Mwalamulo analandiridwa ndi Purezidenti wa Indonesia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono ndi Purezidenti wa Timor-Leste Jose Ramos-Horta pamwambo pa chilumba cha Bali ku Indonesia pa July 15, lipoti lomwe likuyembekezeredwa kwa nthawi yayitali la mgwirizano wa Timor Leste-Indonesian Commission of Truth and Friendship (CTF), kukhazikitsidwa mu 2005, walandira ndemanga zosiyanasiyana.
Kumbali imodzi, popereka mawu achisoni pulezidenti waku Indonesia (mtsogoleri wakale wa gulu lankhondo la 305th Battalion ku East Timor) atha kufunafuna kuyika mbiri yoyipa ya 1999 kumbuyo kwake popanda mpumulo kwa ozunzidwa ndi kuphedwa kwa ku Indonesia. Kwa pulezidenti wa Timor-Leste komanso, boma lonse, funso lidakalipo: Kodi lipotilo lidzalandiridwa bwanji ndi East Timorese, ndipo lidzakhudza bwanji ubale ndi mnansi wake wamkulu? Kodi zowononga ndi zoyimba mlandu zomwe zapeza mu 2005 za bungwe la UN-backed Truth Commission (CAVR) zomwe zakhala zikuchitika pazaka zonse za 24 zomwe dziko la Indonesia likukhala m'dziko laling'ono la zisumbu, zidzangoikidwa m'manda. [1]
Sikuti lipoti la CTF la tsamba la 300 lanyalanyaza milandu yomwe idachitika ku East Timor mu 1999 - inde, kuvomereza ndikotsitsimula komanso kuda nkhawa - koma kulephera kupereka udindo wapakhomo kwa munthu payekha kumasokoneza chilungamo chapadziko lonse lapansi monga momwe amachitira ku Rwanda. , Bosnia, Cambodia ndipo, mwachangu kwambiri, monga momwe zinalili ndi mlandu wa Radovan Karadzic wotumizidwa ku khoti lamilandu ku La Haye patatha zaka 13 pa lam. Chinthu china cha lipoti la "ubwenzi" ndi chakuti amayesa kupereka bwino ndikudzudzula gulu lodziimira pawokha la East Timor chifukwa cha nkhanza zosiyanasiyana. Koma uku kunali kulimbana kosafanana kwa anthu ambiri opanda zida komanso amtendere motsutsana ndi gulu lankhondo, lochirikizidwa ndi mayiko ena komanso wankhanza. Imabwerezanso zofalitsa za "nkhondo yapachiweniweni" za 1999 zomwe anthu aku Indonesia adalankhula kuti atsimikizire kukhalapo kwake kwachitetezo, pambuyo pake zidakhala zankhanza.
Kunena zowona, ngati lipoti la CTF limabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa asitikali aku Indonesia - monga kuvomerezedwa ndi Mlembi wa boma wa US Condoleezza Rice pa 25 July Jakarta stopover - ndiye kuti ndi chinthu chabwino. Mpunga ankawoneka kuti akuganiza kuti maboma awiriwa atha kugwira ntchito yachilungamo koma, mwachiwonekere, popanda thandizo lalikulu la mayiko ku khoti lodziimira palokha, ndipo popanda ndondomeko iliyonse yotsutsa akuluakulu akuluakulu kapena kubwezera ozunzidwa, sizingachitike.
Chilungamo ndichiyembekezo cha magulu a anthu mkati mwa Timor-Leste ndi Indonesia. Ndichiyembekezo cha bungwe la ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse lapansi (TAPOL yochokera ku London ndi chitsanzo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu ku East Timor ndi Indonesia kwa zaka zambiri). Mwachitsanzo, ku Indonesia.
Choirul Anam wa ku Indonesia Human Rights Working Group adanena kuti [General wopuma pantchito] "Wiranto ili ndi chidwi chathu chapadera chifukwa kuyesa Wiranto kungathetse vuto lalikulu kwambiri lopanda chilango." [2] Mkati mwa East Timor, mwachitsanzo, wamkulu wa komiti ya Dili Diocese yomwe idakhazikitsidwa kuti iwunike lipoti la CTF, Bambo waku Carmelite Anacleto Maia da Costa, akuti zimangotsimikizira zomwe mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi adaziganizira kale, sizimalimbikitsa kulanga omwe ali ndi udindo. , ndipo โzimaswa mitimaโ ya amene anakhudzidwa ndi kugwiriridwa, kuzunzidwa, ndi kuphana kwa mu 1999. Tchalitchi cha Katolika chimachirikiza chilungamo. [3]
zolemba
[1] Lipoti lovomerezeka la CAVR likupezeka.
[2] yotchulidwa ku Olivia Rondonuwu, "Indonesia, kafukufuku wachiwawa wa ku Timor sadzatchula mayina," 9 July 2008.
[3] "TIMOR-LESTE Lipoti la Bungwe Loona za Choonadi Limanyalanyaza Chilungamo, Mpingo Ukuti," 29 July, 2008
Lipoti la CTF pa Timor-Leste: Asilikali aku Indonesia Omwe Amangidwa Chifukwa Chakuphwanya Kwakukulu kwa 1999
Karimeli Budiarjo
Pamene bungwe la Commission of Truth and Friendship (CTF) linakhazikitsidwa mu Ogasiti 2005 ndi maboma a Timor-Leste ndi Indonesia kuti 'akhazikitse chowonadi chotsimikizika chokhudza zomwe zidachitika isanachitike komanso pambuyo pa Popular Consultation mu 1999', panali kukayikira. zomwe zikanakwaniritsa.
Chaka cha 1999 chidzatsitsidwa m'mabuku a mayiko awiriwa monga chaka chomwe anthu a ku Timor adavotera ufulu wodzilamulira kuchokera ku Indonesia, komanso pamene asilikali a ku Indonesia adachita chipongwe chomaliza chakupha, kugwiriridwa ndi nkhanza zina zambiri pofuna kubwezera kukana kwakukulu kwa anthu a ku Timor. ya ulamuliro wa Indonesia. Chiwerengero cha anthu ophedwa ku Timor chinali 1,400 pomwe anthu masauzande ambiri adathawa mnyumba zawo pofuna chitetezo.
Kuyanjanitsa ndi ubwenzi
Ulamuliro wa Commissionyo udawonetsa kuti cholinga chake chinali kulimbikitsa mgwirizano ndi ubale pakati pa magulu awiriwa. Mfundo 13 (c) ya Terms of Reference yake imati: 'Potengera mzimu wa kuyang'ana kutsogolo ndi kuyanjanitsa, ndondomeko ya CTF sidzatsogolera kuimbidwa mlandu ndipo idzagogomezera udindo wa bungwe', pamene mfundo 13 (d) inanena kuti. 'zidzalimbikitsa ubwenzi ndi mgwirizano pakati pa maboma ndi anthu a mayiko awiriwa ndikulimbikitsanso kuyanjanitsa pakati pa anthu komanso pakati pa anthu kuti achiritse mabala akale'.
Chenjezo choterocho chinali chotulukapo chosapeลตeka cha bungwe lokhazikitsidwa ndi maboma aลตiri ofunitsitsa kulimbikitsa maubwenzi pakati pawo; komanso sizinathandize kuti afufuze mozama. Pazifukwa zotere, bungwe la CTF silinavomereze kuvomerezedwa ndi mayiko ena ndipo bungwe la United Nations lomwe lakhala likuchitapo kanthu ku Timor-Leste kuyambira pomwe dziko la Indonesia linaukira boma mu 1975 linakana kuthandizira bungweli kapena kulola antchito ake kuchitira umboni.
Mawuwa adafotokoza momveka bwino kuti ophwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe atha kugona mwamtendere pamabedi awo chifukwa sangatchulidwe mayina koma atetezedwa ndi nkhani zongopeka zamabungwe. CTF inali yosiyana kwambiri ndi zofufuza zina zomwe zidachitika kale, makamaka zomwe zidachitika mu 2000 ndi KPP-HAM yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi National Human Rights Commission yaku Indonesia yomwe mamembala ake adaphatikiza omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe wolemekezeka monga malemu Munir Said Thalib. Komanso, udindowu unali wochepa chabe ku zochitika zomwe zisanachitike komanso kutsatira Popular Consultation mu 1999 ndipo sizingaphatikizepo nkhanza zam'mbuyomu zomwe zinali ndi zotsatira zazikulu pazochitika za 1999. kufufuza 'koyang'ana kutsogolo'.
