David Graeber ndi Reader of Anthropology ku Goldsmith's, London, komanso wolimbikitsa ndale wakumanzere. Buku lake laposachedwapa, Ngongole: Zaka 5000 Zoyambirira, yasindikizidwa kumene ku UK. Zimayang'ana kusinthika kwa ngongole monga lingaliro la makhalidwe ndi chuma, kutengera umboni wa chikhalidwe cha anthu kuchokera kumagulu osiyanasiyana, amasiku ano komanso mbiri yakale.
Ndinakumana ndi David kuti tikambirane mfundo zina za mโbukulo. Pakukambirana koyambirira kwa magawo awiri, akuwunika momwe chinenero cha makhalidwe abwino chinakhalira chinenero cha ngongole, ndi momwe mfundo zathu zamakhalidwe ndi zamalamulo zakhazikitsidwa mozama ndi mbiri ya nkhondo ndi ukapolo.
In ndime yaposachedwa podzudzula ma Republican akumanja aku Republican chifukwa chokhala olimba mtima kuti mwina sangasinthe, a David Brooks adapereka ndemanga iyi:
โMamembala a gulu ili [ie Tea Party Republican] alibe malingaliro akhalidwe labwino. Mtundu umapanga lumbiro lopatulika kuti ubweze ndalamazo pamene ubwereka ndalama. Koma anthu a mโgululi amalankhula mosapita mโmbali ndipo akufuna kuipitsa ulemu wa dziko lawo.โ
Kulumikizana uku kwa chinenero cha ngongole ndi cha makhalidwe ndi mutu waukulu wa bukhu lanu. Kodi mungalankhulepo pang'ono za mbiri yake?
Lingaliro lakuti 'ulemu' ndi 'ngongole' ndi chinthu chomwecho limapezeka pamene anthu akugulitsana mwachindunji. Ngati pali mtundu wina wa msika, ndipo ngongole zimatengera ndalama, koma simungathe kunyamula munthu kupita kundende kapena kuthyola miyendo ngati sakukwaniritsa udindo wawo, ndiye kuti kugwira ntchito bwino ngati bizinesi ulemu wanu ndi waukulu kwambiri. gwero. M'malamulo a Chiarabu akale - malamulo a Sharia - ngongole inali likulu: ulemu wanu udali mtundu wa likulu, ndipo unkadziwika mwalamulo motero. Kotero ndemanga za Brooks siziri as misala monga zonsezo, chifukwa mayiko sangathe kukakamizana kulipira.
Koma pali chodabwitsa poganizira lonjezo loperekedwa ndi boma kuti lipereke ngongole monga chinthu chopatulika kwambiri. Pajatu ngongole ndi lonjezo chabe, ndipo andale amalonjeza mosiyanasiyana. Amaswa ambiri a iwo. Ndiye chifukwa chiyani izi amalonjeza okhawo omwe sangawaswe? Zimatengedwa ngati zachilendo kwa munthu ngati Nick Clegg kunena kuti, 'chabwino, tinalonjeza kuti sitidzakweza sukulu. Koma zimenezo nโzosatheka.โ 'Zosatheka' apa zikutanthawuza 'mwachiwonekere palibe kuthekera kophwanya malonjezo anga kwa mabanki, ngakhale omwe adalumikizidwa ndi mabanki omwe tidawalipira ndipo nthawi zina eni ake'. Ndizodabwitsa kuti palibe amene anganenepo izi. Nโchifukwa chiyani lonjezo la wandale kwa anthu amene anamusankha likuoneka kuti lathyoledwa โ si โlopatulikaโ mwanjira iriyonse โ pamene lonjezo la ndale lomwelo kwa wandalama limatengedwa ngati โulemu wa dziko lathuโ ? Nโchifukwa chiyani โulemu wa dziko lathuโ sunaphatikizidwe mโnjira ina iliyonse pokwaniritsa malonjezo athu kwa anthu opereka chithandizo chamankhwala ndi maphunziro? Ndipo nchifukwa ninji aliyense amangovomereza kuti izi ndi "zenizeni" chabe?
Ndipo mukuganiza kuti nโchifukwa chiyani zili choncho?
Chifukwa malonjezo omalizawa samalembedwa m'chinenero cha 'ngongole'. Chilankhulo cha ngongole sichuma; ndi chinenero cha makhalidwe abwino. Zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zikwi zambiri ndi anthu omwe ali m'mikhalidwe ya kusagwirizana kwakukulu kwa mphamvu. Ngati muli ndi vuto losagwirizana, makamaka chiwawa - ngati mwagonjetsa wina, kapena ngati ndinu Chigawenga Kutenga ndalama zoteteza - kenako kukonza ubalewo pankhani yangongole kumapangitsa kuti ziwoneke ngati zotulutsa ndi zazikulu ndipo ozunzidwa ndi omwe ali ndi mlandu. "Chabwino, uli ndi ngongole kwa ine, koma ndidzakhala munthu wabwino ndipo ndidzakusiya iwe mwezi unoโฆโ Posakhalitsa anthu ozunzidwawo amayamba kuwoneka kuti ali ndi vuto lalikulu chifukwa cha moyo wawo. Ndipo mfundoyi imakakamira m'maganizo a anthu - ndi yothandiza kwambiri. Osagwira ntchito konsekonse, chifukwa ndizowonanso kuti kuchuluka kwa zigawenga, zigawenga, ziwembu za anthu ambiri ndi zigawenga m'mbiri ya dziko zakhala za ngongole. Ikabwerera, imaphulika kwambiri. Komabe, ndi zomwe anthu amachita nthawi zonse akamakakamiza kusalingana kwathunthu.
Chodabwitsa ndichakuti pochita ndi wina ndi mnzake, anthu olemera ndi amphamvu amadziwa kuti ngongole si โzopatulika,โ ndipo amakonza zinthu nthawi zonse. Nthawi zambiri amakhala okhululuka kwambiri komanso owolowa manja akamachita zinthu. Lingaliro la kupatulika kwa ngongole limagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka tikamalankhula za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anthu. Monga momwe anthu olemera amadzathandizira anthu olemera, momwemonso osauka nawonso adzalolerana wina ndi mnzake - apanga 'ngongole' zomwe ndi mphatso, ndi zina zotero. Koma pamene mukuchita ndi ngongole zomwe zili ndi anthu opanda mphamvu kwa anthu omwe ali ndi mphamvu, mwadzidzidzi ngongoleyo imakhala yopatulika ndipo simungathe kukayikira.
Lingaliro la kuyenerera kwa ngongole, lingaliro lakuti mudzakhala bwino kwa ndalama zanu, mwina ndi kufotokozera bwino chifukwa chake, pamene mabungwe amphamvu kapena anthu ali ndi ngongole ku mabungwe ena amphamvu kapena anthu, amazengereza kulephera. Chifukwa chake kulemera komwe kumaperekedwa ku zigamulo za mabungwe owerengera ngati Moody's ndi S&P.
Ndizosangalatsa kuzitsata m'mbuyo, chifukwa omwe adatsogolera mabungwe owerengera ndalama ndiwo makamaka mabungwe omwe makalasi a capitalist achuma adapambana koyamba kudziyimira kwawo kuchokera kwa akalonga aku Europe omwe amatha kuwakankhira mozungulira ndikuwalanda nthawi zonse. Choyamba anafunika kupeza maziko odziimira pawokha monga Hanseatic League ndi maiko a mzinda wa Italy, kumene anali ndi makhoti awoawo ndi magulu ankhondo. Kenako adapanga mgwirizano wamba. Ndikukhulupirira kuti anali Filipo Wachiwiri yemwe adayamba kutsutsana ndi izi: adayesa njira yakale yakale yongolephera kubweza ngongole yake pamene anali pakati pa nkhondo yankhondo, ndipo mabanki onse akuluakulu ku Ulaya adamuuza kuti, ' simulandira ngongole kuchokera kwa aliyense wa ife pokhapokha mutadula izo'. Imeneyo inali nthawi yofunika kwambiri, mgwirizano wadzidzidzi wa anthu awa omwe amayenera kupikisana wina ndi mzake. Eya, iwo anali kupikisana wina ndi mzake, koma pamaso pa mphamvu yakunja, iwo anapanga kutsogolo wamba. Ndipo izi ndi zomwe mabungwe owerengera ngongole ali: ndi mtundu wa mphamvu zandale zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi magulu ena amphamvu kwambiri.
Kodi mtsutso waukulu wa bukhu lanu ndi chiyani?
Pali mndandanda wa iwo. Chimodzi ndi zomwe takhala tikukambirana. Kodi ngongole ndi chiyani? Ngongole ndi lonjezo limene lapotozedwa ndi masamu ndi chiwawa, ndipo bukuli limafotokoza mbiri ya mmene zimenezi zimachitikira. Mbiri yachita chodabwitsa ichi kwa ife: timagwirizanitsa zinthu monga nkhondo ndi ukapolo ndi dziko lakale ndipo tikuganiza kuti ziribe zofunikira pa moyo wathu. Koma zoona zake n'zakuti mbiri yachiwawa yasintha kwambiri momwe timaganizira, kotero kuti mfundo zathu zandale ndi zachuma zakhala zikusinthidwa kwathunthu. Zinthu zonsezi zakhala zikuwumbidwa kwambiri ndi ziwawa ndi ntchito zankhondo kuposa momwe timaganizira, mpaka pomwe ndikuganiza kuti tiyamba kuganiza mozama kwambiri kuti tipeze lingaliro lenileni la zomwe. gulu laufulu lingakhale ngati. Ngati โufuluโ uli kukhoza kupanga malonjezo enieni, ndiye, ndi malonjezo otani amene akazi ndi amuna angapange kwa wina ndi mnzake? Kodi zikanasungidwa bwanji? Sitikudziwa chomwe chingatanthauzenso kuyamba kufunsa mafunsowa, koma kuti tidziwe, tifunika kuchotsa zambiri zomwe zidachokera zaka zikwi zambiri za nkhondo, ukapolo, ndi ngongole, zomwe zimatilepheretsa kupeza. kunja. Umenewo si uthenga wachindunji wa bukhuli, koma ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe ndinali kuyesera kuti ndifotokoze.
Tiyeni tiwone mbiri yakale ya malingaliro athu a "ufulu", ndiye.
Ichi chinali chinthu chomwe sindimachidziwa bwino, koma sindinachizindikire, mpaka nditayamba kufufuza, momwe zinalili zowoneka bwino. Mโzinenero zambiri za anthu, mawu akuti โufuluโ amatanthauza โchosiyana ndi ukapolo. Moses Finley adanena kale kuti sizongochitika mwangozi kuti ziphunzitso za ufulu wandale zimakonda kutuluka m'malo omwe ali ndi ukapolo wovuta kwambiri, kaya ndi Atene wakale kapena atsamunda Virginia, komwe Thomas Jefferson adachokera. Koma izi ndi zoona pamlingo wozama kwambiri kuposa momwe ndimaganizira. M'madera ambiri kapolo ali ngati akufa amoyo: monga munthu amaphedwa. Lingaliro ndiloti iwo ndi munthu amene anagwidwa pankhondo, ogwidwawo adaganiza kuti asawaphe (zomwe akanakhala ndi ufulu wonse wochita), kotero kuti moyo wawo wam'mbuyo wapita ndipo zonse zomwe asiya ndi chiyanjano cha kugonjera kwathunthu. kwa munthu amene anali ndi ufulu wowapha.
Ndipo amachotsedwa ku chikhalidwe chawo.
Inde. Chotero ngati ndinu Mroma wotengedwa mkaidi wankhondo ndi kuchitidwa ngati kapolo kwinakwake, ndiyeno nkudzabweranso kunyumba, muyenera kukwatiranso mkazi wanu, muyenera kulowanso mu maubale onse, chifukwa munali mutafa ndithu.
Izi zimathandiza kufotokoza chinthu chodabwitsa kwambiri pa malamulo athu a katundu, omwe amachokera ku malamulo achiroma ndipo ayambitsa mavuto aakulu kwa oweruza kuyambira zaka za zana la khumi ndi chimodzi. Tanthauzo lathu la katundu ndi lakuti katundu ndi ubale pakati pa munthu ndi chinthu, pamene munthuyo ali ndi mphamvu zonse pa chinthucho. Kutanthauzira kumeneku sikumveka. Mwachitsanzo, ngati muli pachilumba chachipululu, mutha kukhala ndi ubale wapamtima ndi mtengo pachilumbacho. Mutha kukhala mukulankhula nawo tsiku lililonse. Koma kodi ndinu 'wake'? Chabwino, ndi funso lopanda ntchito pokhapokha wina ali pamenepo. Ndipotu, ufulu wa katundu ndi maubwenzi, kapena makonzedwe, pakati pawo anthu, za zinthu.
Lingaliro lathu la ufulu lilinso lamavuto. 'Ufulu' ndi mphamvu yachibadwidwe, molingana ndi malamulo a Chiroma, kuchita chilichonse chomwe mungafune - kupatula zinthu zomwe simungathe kuchita, mwina chifukwa cha lamulo kapena chifukwa choti wina akuimitseni. Izi zili ngati kunena kuti 'dzuwa ndi lozungulira, kupatula ngati lili lozungulira'. Ndipo anthu nthawi yomweyo adawonetsa izi: ndi tanthauzo ili, aliyense ndi 'mfulu'. Akapolo ndi 'afulu' - pambuyo pake, amatha kuchita chilichonse chomwe akufuna kupatula zomwe sangathe kuchita. Nanga nโcifukwa ciani anayambitsa tanthauzo losamveka limeneli?
Chifukwa chake nโchakuti oweruza achiroma ankaganizira anali kwenikweni ubale pakati pa anthu awiri a mphamvu zonse, zomwe zimapangitsa mmodzi wa iwo kukhala 'chinthu'. Ndi momwe ukapolo umakhalira. Kotero inu munali ndi kusintha kobisika kumeneku pa tanthauzo la ufulu. Poyambirira ufulu umatanthauza 'kusakhala kapolo', motero umatanthawuza anthu omwe anali ndi ubale. M'malo mwake mawu akuti 'kwaulere' m'Chingerezi imachokera ku mizu yomweyi ngati 'bwenzi' - anthu aufulu ndi, monga tanenera kale, anthu omwe amatha kudzipereka ndi kulonjeza kwa ena, zomwe akapolo sangathe kuchita. Koma ndiye tanthauzo limasuntha, kotero kuti tsopano likutanthauza mphamvu ya mwini kapolo. Munthu 'waufulu' amakhala munthu yemwe ali ndi anthu omwe angathe kuchita chilichonse chomwe angafune, kapena amene amayandikira dziko lapansi ngati zinthu zofanana - munthu yemwe ali ndi malo ake apadera, momwe angathe kuchita chilichonse chomwe angafune. . Tanthauzoli lili ndi ubwino wosanena kuti ufulu uli ndi malire kupatula monga momwe walembedwera. Koma zimabweretsa malingaliro opotoka mozama ndi otsutsana mโmenemo: ufulu umenewo suli chotulukapo cha maunansi a anthu, koma kwenikweni ndi kukana maunansi a anthu. Zimenezi zakhudza kwambiri mmene timaonera dziko.
Ndidachita chidwi ndi ndime yomwe ili m'bukuli pomwe mumakambirana za "uwiri" ngati kuyesa kuphatikiza nkhani yanzeru yomwe ingamveke bwino pamalingaliro achi Roma osamvetseka a ufulu wa katundu.
Inde, ndithudi. Chifukwa chinanso chododometsa chimakhala chongoganizira: mu chiphunzitso chaufulu wachibadwidwe, monga momwe zilili m'malamulo a katundu waku Roma, ufulu ndi kuthekera kwanu kuchita chilichonse chomwe mungafune mkati mwa umwini wanu. Chabwino, ngati 'ufulu' uli ufulu wa katundu, ndipo ngati dziko lonse lapansi likuwoneka mogwirizana ndi ufulu wa katundu, ndiye kuti katundu wanu woyamba ndi wofunikira kwambiri ndi thupi lanu, inuyo. CB MacPherson adanenanso izi kalekale: Malingaliro onse a ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi ufulu zimayamba ndi ufulu wanu wazinthu zachinsinsi pa inu nokha, ufulu wanu woletsa ena (ngakhale maboma) "kuphwanya" pamunthu wanu, nyumba yanu, katundu wanu. Koma ngati ufulu wachibadwidwe wakhazikitsidwa paufulu wanu wa katundu pa inu nokha, ndipo ufulu wa katundu umatengera ukapolo, ndiye kuti ndinu mbuye ndi kapolo nthawi imodzi. Chabwino, kodi izo zimagwira ntchito bwanji? Mwachionekere sizikupanga nzeru. Izi, zikuwoneka kwa ine, ndichifukwa chake tatsimikiza mtima kupanga magawano pakati pa malingaliro ndi thupi, chifukwa zimapereka njira yoganizira malingaliro athu monga 'mbuye' ndi thupi lathu ngati 'kapolo'. Lingaliro ili ndi yankho la momwe tinasankhira kufotokozera 'ufulu' mwalamulo.
Chododometsa china ndi chakuti ufulu wokha umawoneka ngati chinthu chomwe munthu ali nacho - ngati mtundu wa katundu. Choncho ufulu onse ndi kutha kukhala ndi zinthu, komanso ndi chinthu chomwe muli nacho. Kodi zimenezi zimagwira ntchito bwanji, ndipo nโchifukwa chiyani aliyense angafune kupanga ufulu monga ufulu wokhala ndi ufulu wanu? Zikumveka ngati kutsika kopanda malire. Lamulo la m'zaka zapakati, mwachitsanzo, ndi njira iliyonse ya commonsense, ingaganize kuti ufulu wanga ndi udindo wa munthu wina, ndipo mosiyana. Choncho ngati ndili ndi ufulu wozengedwa mlandu ndi oweruza, ndiye kuti muli ndi udindo woweruza. Izi ndizomveka muzochita. Chifukwa chiyani timaganizira za ufulu wathu ngati katundu? Ndipo makamaka ufulu wathu monga katundu?
Ngati mutatsatira, anthu omwe amakankhira mzerewu nthawi zonse si omwe amafuna kuwonjezera ufulu waumunthu, koma omwe ankafuna kutero. malire izo - anthu amene ankakhulupirira absolutist boma Mwachitsanzo. (Hobbes ndiye chitsanzo chapamwamba.) Chifukwa ngati ufulu ndi kuthekera kokhala ndi ufulu wanu, chabwino, chinthu chomwe muli nacho, mutha kugulitsa, mutha kubwereka, mutha kupereka. Ndizosavomerezeka. Mofananamo anthu omwe ankafuna kuteteza ukapolo anali kwambiri mu chiphunzitso cha ufulu wachibadwidwe.
The Chidziwitso cha Kudziimira, lolembedwa ndi Thomas Jefferson, wamkulu libertarian akapolo mwiniwake, akuyamba ndi mwachiwonekere kugwetsa lingaliro lomwelo kuti chinachake chonga ukapolo chikhoza kukhala chotheka, kulengeza - ndipo adalowa m'mavuto chifukwa cha izi - kuti 'ife tapatsidwa ufulu wina wosasinthika'. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ndife eni ake, koma sitingathe kuzigulitsa. Ngakhale zili choncho, zimasunga chilankhulo ndi malingaliro a chiphunzitso cha ufulu wachibadwidwe. Zotsatira zake, kuyesa kulikonse kuligwiritsa ntchito kumapanga zododometsa zosatha. Ndine wotsimikiza kuti ngati mutatenga anthu wamba a ku America ndi kuwafunsa kuti ateteze mfundo yakuti ukapolo uyenera kukhala wosaloledwa, adzapeza kukhala kovuta kwambiri kuchita. Onse anganene kuti, inde, ndi kulakwa kukhala ndi anthu, koma ngati munawaumiriza chifukwa chake, ndikugwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo - chabwino, tili ndi akaidi olamulidwa moyo wawo wonse popanda parole, ndipo nthawi zambiri ndende zimabwereka ntchito za akaidi m'minda yapafupi. kapena makampani. Bwanji osagulitsa? - mwina sakanatha kubwera ndi chifukwa. Chifukwa lingaliro la commonsense yathu yokhudza lamulo ndi ufulu ndi ufulu zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kutsutsa bungweli.
Ndiye chilankhulo ichi chaufulu ndi umwini wapemphedwa makamaka ndi anthu ofuna kuchepetsa ufulu?
Inde, kubwera ndi zifukwa zogulira akapolo. Umenewo unali mkangano. Ndizosangalatsa kunena, chifukwa ukapolo wakale sunali, makamaka, wozikidwa pa lingaliro lililonse la 'mtundu' kapena ukulu wa fuko. Aliyense akhoza kukhala kapolo - zinali zoipa chabe. Ukagwidwa pankhondo, umakhala kapolo. Mfundo ina imene mumaimva nthawi zambiri ndi yakuti, mโnthawi zakale palibe amene ankaletsa ukapolo ngati chinthu chofunika kwambiri. Ine sindikuganiza kuti izo nzoona. Ndikuganiza kuti aliyense ankaganiza kuti zinali zolakwika. Ngati muyang'ana pa lamulo lachiroma, chimodzi mwa zinthu zoyamba zomwe mumaphunzira m'chaka choyamba, ngati ndinu wophunzira wa Chiroma, ndi tanthauzo la ukapolo, lomwe liri: 'ukapolo ndi chikhazikitso chotsatira malamulo a mayiko omwe munthu amagwera pansi pa ufulu wa katundu wa wina, mosiyana ndi chilengedwe'. Zimaganiziridwa kuti ndi zachilendo komanso zolakwika. Ndikuganiza kuti anthu amaganiza za ukapolo mofanana ndi momwe timaganizira za nkhondo. Ukapolo unkawoneka ngati zotsatira za chilengedwe cha nkhondo: ndithudi, anthu adzapita kukamenyana ndi nkhondo, ena a iwo adzadzipereka ndi kukhala akapolo, ndipo ndi momwe zimakhalira. Funso loti ndi lolondola kapena lolakwika - chabwino, inde, ndithudi, zingakhale zabwino ngati titha kuchotsa nkhondo. Nkhondo ndi yoipa, momwemonso ukapolo. Koma khalani enieni. Umu ndi mmene anthu amaonera nkhondo masiku ano, ndipo ndi mmene anthu ankamvera akapolo akale.
Chifukwa chomwe ndikubweretsera izi ndikuti munthu amapeza chimodzimodzi nthawi yoyambirira ya malonda a akapolo amakono, asanayambe kufotokozedwa kwa malingaliro amakono a mitundu. Sananene kuti 'Aafirika ndi otsika, chifukwa chake alibe chitukuko, choncho ndi bwino kuwachotsa'. Kwenikweni iwo anatsutsana. Iwo adanena kuti mabungwe a ku Africa ndi ovomerezeka ngati athu, choncho ambiri mwa anthuwa ayenera kuti anali akapolo mwalamulo. Popeza kuti mayiko onse amazindikira kuti tili ndi ufulu winawake, choncho ndi ufulu wogulitsa ufuluwo, mwina akanadzigulitsa, kapena wina amene anali ndi ufulu wowagulitsa akanawagulitsaโmakolo awo, munthu amene anawagwira pankhondo, woweruza amene anawapeza olakwa. Zedi, ena mwa iwo atha kukhala akapolo mosaloledwa, koma nkhanza zimachitika m'dongosolo lililonse, ndipo mfundo ndi yakuti ukapolo wokha ndi bungwe lovomerezeka ku Africa lomwe limadalira malamulo adziko lonse. Unali mtundu woterewu wonyozeka padziko lonse womwe udalungamitsa ukapolo.
Ndipo m'mbiri yakale kutsutsa ukapolo kukana chinenero chaufulu, kapena kwayesera, monga mu Declaration of Independence, kuyenerera?
Zinapita mbali zosiyanasiyana, koma mopambanitsa maufulu achilengedwe omwe anthu adapambana. Chifukwa chake mumamaliza ndi mtundu wa zolemba zomwe ndidazifotokozera, pomwe mumayamba ndi mawu achilamulo achi Roma ndiyeno mumayesa kuwapanga kukhala otsutsana ndi zomwe adapangidwa kuti afotokoze. Zimafanana kwambiri ndi chinenero cha ngongole ndi makhalidwe abwino. Ngati tinene kuti anthu ambiri akuuzidwa, 'muli ndi ngongole kwa ife (popanda kukuphani pamene tinakugonjetsani zaka zana zapitazo)' - zomwe ziri zofanana kwambiri ndi zomwe zimatsutsana ndi ukapolo - ndiye kuti ndizosatheka kuyankha. izo sizitenga mawonekedwe a, 'dikirani kaye, ndani kwenikweni ali ndi ngongole ya ndani pano?' Koma mukangonena zimenezi, mukuvomereza ngongoleyo is makhalidwe abwino, kuti maudindo amakhalidwe abwino amaikidwa bwino ngati nkhani za ngongole - mwadzidzidzi mukugwiritsa ntchito chinenero cha wogonjetsayo. Ndinganene kuti izi zakhala zikuchitika nthawi zonse, m'mbiri yonse.
Ichi ndichifukwa chake mukuwona, m'malemba ambiri akale amakhalidwe ndi chipembedzo, kuwirikiza kwachilendo, kukangana kwamkati, komwe anthu mbali imodzi amamva kuti ali ndi udindo wogwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo cha ngongole (Sanskrit, Chihebri ndi Chiaramu onse amagwiritsa ntchito mawu ofanana kutanthauza kuti ali ndi ngongole). 'ngongole' ngati 'tchimo') koma nthawi yomweyo, amayamba mwanjira imeneyo ndiyeno amati, 'chabwino, kupatula ayi'. Iwo amaona kuti ali ndi udindo wokonza nkhaniyo ngati ngongole, ndiyeno ayenera kukonzanso lingaliro la ngongole ndi kunena kuti ndithudi chimene chiri chopatulika si ngongole zanu koma kukhoza kukhululukira ngongole (chiwombolo). Kuzindikira kuti ngongole ilibe tanthauzo.
Ndikuganiza kuti chitsanzo chamakono cha mtundu wotere wa mikangano yamkati yokhudzana ndi 'ngongole' ndi 'ulemu' munthu angayang'ane ku ulamuliro wakale wa Chingerezi, womwe kumbali imodzi umayang'ana pansi pa 'ndalama zatsopano' ndi msika nthawi zambiri, koma mbali ina ili ndi lingaliro lakuti munthu wolemekezeka 'amalipira ngongole zake'. Ndiye, kodi mukuganiza kuti kusamvana pakumvetsetsa kwathu zamakhalidwe angongole komwe kunalipo m'malemba akale sikunathetsedwe? Kodi chikupitirizabe kukhala magwero a chisokonezo cha makhalidwe?
