, “Kodi ndili ndi chitsimikizo chotani kuti sipadzakhala kukhetsa mwazi ngati ndaganiza zochoka?”
Zoona zake n’zakuti, maseŵera olimbitsa thupi onsewa analibe tanthauzo lililonse chifukwa asilikali amene ankagwira ntchito yoba anthuwa anali atayamba kale kuganiza kuti ntchito yawo yayenda bwino. Zomwe zidanenedwa zidachitika. Kukambitsirana kumeneku, kuphatikiza kusaina mokakamizidwa kwa kalata yosiya ntchito, sikunathe kubisa nkhope ya kuba. [31]
Tsopano kwenikweni kusiyana pakati pa 'chowonadi' cha Aristide ndi 'bodza lalikulu' la Foley sikuyenera kukhala kovuta kwambiri kuti dziko lapansi limvetsetse, chifukwa ndi kusiyana kokha pakati pa ufulu ndi kukakamiza. Foley ali ndi ufulu wonena kuti Aristide mwaufulu 'anavomera kuchoka' ku Haiti usiku wa 28 / 29 February ngati angathe kufotokoza momwe ndendende mgwirizano womwe unachititsidwa ndi kuopsezedwa kwa magazi omwe akuyandikira atha kufotokozedwa kuti ndi ufulu ndi wodzifunira. Aristide ‘anasankha’ kuti asadziphe, ndipo anasankha kusatsogolera omutsatira kunkhondo imene sanakonzekere kumenya nawo. Ichi chinalidi chosankha, chamtundu wake. Koma monga Patrick Elie akuumirira kuti ‘kunali kuba, palibe kukaikira pa zimenezo. Wina adabwera ndi kufananitsa koyenera: zili ngati mukukankhira wina mnyumba mwawo, kenako mumakhomerera mazenera onse ndikutseka, ndikuponyamo malo ogulitsira a Molotov mkati. Ndiye akatuluka pakhomo akuthamanga mumati anatuluka “mwakufuna kwake.” Ndizopusa. Iye akanatha kukhala m’katimo n’kufa. M'malo mwake adatuluka, chabwino? koma ndithudi sikunali mwa kufuna kwake.’ [32]
Mu 2004 monga mu 1991, Aristide anakana kulimbana ndi adani ake mwachindunji kumalo omwe adasankhidwa. Koma pamene kukankhana kwaukazembe kunafika pa kukankhira asilikali, usiku wa 28/29 February, panali chinthu chimodzi chimene Aristide anakhalabe womasuka kuchita: akanathabe kukakamiza adani ake kuthamangitsira Tabarre ndi kuwotcha nyumba yake.
III Chiyambi
Kuti timvetse bwino zomwe zinachitika usiku wa 28 February choyamba tiyenera kukumbukira zina mwazinthu zomwe zidabweretsa boma la Aristide pamphepete mwa phirili.
1. Choyamba, tiyenera kukumbukira amene anachititsa ngozi yakupha. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti zigawenga zotsogozedwa ndi Philippe komanso katundu wa CIA wanthawi yayitali komanso wamkulu wa FRAPH Jodel Chamblain anali kugwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi zomwe zimatchedwa 'kutsutsa demokalase' motsogozedwa ndi ndale osasankhidwa ngati Evans Paul, Serge Gilles, Himmler. Rébu ndi mamembala ena a 'Convergence Démocratique' yothandizidwa ndi US- ndi French, pamodzi ndi anthu otsogola m'mabungwe osiyanasiyana othandizidwa ndi US monga 'Gulu la 184' la Andy Apaid. Chipani cha ndale cha Aristide Fanmi Lavalas adagonjetsa adani ake pachisankho cha 2000, ndipo n'zoonekeratu kuti ntchito yokha ya ndale ya otsutsawa inali kulowetsa boma pazokambirana zopanda pake kuti athetseretu zomwe sanakonzekere kuvomereza. Kuchokera mu 2001 mpaka 2004 iwo anakana zigamulo zoposa makumi awiri za mgwirizano wapadziko lonse kuti zithetse vutoli, ndipo nthawi iliyonse US ndi mayiko ena onse adapempha kuti boma lilepheretse mgwirizano ndi otsutsa ngati chifukwa chokanira chofunika kwambiri. ngongole ndi thandizo.
M'mawayilesi angapo komanso zoyankhulana zaposachedwa, Guy Philippe wafotokoza momwe amagwirira ntchito limodzi ndi a US-backed andale otsutsa Aristide mwatsatanetsatane. [33] Kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2004 mnzake wakale wa Philippe yemwe anali mkulu wa a Ravix Rémissainthe adayamba kunena zoneneza za anzawo akale andale, ndipo pamapeto pake adalipira moyo wake. Malinga ndi Ravix ndi Philippe, zochitika zonse zodziwika bwino zomwe atsogoleri otsutsa adayesa kukakamiza boma lankhanza? kuukira kwa National Palace 17 December 2001, kugunda-ndi-kuthamanga ku Belladère ndi kuzungulira 2002-2003, kuwonongeka kwa ma wailesi a Boutilliers pa 13 January 2004, ndi zina zotero. anatumidwa ndi atsogoleri otsutsa omwewo.[34] Kunenamizira kuti US ndi France sizinali kuwongolera bwino za zigawenga izi, pokhapokha kudzera mumgwirizano wamakasitomala anthawi yayitali monga Evans Paul ndi Serge Gilles, akanakhala opanda chiyembekezo. Zikadakhala zopusa kuganiza kuti zigawenga zotere zikadakonzedwa ndikukonzedwa kwa zaka zingapo, makamaka m'boma lomwe lili ndi apolisi kwambiri ku US ku Dominican Republic, popanda kudziwa, kuvomereza komanso kulimbikitsidwa ndi US yomwe.
Chakumapeto kwa Januwale 2004, CARICOM idathandizira kubweza njira zaposachedwa kwambiri pazankho la "kufa" pakati pa Aristide ndi otsutsa ake andale. Monga mwachizolowezi, mgwirizanowu unavomerezedwa nthawi yomweyo ndi Aristide koma adakanidwa ndi adani ake. Sipangakhale kukayikira kuti zigawenga zomwe zinayamba ku Gonaïves pa 5 February 2004 zinakhazikitsidwa nthawi yake kuti zisokoneze chidwi cha CARICOM ndi njira yowongoka yolunjika pa zovutazo: kugawana mphamvu ndi zisankho zina. Zikuwonekeranso kuti nthawi yomwe zigawenga zikuchitapo kanthu, kuukira kwa Cap-Haïtien Lamlungu 22 February[35], kudatsimikizikanso kuti athetse kuyesa komaliza kothetsa vutoli? lingaliro linanso logawana mphamvu, nthawi ino loperekedwa ndi Roger Noriega ndikuvomerezedwa mwamphamvu ndi Colin Powell mwiniwake. Chigwirizano chimenechi nachonso chinavomerezedwa mwamsanga ndi Aristide koma chinakanidwanso ndi otsutsa, akumasiya wotsirizirawo, monga momwe Robinson akunenera, ‘ali m’malo ochititsa manyazi a kukana kuvomereza kwa pulezidenti wake.’ [36]
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama