Omasuliridwa ndi Barbara ndi David Forbes.
Mu November 2004, George Bush anasankhidwanso mosavuta kukhala pulezidenti wa United States kwa zaka zina zinayi, ndi mavoti ochuluka kwambiri m'mbiri ya dziko. Chisankhochi sichikuyenda bwino pa ubale pakati pa Havana ndi Washington. Mfundo zankhanza za US ku Cuba zatsatira njira yake, mogwirizana ndi zolinga zomwe adalengeza zothetsa chikhalidwe cha anthu pachilumbachi. Kuphatikiza pa ntchito zabodza zapadziko lonse lapansi, olamulira a Bush awonjezera ntchito zake zopanda pake zomwe cholinga chake ndi kuvutitsanso anthu aku Cuba. (1)
Zilango zatsopano zachuma zomwe zinaperekedwa mu May 2004 ndi Lipoti la Colin Powell zakhudza kwambiri anthu okhala pachilumba cha Cuba komanso nzika za US zochokera ku Cuba. Mwachitsanzo, kuyendera mabanja kwa nzika zomwe zikukhala ku USA zakhala zikuyenda ulendo umodzi wopita ku Cuba zaka zitatu zilizonse, zomwe zadzetsa zovuta ngati za Emma Cruz. A Cruz, azaka 74 okhala ku Miami, sanapatsidwe chilolezo chopita pafupi ndi bedi la mwana wawo wamkazi wazaka 49, Irma Rodales, yemwe anali kudwala khansa yakufa ndipo amakhala ku Cuba. Mayi Rodales adamwalira ndi matenda ake pa 22nd July 2004 popanda amayi ake kuti agwirizane naye panthawi yake yomaliza. Ofesi yoona za chuma chakunja ku dipatimenti ya Treasury inakana pempho la Mayi Cruz loti apite popanda kukana kuyankha pempho lake lofulumira. (2) Masoka ambiri a m'banja ofanana ndi omwe achitika ku USA ndipo adalimbana ndi kusayanjanitsika kopanda chifundo kwa akuluakulu a Washington.
Nkhani yovutayi imangowonetsa kutsimikiza kwa kayendetsedwe ka Bush Bush kuti achepetse ntchito yosintha dziko la Cuba kukhala phulusa. Mayi Cruz akuyembekezerabe chilolezo kuchokera ku Dipatimenti ya Chuma kuti athe, potsiriza, kupita kumanda a mwana wawo wamkazi ndikugawana chisoni chake ndi adzukulu ake. 'Pali zokamba zambiri za umunthu pano, koma sindinaziwone paliponse,' adatero mokhumudwa. (3)
Kutsatira kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zomwe zakhazikitsidwa mu lipoti la 'Commission for Assistance to Free Cuba', ndege yankhondo ya C-130 Commando Solo idaperekedwa kotheratu kuti itumize mapulogalamu omwe analipo a Radio ndi TV MartÃ, omwe adakhazikitsidwa kuti ayambitse kusaloledwa. kusamuka ku USA. (4) Njira ya Washington ndi yomveka bwino ndipo ikutsatira njira yomveka. Choyamba, kufalikira kwatsopano kwa zilango zachuma kumabweretsa mavuto akulu kwa anthu aku Cuba pachilumbachi, omwe amaloledwa kulandira ndalama zochepa kuchokera kwa achibale awo omwe amakhala ku USA. (5) Pambuyo pa izi, chiwerengero cha ma visa operekedwa ndi Gawo la Zokonda ku North America ku Havana kwa omwe akuyembekeza kusamuka mwalamulo chachepetsedwa kwambiri, kuphwanya mgwirizano wa 1994 womwe unasainidwa ndi Pulezidenti Bill Clinton, womwe umalola kuti aperekedwe. 20 000 ma visa pachaka. 6 (1966)
Mosiyana ndi maonekedwe, dongosololi siliri lopanda nzeru. M'malo mwake, kuwonjezera pazabodza zomwe anthu osamukira kumayiko ena osaloledwa angapereke - zomwe atolankhani apadziko lonse lapansi adzafulumizitsa kufotokoza monyadira kwambiri kuti 'kuthawa ulamuliro wankhanza kupita ku ufulu' - njira iyi ikufuna kuyambitsa kulowererapo kwa zida. za asitikali aku US ku Cuba. Washington yawopseza Cuba momveka bwino kuti ibwezera usilikali ngati pangakhalenso anthu osamukira ku USA. Mlembi Wothandizira wa boma ku dipatimenti ya American Affairs, Roger Noriega, wobadwa ku Cuba komanso pafupi ndi mapiko akumanja kwambiri komanso owonetsetsa kwambiri ku Florida, wanena izi: 'Tauza kale boma la Cuba kuti USA iganizira. kuyesera kulikonse kusokoneza kapena kupangitsa kuti anthu ambiri asamuke kumadera athu ngati chiwopsezo ku chitetezo cha dziko lawo. '
Chisankho chotheka cha John Kerry kukhala purezidenti, ngakhale kuchoka ku njira yowongoka komanso yokhazikika ya kayendetsedwe ka Bush, sikukanabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu mu mfundo za Washington ku Cuba zomwe, mulimonse, zimangowonetsa kupitiliza kwa imperialist. ndondomeko kubwerera kupitirira zaka mazana awiri. Ndipotu Bambo Kerry, atanyamulidwa ndi chisankho chake, adadzudzula boma la Havana lomwe, mwa lingaliro lake, limapanga 'chopinga chachikulu cha kupambana kwa demokalase' ku Latin America. Bambo Kerry sakulakwitsa kwenikweni, ngati tivutike kumasulira mawu omwe tawatchulawa kubwerera ku 1959. M'malo mwake, Cuba ikupanga ' chopinga chachikulu' '¦ ku US hegemony ku continent. Ndipo izi zikadali zosavomerezeka ku Washington. (9)
Pakadali pano, zigawenga zaku Cuba monga a Joe Garcia, yemwe kale anali mkulu wa bungwe la Cuban-American National Foundation (CANF), sanazengereze kuloweza msasa wa Democrat kuti atsimikize kuti ngati Kerry angasankhidwe, akhalebe wokhulupirika. ndondomeko zaukali komanso zolowererapo zomwe zikugwira ntchito motsutsana ndi Cuba. Bambo Garcia, yemwe adachitapo kanthu potsutsana ndi zomwe gulu la Bush lalengeza posachedwa, ndi membala wa chipani cha Democrat, mkati mwake akukakamiza kwambiri kuti asungitse zilango zotsutsana ndi anthu aku Cuba. (10)
CANF yapereka chithandizo chake kwa mkulu wawo wakale, choncho Jorge Mas Santos, pulezidenti wa CANF, wavomereza kuti ndi funso lachidule: 'Sitikufuna kuti kumanzere kwa Democratic Party kutsogolere ndondomeko ya Cuba. kapena kuganiza za Cuba. Ndikofunika kusunga maziko onse chifukwa sitidziwa yemwe adzapambane mu November ndipo sitingathe kukhala osasamala kuti tiike tsogolo la Cuba m'manja mwa munthu mmodzi kapena gulu limodzi.' (11)
Ponena za Secretary of State Colin Powell, sanachedwe. Malinga ndi iye, Castro (yomwe m'chinenero cha US ndale-diplomacy ndi ofanana ndi 'Cuban Revolution') 'sanasiye kukhala vuto' ku America hemisphere. (12) Dipatimenti Yaboma yatsutsa boma la Cuba kuti likuyambitsa kuphwanya malamulo ku Columbia ndi Venezuela ponena za 'kukhalapo kwa anthu ambiri aku Cuba' m'dziko la Hugo Chavez. Mneneri wa a Powell, Richard Boucher, mwachiwonekere sananene kuti ogwira ntchito omwe akufunsidwawo anali madokotala ndi aphunzitsi omwe amagwira ntchito m'madera osauka kwambiri a dziko lomwe latchulidwa kale. Mwachiwonekere, zirizonse zotsatira za chisankho cha pulezidenti, ziwawa za Washington ku Cuba nthawi zonse zidzakhala mgwirizano waukulu pakati pa mayiko awiriwa. (13)
Nkhondo yomwe utsogoleri wapano waku US ikuchita motsutsana ndi aku Cuba ndi yanzeru. M'malo mwake, zolemba zilizonse zamaphunziro, zasayansi ndi zachikhalidwe ndi maphunziro omwe amachitidwa ku Cuba nthawi yomweyo amaikidwa pamndandanda wakuda ndipo amaletsedwa ku USA, chifukwa amagwera mkati mwazoletsa zachuma. Izi zimanyalanyazidwa kwathunthu ndi atolankhani apadziko lonse lapansi omwe, kumbali ina, samalephera kudzudzula 'malingaliro amodzi' pachilumba cha Cuba. Gulu la olemba ndi osindikiza a US, omwe akufuna kufalitsa ntchito zawo zomwe zinalembedwa ku Cuba, ayambitsa makhoti ku Dipatimenti ya Treasury ponena za kugwiritsa ntchito njirazi, koma popanda mwayi uliwonse wopambana. ' Sipayenera kukhala chiletso pamalingaliro, "adatero Janet Francendense, mkulu wa Temple University Press pankhaniyi.(14)
Magulu angapo osindikiza mabuku monga Association of American Publishers/Professional/ Scholarly Publishing Division (AAP/PSP), Association of American University Presses ndi Arcade Publishing ndi omwe akuimbidwa mlandu kukhothi lomwe likuchitika ku New York. ' Kodi dziko la USA lingachirikize bwanji udindo wathu monga chowunikira cha kusinthanitsa kwaufulu kwa malingaliro ndi sayansi ngati ife tokha tikuwunika olemba chifukwa cha komwe akuchokera? Adafunsa a Marc Brodsky, Purezidenti wa AAP/PSP. (14)
Mu Okutobala 2004, dipatimenti ya Boma idakana kupereka ma visa kwa aphunzitsi pafupifupi 65 aku yunivesite yaku Cuba omwe adaitanidwa kuti atenge nawo gawo pa msonkhano wapachaka wa Latin-American Studies Association (LASA) womwe udachitikira ku Las Vegas 7th-9th October 2004. Izi zinali zisanachitikepo ndipo zidawonetsa kuti banja la Bush Bush silinabwerenso m'malingaliro awo odana ndi Cuba. M'mbuyomu, dipatimenti ya Boma idakana kale kulola ma visa kwa aphunzitsi a mayunivesite koma osati kwa nthumwi zonse. 'Ndikoyamba kuti izi zichitike,' adatero Michael Erisman, pulofesa wa dipatimenti ya Political Science pa State University of Indiana. Njira zopangidwa ndi LASA kwa andale omwe akuyang'anira sizinayende bwino, ngakhale kusonkhanitsa gawo lalikulu la dziko la maphunziro a US ndi mamembala ena a Republican ndi Democrat ku Congress. ' Ndikuganiza kuti ichi ndi chisankho chowopsya kwambiri', anatsindika Uva de Aragón, wachiwiri kwa mkulu wa Institute for Cuban Studies ku Florida International University (FIU). "Kuletsa msonkhano ndi aphunzitsi aku Cuba, m'maphunzirowa, sikulimbikitsa kusinthanitsa malingaliro omwe ndi ofunika kwambiri ku Cuba," adanong'oneza bondo. (16)
Boma la US linalungamitsa chigamulo chake ponena kuti ogwira ntchito ku yunivesite anali antchito a boma la Cuba. Mneneri wa Dipatimenti ya Boma Richard Boucher adalongosola ndi nkhope yowongoka kuti akuyimira chiwopsezo ku USA. "Tikuganiza kuti sizikugwirizana ndi zomwe tikufuna," adatero. ' Sikoyenera kuti gulu ili la ogwira ntchito za boma la Cuba - aphunzitsi aku yunivesite - abwere kumsonkhano kuti afalitse chipani chawo, ' anachenjeza Bambo Boucher. (17)
Chisankhochi chili ndi tanthauzo lamkati munjira yosokoneza anthu aku Cuba. M'malo mwake, zofalitsa zabodza komanso zabodza zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa ndi Washington komanso kumanja kwa Cuba ku Florida sadziwa malire ndipo zimaperekedwa mwachipembedzo ndi atolankhani amitundu yambiri. Ndikoyenera kuti akuluakulu a boma la US asunge anthu awo omwe ali pachifungachi, chomwe chimawalola kuti avomereze kuzunza kwawo mopanda chilungamo kwa anthu aku Cuba. Kuyanjana konse pakati pa anthu awiriwa ndikuwononga kwa mfumu yachifumu yomwe, kuti ipambane, ikuyenera kusunga malingaliro a anthu aku US mosazindikira chilichonse pazochitika zaku Cuba. Izi zikufotokozera chifukwa chake nzika zaku US zilibe ufulu wopita ku Cuba, motsutsana ndi malamulo adziko lawo, poopa kuimbidwa mlandu ndikuweruzidwa kukhala m'ndende zaka 10. Ogwira ntchito ku yunivesite yaku Cuba adayika pachiwopsezo chowonetsa njira za kayendetsedwe ka Bush, chifukwa chake kukana uku.
Kampeni zamwano zankhani zapa media zomwe zayambitsidwa motsutsana ndi Cuba zili ndi ziwopsezo zosiyanasiyana zomwe angathe. Chimodzi mwazoneneza zomwe Washington idapereka chinali kunena kuti chilumbachi ndi malo owopsa ochulukitsa zida zankhondo. Komabe, kafukufuku wopangidwa ku Cuba ndi akatswiri ochokera ku Washington-based Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS) adatsimikiza kuti zomwe akuluakulu aku US akuimba zinali zopanda maziko. Panalibe 'umboni umodzi wotsimikizira izi' adatero John Tucker, wofufuza wa CNS. (18)
Makampani a dissidence, omwe adakhazikitsidwa ndi Washington ndi James Cason, mkulu wa Havana Section for North American Interests, awonetsa momveka bwino malire ake. M'malo mwake, magulu a 'omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe', monga momwe atolankhani apadziko lonse lapansi amafotokozera mwamwayi omwe, ndi ndalama zokwana madola, sazengereza kuyika miyoyo ya nzika anzawo pachiwopsezo komanso ufulu wadziko lawo, akuwononga. wina ndi mzake padera. Elizardo San Pedro MarÃn, 'wotsutsa', akuimbidwa mlandu ndi anzake pabizinesi yomweyi kuti ndi wolipidwa ku boma la Cuba. Kugwirizana kwake ndi gulu lachigawenga la Alpha 66, yemwe mtsogoleri wake Andres Nazario Sargen anamwalira pa 6th October 2004 ali ndi zaka 88 (19) sanalepheretse anzake kuti ayambe kumutsutsa. (20)
Zifukwa za chipongwechi chokhudza ' akatswiri otsutsa' mwina zimachokera ku vuto la kugawa ndalama zomwe amalandira kuchokera kunja. M'malo mwake, 'mabungwe ambiri' adandaula kuti sanalandire malipiro omwe adalonjezedwa pazochitika zawo, ndipo adzudzula anzawo chifukwa chosagawa ndalama zomwe adapeza mwachilungamo.
Kugwa komvetsa chisoni kwa pulezidenti wa Cuba Fidel Castro pamwambo ku Santa Clara kunali chinthu chamkuntho chodabwitsa komanso chomwe sichinachitikepo. Zithunzizo zinazungulira dziko lonse lapansi ndipo mitsinje ya inki idatuluka m'maofesi a nyuzipepala zazikulu zapadziko lonse lapansi kwa masiku angapo. Panali chisangalalo chambiri komanso chopanda nzeru, chokongoletsedwa ndi malingaliro omwe anali omwazikana monga momwe zinalili zopusa. (21) Panthawi imodzimodziyo, Washington anakana kulola kampani ya Dutch, Intervet, kugulitsa katemera wofunika kwambiri polimbana ndi khansa kwa anthu aku Cuba omwe akudwala matendawa, chifukwa mankhwalawa anali ndi 10% ya antigene yopangidwa ku USA. Palibe mawu aliwonse a izi omwe adalembedwa m'manyuzipepala apadziko lonse lapansi. Izi zikuwonetsa kutsika kwaufulu wanzeru ndi zolakwa zamakhalidwe zomwe anthu akumadzulo adafikira, m'nthawi yomwe kusuliza kudakwezedwa paudindo waukoma. (22)
zolemba
1 Salim Lamrani, 'Nkhondo ya Propaganda Yolimbana ndi Cuba: Msonkhano wa Prague', ZNet, 9th November 2004. http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=54&ItemID=6612 (malo omwe adawonetsedwa pa Novembara 10, 2004).
2 Wilfredo Cancio Isla, ' Fuerte impacto de las medidas de Bush en los viajes a Cuba ', El Nuevo Herald, 4 October 2004. www.miami.com/mld/elnuevo/news/world/cuba/9828423.htm (malo omwe adafunsidwa pa 5th October 2004).
3 Wilfredo Cancio Isla, ' Demora en permiso empire adre to su hija moribunda en Cuba ', 4th October 2004. www.miami.com/mld/elnuevo/news/world/cuba/9828333.htm (malo omwe adafunsidwa pa 5th October 2004).
4 Colin L. Powell, Commission for Assistance ku Free Cuba, (Washington : United States Department of State, May 2004). www.state.gov/documents/organization/32334.pdf (malo omwe adafunsidwa pa 7 Meyi 2004).
5 Inde.
6 Felipe Perez Roque, Nous ne comptons pas renoncer à notre souverainete, Conference de presse offerte par le ministre des Relations exterieures de la Republique de Cuba le 9 avril 2003 (La Havane : Editora PolÃtica, 2003-20), pp.
7 Department of State ' Cuban Adjustment Act ', Public Law 89-732, 2 novembre 1966, Office of Cuban Affairs, Bureau of Western Hemisphere. www.usembassy.state.gov/havana/wwwhact.html (malo omwe adafunsidwa pa 28 Januware 2003).
8 Pablo Alfonso, ' Washington advierte a Cuba que no tolerara nueva ola de balseros ', El Nuevo Herald, 2nd October 2004. www.miami.com/mld/elnuevo/news/world/cuba/9814351.htm (malo omwe adafunsidwa pa 2nd October 2004).
9 El Nuevo Herald, 'Kerry ataca Castro y responde a Powell', 7th October 2004. www.miami.com/mld/elnuevo/news/world/cuba/9853176.htm (malo omwe adafunsidwa pa 7th October 2004).
10 Karl Ross, ' Exile : Purezidenti Bush Walephera Kubweretsa Demokalase ku Cuba ', The Miami Herald, 22nd September 2004. www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/news/world/cuba/9729520.htm (malo omwe adafunsidwa pa 25 September 2004).
11 Cuban American National Foundation, ' Executive Director wa CANF Akusiya Kulowa nawo ma Democrats ', September 2004. www.canf.org/2004/principal-ingles.htm (malo omwe adafunsidwa pa 25 September 2004).
12 El Nuevo Herald, ' Preocupa a Washington papel de Castro ku Venezuela ndi Colombia ', 10th October 2004. www.miami.com/mld/elnuevo/news/world/cuba/98804440.htm (wothandizira tsamba 11th October 2004).
13 Warren P. Strobel, ' Castro Akadali Vuto, Powell Says ', The Miami Herald, 8th October 2004. www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/news/world/cuba/9864385.htm (malo omwe adafunsidwa pa 25 September 2004).
14 Christina Hoag, ' Mutu wa Suti : Kuletsa Mabuku aku Cuba ', The Miami Herald, 28th September 2004. www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/news/world/cuba/9775614.htm (malo omwe adafunsidwa pa 29 September 2004).
15 Christina Hoag, ' Quieren levantar el embargo sobre libros cubanos ', El Nuevo Herald, 28th September 2004. www.miami.com/mld/elnuevo/news/world/cuba/9775614.htm (malo omwe adafunsidwa pa 29 September 2004).
16 Pablo Alfonso, 'Niegan las visas a 64 academicos cubanos', El Nuevo Herald, 30th September 2004. www.miami.com/mld/elnuevo/news/world/cuba/9793751.htm (malo omwe adafunsidwa 30t hSeptember 2004).
17 El Nuevo Herald, 'Firme Washington en su negativa de visas', 8th October 2004. www.miami.com/mld/elnuevo/news/world/cuba/9862970.htm (malo omwe adafunsidwa pa 30 September 2004).
18 Nancy San Martin, ' Palibe Umboni Cuba Ikugwira Ntchito pa Zida Zamoyo, Katswiri Akutero ', The Miami Herald, 22nd October 2004. www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/news/world/cuba/9982994.htm (malo omwe adafunsidwa 23rd October 2004).
19 Elaine de Valle, 'Anti-Castro Gulu Mtsogoleri Amwalira', The Miami Herald, 8 October 2004. www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/news/world/cuba/9982994.htm (malo omwe adafunsidwa pa 9th October 2004).
20 Wilfredo Cancio Isla, 'Afirman que disidente es un espÃa castrista', El Nuevo Herald, 29th September 2004. www.miami.com/mld/elnuevo/news/world/cuba/9784462.htm (malo omwe adafunsidwa pa 30 September 2004).
21 Mary Jordan, ' Castro Falls, koma Akuti 'Ali mu Chigawo Chimodzi' ', Washington Post, 22nd October 2004 : A16.
22 Granma Internacional, ' Estados Unidos impide la venta de vacunas a Cuba ', 12 October 2004. www.granma.cu/espanol/2004/octubre/mar12/42venta-e.html (malo omwe adafunsidwa pa 13th October 2004).
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