Mwamtheradi. Chodabwitsa ndi momwe zimakhalira mosasinthasintha. Anthu akhala akufunsa funso lomweli kwa zaka masauzande ambiri. Nthawi zonse ndimaganizira za Plato Republic, mโmene miyambo yonse ya ndale ya Azungu, mโlingaliro lina, imayamba ndi funso lakuti โKodi chilungamo nchiyani?โ โChabwino, ndiko kulipira ngongole za munthu. Ayi, sizingagwire ntchito โ tiyeni tiyesenso chinaโฆโ Kafotokozedwe ka 'ulemu' ndi chitsanzo chimodzi cha kusamvana. Kumbali imodzi, zikutanthawuza kuti mumalipira ngongole zanu - osati chifukwa chakuti mumaziganizira kwambiri, koma chifukwa chakuti mwadzipereka kuzinthu zapamwamba. Kumbali ina zikutanthawuza, muzochitika zina, kunyoza kotheratu malonda onse omwe amanena kuti mudzalipira ngongole zanu (ndipo olemekezeka ambiri satero!).
Chabwino, tiyeni tiwunikenso bwino ngongole. Kuti tichite zimenezi, choyamba tiyenera kuyangโana ndalama. Ndi tanthauzo lanji la ndalama lomwe mumagwiritsa ntchito m'bukuli?
Pali masukulu awiri akuluakulu amalingaliro pa izi mkati mwazachuma. Sukulu ya Orthodox kapena yodziwika bwino imaganiza kuti ndalama zimatuluka ngati, ndipo zimakhalabe njira ya, kuwombola. Umu ndi momwe mumapezera 'nthano ya kusinthanitsa' yachikale, yomwe nthawi zina imatchedwa: Kale kunali mudzi wawung'ono, ndipo aliyense ankagulitsana zinthu mwachindunji. โNdikupatsani nkhuku makumi awiri pa ngโombe imeneyoโ; โO, simukufuna nkhuku, chabwino, mukusowa chiyani?โ; etc. Mochuluka buku lililonse lazachuma limatsegula gawo lake la ndalama ndi izi. Ndipo ngati ndilibe chimene muchifuna, sindingathe kupeza chimene muli nacho; ili ndi vuto; pamapeto pake timakhazikika pa chinachake chimene aliyense adzafuna; ndipo chifukwa icho chimakhala njira yosinthira pali bwalo labwino momwe anthu amafunira kwambiri, ndalama zimatuluka, ndipo pamapeto pake ngongole imayamba kuchokera pamenepo.
Pali vuto ndi nkhaniyi. Zikuganiza kuti aliyense m'mudzi waung'ono adzakhala akuchita zomwe akatswiri azachuma amatcha "malonda apanyumba" - ndikupatsani chinachake pompano, mundipatsa chinachake pompano, ndipo timachokapo. Koma ndithudi izo ndi zopusa. Ngati mnzako ali ndi zomwe mukufuna, ngakhale mulibe zomwe akufuna tsopano, ndiye mnansi wanu ndipo mudzakhala ndi zomwe akufuna. Ndiye chomwe chingachitike mumkhalidwe wotero ndi njira yangongole. Chifukwa chake sukulu ina ya akatswiri azachuma imayamba ndi lingaliro langongole, ndikugogomezera gawo la ndalama ngati gawo la nkhani. Ndalama ndi njira yoyezera ngongole. Uwu ndi mtundu wa akaunti yakusukulu ya Chartalist - pali zovuta zina: malingaliro angongole, malingaliro azandalama, ndi zina zotero. Ndalama zimayamba ngati gawo la akaunti, ndipo sizinthu zomwe ziyenera kukhala mwathupi Apo.
Choncho ndalama m'lingaliro limeneli ndi ngati 'centimita', kapena 'lita'.
