Opitilira 3,000 omenyera ufulu waku Bolivia ndi Peruvia adaguba posachedwa ku El Alto pokumbukira kuzingidwa kwa Marichi 13, 1781. La Paz, Bolivia anayambitsidwa kuchokera ku El Alto ndi zigawenga za Tupac Katari ndi Bartolina Sisa. Kuzingidwaku kunali kotsutsana ndi ulamuliro wa Spain komanso kumasulidwa kwa anthu ammudzi Andes. Pamsonkhano wausiku wosonkhanitsa anthu okondwerera posachedwapa, Eugene Rojas, meya wa Achacachi, anati: La Paz mโmbuyomo, ndipo tidzateronso ngati pangafunike kutero.โ Rojas anatchulapo za kuchotsedwa kwautsamunda komwe kunachedwetsedwa kwanthaลตi yaitali kumene Katari ndi Sisa ankalota zaka zoposa XNUMX zapitazo.
Pambuyo pa msonkhano wa Nationalist wa referendum ya January 25th ya malamulo oyendetsera dziko lapansi, ndipo mabuloni amadzi ophulika ndi thovu la Carnival anakokolola m'misewu ndi mvula, zonyansa zandale zadzaza mafunde a ku Bolivia. Kuphatikiza pa zovuta zogwiritsa ntchito kusintha kwa malamulo atsopano, milandu yaposachedwa ya ziphuphu za boma, zasokoneza ubale ndi Washington komanso zipolowe za ndale zikuwonetsa kuti njira yopitira ku chisankho cha Disembala ikuyenera kukhala yamwala.
Nkhani ya Ziphuphu
Chakumapeto kwa Januware, Santos Ramirez, womanga wamkulu komanso membala wa chipani cha Movement Toward Socialism, (MAS, chipani cha Purezidenti Evo Morales) komanso director of YPFB - kampani yamafuta ndi gasi ya boma - adatsekeredwa m'ndende. milandu ya katangale. Kufufuza kunasonyeza kuti Ramirez anapempha chiphuphu kuti apereke mgwirizano wa $ 86 miliyoni ku Argentina-Bolivian Company Catler Uniservice yopangira gasi wachilengedwe. Kufufuzaku kudayamba pomwe manejala ku Catler adaphedwa ndikubedwa $450,000 - ndalama zomwe zimayenera kupita kwa Ramirez, malinga ndi REUTERS. Ramirez tsopano ali kundende ya San Pedro ku La Paz, malo omwewo omwe anali kazembe wakale wa Pando Leopoldo Fernandez pakali pano atakhudzidwa ndi kupha anthu ambiri omwe amatsatira MAS ku Pando mu Seputembala 2008.
Kumangidwa kwa Ramirez kudasokoneza kwambiri akuluakulu a MAS omwe nthawi zonse adalonjeza kuti athetsa cholowa cha dzikoli cha ziphuphu. Kusiyanitsa nthawi ino mozungulira komabe, poyerekeza ndi zomwe zinali chizolowezi mu maulamuliro apitalo, ndikuti Ramirez kwenikweni anatumizidwa kundende; mโmaboma akale ena andale achinyengo kwambiri anakhalabe omasuka.
Chiwonetsero cha Ramirez chitatha, Morales adati, "Zatsimikiziridwa kwathunthu kuti othandizira akunja, othandizira a CIA, adalowetsedwa (mu YPFB) ...US) ufumu uyenera kuchita chiwembu motsutsana ndi mfundo zomwe tikukankhira patsogolo."
Alfredo Rada, Minister of Government, adadzudzula Francisco Martinez, ndi US kazembe, wokhala wothandizira CIA ndikuthandizira kulowa mu YPFB. Morales akuimbidwa mlandu Martรญnez za "kulumikizana" ndi wapolisi waku Bolivia yemwe boma likuti adalowa mu YPFB, kutsatira malamulo a CIA. Morales anafotokoza zimenezo "kufufuza mozama" kunatsimikizira Martรญnez analinso "kulumikizana kosatha ndi magulu otsutsa" mu Bolivia. Kenako Purezidenti waku Bolivia adakankha Martรญnez kunja kwa dziko. Kuthamangitsidwa kwa Martรญnez amatsatira zakale US kazembe ku Bolivia Philip Goldberg mu Seputembala 2008. Goldberg adaimbidwanso mlandu wogwirizana ndi otsutsa mapiko oyenera kuti awononge utsogoleri wa Morales. (Onani Kuchepetsa Bolivia Zambiri.)
"Pali mgwirizano muzochitika zomwe kazembe wakale a Philip Goldberg, USAID, DEA komanso pano Martรญnez akhala akuchita apa Bolivia," mkulu wina wosadziwika dzina lake BoliviaUnduna wa Boma udatero Josh Partlow wa Washington Post. "Izi ndi zochitika zokayikitsa zomwe sizikukhudzana ndi zokambirana kapena thandizo lakunja. ... Mchitidwe wosokonezawu, ndipo sitingatchulidwe china chilichonse, sikuloledwa pano."
"Ife timakana zonenazo," a US State department inanena m'mawu ake okhudzana ndi zomwe zachitika. "Sitingamvetse momwe pulezidenti angatitsimikizire kuti akufuna ubale wabwino ndi United States ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo apitirize kunena zabodza," adatero. adatero Denise Urs, mneneri wa kazembe wa US.
mu zokambirana pa Marichi 13, Tom Shannon, the US Wothandizira mlembi wa boma ku Latin America Affairs, adanenapo za kuthamangitsidwa kwa a US diplomat ku Bolivia. "Tikufuna kukambirana kwathunthu ndi zokambirana zapamwamba ... ndipo zachisoni, mpaka pano, popeza takhala tikufuna kukambirana ndi anthu aku Bolivia pazifukwa zomwe zidayambitsa zochita zawo, sitinalandirebe zomwe tingaganizire. kukhala yankho logwirizana kapena losasintha."
Pakadali pano, mlandu wachinyengo wa Santos Ramirez uli kutali ndi kutsekedwa. Pa Marichi 13, Ramirez adalamula kuti amutulutse m'ndende chifukwa akuti palibe umboni womwe waperekedwa womwe ukuwonetsa kuti adavulaza boma la Bolivia ndi zomwe adachita, popeza mgwirizano womwe umayenera kuti uchitike ndi Catler sunathe.
Nyumba ya Cรกrdenas Yokhazikika
Pa Marichi 7, anthu 350 adalanda ndikulanda nyumba ya Victor Hugo Cรกrdenas. Cรกrdenas anali vicezidenti wa pulezidenti mu ulamuliro wa Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada wa 1993-1997 komanso wotsutsa kwambiri. BoliviaNew Constitution. Gulu la anthu okwiya a mโderalo linakakamiza mkazi wa Cรกrdenas ndi ana atatu kuchoka mโnyumbamo, pamene akuti ankawamenya.
Mario Huaypa, woimira gulu lomwe limakhala mnyumbamo, adauza atolankhani Agencia Bolivian de Informaciรณn kuti panachitika msonkhano waukulu mโdera limene anagamulidwa kuti alandidwe nyumbayo chifukwa malo amene anamangidwapo anatengedwa ndi Cรกrdenas mosaloledwa. Gululi lati lipitiliza ntchitoyi mpaka bungwe lazachilungamo la ku Bolivia litaunikanso nkhaniyi. Anthu omwe adakhala mnyumbamo adayambitsa zomwe akuti eni ovomerezeka asanu ndi atatu wa malowo, yemwe adati malo ndi nyumbayo ziyenera kulandidwa ndikusinthidwa kukhala nyumba yopumirako okalamba amderali.
Cรกrdenas, waluntha wa Aymara, wolamulidwa mu 1990s ndi Sanchez de Lozada akuyankhula m'malo mwa anthu amtunduwu ndi ufulu wawo, panthawi imodzimodziyo akukankhira ndondomeko zopondereza komanso zandale zomwe zinayambitsa kuvutika maganizo kwachuma ndi nkhanza za boma kwa anthu amtunduwu. Mpaka lero, anthu a Cรกrdenas amakumana ndi zionetsero nthawi zonse. Anthu a mโdera limene ankakhala mโnyumba yake ankatsutsanso mfundo yakuti Cรกrdenas ankatsutsa lamulo latsopanoli. Mphekesera zikumveka kuti a Cรกrdenas apikisana nawo ngati mtsogoleri wa zisankho zazikulu mu Disembala.
Kukhala kunyumba kwa Cรกrdenas kwatsutsidwa nthawi yonseyi Bolivia, popeza mchitidwewu umangowonjezera kugawanikana mโdzikolo ndikukankhira pambali kukambirana mwamtendere komwe kumafunika kwambiri pakati pa magulu andale otsutsana. Tsoka ilo, chiwawa chakhala chikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mapiko akumanja aku Bolivia kuyambira pomwe Morales adatenga udindo ku 2006. Santa Cruz wakhala akuukira anthu a komweko mumzindawo (onani Mbali Yamdima ya Half Moon ya BoliviaMu 2007 mokha, panali mabomba pafupifupi asanu ndi atatu Bolivia, ambiri omwe anali otsutsana ndi mabungwe akumanzere kapena akuluakulu a chipani cha MAS (onani Kuukira kwa Mabomba Kumadzutsa Njala ya Choonadi.) Machine Gun ndi Meeting Table). Ngakhale ziwawa zolimbana ndi achibale a Cรกrdenas ndi ntchito yapanyumba ziyenera kutsutsidwa, momwemonso chiwawa chomwe chikufalikira ndi Boliviamapiko akumanja motsutsana ndi nzika zakubadwa komanso ovomereza MAS.
Zolakwika ndi Decolonization
Munkhani ina, US State Department yatulutsa posachedwa a lipoti laufulu wa anthu on Bolivia omwe sanatchulepo za Santa Cruz Youth Group ndi magulu ankhondo akumanja achiwawa, kapena kuponderezana komwe adasiya. Bolivia's indigenous ambiri. Lipotilo likutchula milandu yomwe mtsogoleri wakale wa dziko la Bolivia Sanchez de Lozada akuimbidwa, koma silikunena kuti dziko lomwe chigawengachi chikuthawirako ndi lomwelo lomwe linapereka lipoti la ufulu wa anthu. Lipotilo likufotokoza kuti: โPa October 17, ofesi ya loya wamkulu inaimba mlandu pulezidenti wakale Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada ndi nduna yakale ya chitetezo Sanchez Berzain pa milandu yopha anthu okwana 60 mu October 2003. pempho loti Sanchez de Lozada atulutsidwe m'dziko lomwe adathawira." (Kuti mudziwe zambiri za irony of the US popereka malipoti otere a ufulu wachibadwidwe, onani nkhani yaposachedwa, Amereka ndi ndani kuti aweruze?)
Pamaso pa media, Bolivia posachedwapa wawona kukondera kofala kwambiri komanso zabodza zochokera kumitundu yosiyanasiyana US zosindikizira. A posachedwapa mu The Atlantic Monthly ndi Eliza Barclay anali wokonda kwambiri. Mutu womwewo - "Mugabe wa Andes?" - ikugwirizana ndi malingaliro omwe alembedwa m'nkhaniyi omwe nkhanza zambiri zandale zimachitika Bolivia amachokera ku Morales ndi omutsatira ake - osati mapiko akumanja atsankho. M'nkhaniyi, a Barclay akulephera kutchula wotsatira m'modzi wa MAS, kapena aliyense amene akupereka malingaliro ang'onoang'ono a ndale za dziko. Amayang'ana kwambiri momwe Morales "zolankhula zokhala ndi zotsutsana ndi mafuko omwe amatsutsana naye" adayambitsa magawano mdzikolo, ndikupitilira kunena za ziwawa za Seputembara 2008 ku Pando osanena kuti kazembe wakumanja Leopoldo Fernandez, osati Morales, anali kumbuyo. kupha anthu. Iye amatchula zimenezo US kazembe Goldberg adathamangitsidwa, koma sananene chifukwa chake. Barclay adalembanso kuti "madera akumapiri aku Bolivia akukhalabe mumsampha waumphawi womwe Morales sanawonetse chidwi chotsegula" koma amalephera kutchula izi, monga tsamba lawebusayiti. Kukhala ku Bolivia adati, boma la Bolivia ndi "kuthamanga zochulukirapo ndi kukula kwakukulu bajeti yake ndikugwiritsa ntchito zomangamanga. "
Ngakhale a MAS alakwitsa zambiri ndipo Morales ali kutali ndi purezidenti wabwino, nkhani ya Barclay imapangitsa owerenga kukhulupirira kuti dzikolo ladzaza ndi anthu omwe amadana ndi boma la MAS. Chowonadi ndi chakuti Morales, mu chisankho chake cha 2005, Ogasiti 2008 akumbukira referendum ndi voti yaposachedwa ya malamulo, adalandira chithandizo chochulukirapo kuchokera kwa anthu kuposa momwe Barack Obama adachitira mu 2008. US zisankho. Mwamwayi, wojambula zithunzi Evan Abramson adapereka mawonekedwe olondola kwambiri Bolivia in nkhani yabwino iyi yofotokozedwa bwino, yomwe idayikidwa pa AtlanticWebusayiti yotsagana ndi nkhaniyi. (Kuti mufufuze zambiri pazofalitsa za Bolivia onani Borev.net ndi Kukhala ku Bolivia.)
Chitsanzo chimodzi cha mfundo zabwino za boma la MAS chinawonetsedwa pa Marichi 14, pomwe Morales adagawidwanso pafupifupi maekala 94,000 kumโmawa kwa dzikolo kwa alimi angโonoangโono. The dziko of Ron Larsen waku US anali m'gulu la maekala omwe adagawidwanso. BoliviaMalamulo atsopano, omwe amaletsa kugula malo atsopano pa maekala 12,400, apatsa mphamvu ndondomeko za boma la MAS zokonzanso nthaka. "Katundu wamba azilemekezedwa nthawi zonse koma tikufuna kuti anthu omwe safuna kufanana asinthe malingaliro awo ndikungoyang'ana kwambiri dziko kuposa ndalama," adatero. Morales adatero, atagawiranso malowo mwalamulo. Ambiri mwa alimi a Guarani m'dera lomwe adalandira malowa, kuphatikizapo osiyanasiyana mabanja pafamu ya Larsen, ankakhala muukapolo. Morales adalongosola kuti, "Kukhala ndi malo ndikukhala ndi ufulu, ndipo ngati pali malo ndi ufulu, pali chilungamo."
Pomwe Atlantic Monthly idasokeretsa owerenga awo, pa Marichi 14, NY Times idasindikiza Op-Ed yolemba Evo Morales pakufuna kwake kuti coca ikhale yolakwa. tsamba ntchito kwambiri pa Andes zamankhwala ndi chikhalidwe. Pamsonkhano waposachedwa wa UN ku Vienna, Morales adayitanitsa kuvomerezeka kwa tsamba la coca, ndipo adatafuna coca pamsonkhanowo. Pafupifupi zaka 48 zapitazo bungwe la UN linanena molakwika kuti tsamba la coca ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Mu zake Chithunzi cha NY Times, Morales akulemba kuti, "Chifukwa chiyani Bolivia kukhudzidwa ndi tsamba la coca? Chifukwa ndi chizindikiro chofunikira cha mbiri yakale komanso chizindikiritso cha zikhalidwe zamakolo Andes."
Zowonadi, zophiphiritsa, mbiri komanso kudziwika kwakhala pachimake masiku ano Bolivia. Posachedwapa adalengezedwa kuti chiboliboli cha Che Guevara chomwe chili pakhomo la mzinda wa El Alto m'malo modandaula ndi zionetsero zochokera kwa anthu ambiri, m'malo mwake zidzasinthidwa ndi ziboliboli za Tupac Katari ndi Bartolina Sisa, popeza ngwazi ziwirizi zikuyimira bwino lomwe cholowa cha mzinda chotsutsana ndi atsamunda, kupanduka kwawoko. Monga Bolivia ikupitilizabe panjira yake yopita ku zisankho zazikulu za Disembala, njira yochotsera ukoloni, yomwe nthawi zambiri imayamikiridwa ndi akuluakulu a boma la MAS, imatenga mitundu yambiri mdziko muno pakati pakusintha kwakanthawi.
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Benjamin Dangl pano ali ku Bolivia, komanso buku lake lachispanish "Mtengo wa Moto: Nkhondo Zankhondo ndi Zochita Zamagulu ku Bolivia," kuphatikizapo nkhani yatsopano yokhudza zochitika zamakono, idzasindikizidwa posachedwa Bolivia ndi Okonza Ambiri. Dangl ndinso mkonzi wa UpsideDownWorld.org, tsamba lazolimbikitsana ndi ndale ku Latin America, ndi TowardFreedom.com, malingaliro opita patsogolo pazochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi. Imelo: Bendangl(at)gmail(dot)com.
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