Ndendende. Pali mzere wotchuka ndi Mitchell Innes: '[diso] silinawonepo, ngakhale dzanja silinakhudze dola'. Kuposa momwe izo zakhudzira inchi, kapena ola. Chifukwa chake ndalama ndi gawo la muyeso wa mtengo, koma mtengo womwe umazindikirika mungongole ndi ngongole.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti pankhani yazachuma anyamatawa amaonedwa ngati opanda pake, ndipo ndi ochepera kwambiri pazachuma wamba. Koma pakati pa akatswiri ofukula mabwinja ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale, mosiyana, iwo amakonda kukhala ovuta kwambiri, chifukwa umboni weniweni womwe tili nawo umasonyeza kuti akulondola. Ndipotu ndalama zachitsulo zimapezedwa zaka masauzande ndalama zitayamba, ndipo anthu anali kugwiritsa ntchito kale ndalama zogulira ndalama ndikukamba za chiwongoladzanja chowonjezereka kale pasanakhale ndalama zenizeni kapena, monga momwe tikudziwira, pasanakhale misomali yasiliva yozungulira pogulitsa. Mfundo imodzi imene inandichititsa chidwi kwambiri nโnjakuti, ngakhale kuti anthu a ku Sumeri anali ndi luso laumisiri lochitira zimenezi, iwo sanapange masikelo kukhala olondola kuti athe kuyeza ndalama zasiliva zimene zikanafunika kuti agule zinthu wamba.
Ndiye ngati ngongole idatsogolera ndalama zolimba, chifukwa chiyani ndalama zolimba zidapangidwa?
Chigwirizano chomwe chikubwera pakati pa akatswiri a mbiri yakale pazaka khumi zapitazi ndikuti misika yotengera kugwiritsa ntchito bullion kapena ndalama zenizeni pazochitika zatsiku ndi tsiku ndi pafupifupi kulikonse ndi zotsatira za nkhondo. Ngati mukuganiza za izi, ndizomveka. Nโcifukwa ciani anasankha golide ndi siliva monga ndalama yapadziko lonse yosinthanitsa? Eya, golidi ndi siliva zinali mtundu wa zinthu zomwe asirikali amayenera kukhala nazo zambiri, popeza chimenecho ndi chinthu chophweka komanso chamtengo wapatali kunyamula ngati mukubera ndi kufunkha kwinakwake. Koma kumbali ina, msilikali ndi munthu womaliza yemwe mungafune kumupatsa ngongole, chifukwa ali ndi zida zankhondo ndipo akungodutsa. Kotero, asilikali amafuna zinthu (misika nthawizonse imapangidwa mozungulira gulu lankhondo), ndipo iwo ali ndi tizidutswa tambiri ta zitsulo zamtengo wapatali izi; nzomveka kuti ndipamene misika yandalama imatuluka.
Zomwe zikuwoneka kuti zidachitika ndikuti mayiko adayamba kugawanitsa katunduyo kukhala zidutswa zofanana, kenako nkumapanga ndalama. Ndiye - ndipo ichi ndiye chinyengo chachikulu - adafuna kuti abweze ndalamazo, pamisonkho. Chimodzi mwa zinsinsi zazikulu, ngati mutenga chiphunzitso cha Adam Smith cha chiyambi cha ndalama (chomwe chinachokera ku zovuta za kusinthanitsa), ndichifukwa chiyani mafumu akale ankafuna misonkho nkomwe? Ngati golidi ndi siliva mwachibadwa anali ndalama, bwanji osangolanda migodi ya golidi ndi siliva mwachindunji ndi kusunga zonse? Zowonadi ndi zomwe adachita, ndiye pali phindu lanji kutenga golide yemwe muli naye kale, ndikudindapo chithunzi chanu, ndikuchipereka ndikunena kuti, 'Chabwino, aliyense, bwezerani'? Kufotokozera komveka kokhako ndikuti iwo anali kuyesera kupanga msika, ndipo akufotokozeranso omwe amamupatsa. Limodzi mwa mavuto aakulu mโnthaลตi zakale linali kudyetsa gulu lankhondo. Muli ndi anthu 50,000 omwe akhala mozungulira, ndipo adya chilichonse chomwe chayima mderali mkati mwa milungu itatu. Kodi mumawadyetsa bwanji? Njira yosavuta ndiyo kupatsa asilikaliwo ndalama zachitsulozi nโkunena kuti, โChabwino, aliyense mu ufumuwo akuyenera kundipatsa imodzi mwa ndalamaziโ. Mwadzidzidzi anthu onse ayenera kupeza njira yoperekera asilikali zomwe akufuna posinthanitsa ndi ndalamazo. Kotero inu mogwira ntchito ufumu wanu wonse kudyetsa asilikali anu. Misika yamalonda ndiyomwe imachokera ku ntchito zankhondo zochitidwa ndi mayiko.
Jamie Stern-Weiner amaphunzira ndale ku Cambridge, ndipo ndi mkonzi wa New Left Project. Zikomo ku Samuel Grove kuti muthandizidwe ndikusintha.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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