Komabe, ngakhale kuti inali yogwirizana ndi zolephera zimenezi, CTF yomwe inali ndi anthu asanu a ku Timor ndi a ku Indonesia XNUMX inatha kutulutsa nkhani imene, mโmalo ambiri, yosonyeza kuphwanya malamulo kumene kunayendera anthu a ku Timor-Leste. , makamaka atatha kuvota kwambiri kukana kudzipereka kwa Indonesia kwa ufulu wodzilamulira komanso mokomera ufulu wochokera ku Indonesia.
Mutu wa Gross Human Rights Violations and Institutional Responsibility unanena kuti: โKomitiyi inatsimikiza kuti kuphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe kwa anthu kunachitika ku East Timor mโchaka cha 1999 ndipo kuphwanya kumeneku kunaphatikizapo kupha, kugwiriridwa ndi mitundu ina ya nkhanza zokhudza kugonana. kuzunzika, kutsekeredwa mโndende popanda chilolezo, kusamutsidwa mokakamizidwa ndi kuthamangitsidwa mโdziko la anthu wamba.โ Linanena kuti panali โudindo wa bungwe chifukwa cha kuphwanya kumenekuโ. Pankhani ya milandu yomwe ikuchitika pochirikiza gulu lovomereza ufulu wodzilamulira, bungweli linanena kuti 'magulu ankhondo odziyimira pawokha, TNI, boma la anthu wamba la Indonesia ndi Polri (apolisi aku Indonesia) ayenera kukhala ndi udindo wonse pakuphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe kwa anthu wamba. amaonedwa ngati akuchirikiza cholinga chochirikiza ufulu wodzilamulira. Milandu imeneyi inaphatikizapo kupha, kugwirira chigololo ndi mitundu ina ya nkhanza zokhudza kugonana, kuzunzidwa, kutsekeredwa mโndende popanda chilolezo komanso kusamutsidwa mokakamizidwa ndi kuthamangitsidwa mโdzikolo.โ
Ponena za milandu yomwe ikuchitika pochirikiza gulu lochirikiza ufulu wodziyimira pawokha, pazifukwa zamilandu izi sizikadadziwika, koma bungweli lidati ndizotheka kunena kuti 'magulu odziyimira pawokha ndiwo adaphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe molakwika. m'ndende zomwe zimayang'ana anthu wamba omwe amawonedwa ngati othandizira odziyimira pawokha.
Udindo wa bungwe la TNI ndi magulu ankhondo
Zomwe bungwe la Commission lidapeza ponena za udindo wa bungwe zinali zosakayikitsa: 'Umboni unatsimikizira momveka bwino kuti magulu ankhondo odziyimira pawokha ndiwo adayambitsa kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu ku East Timor ku 1999.'
Ponena za momwe mabungwe aku Indonesia adakwaniritsiranso zofunikira za udindo wa mabungwe, linanena kuti 'umboni unali womveka bwino komanso wochuluka kuti utsimikizire ... za njira zazikuluzikulu ndipo zinathandizira kuchitidwa zaupandu zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa.โ Umboniwo umasonyezanso kuti โantchito a TNI nthaลตi zina anali kutengamo mbali mwachindunji mโzochitika zimene zinachititsa kuti apanduwo aphedwe. Kutengako mbali koteroko kunaphatikizapo kutengamo mbali mwachindunji pa milandu yeniyeni ya zigawenga zochitidwa ndi mamembala a magulu a TNI ndi chitsogozo cha asilikali a TNI omwe analipo pamene zolakwazo zinkachitidwa.โ Komanso, linapeza kuti โakazembe a TNI ku East Timor ankayangโanira katunduyo. , kugawa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida kwa magulu ankhondo ndipo adachita izi mwadongosolo'. Thandizo la TNI kwa asitikali "lidapitilira kupereka zida komanso kuphatikiza ndalama ndi zinthu zina .... Likulu la TNI la m'deralo linkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo otsekera anthu popanda chilolezo, kumene mitundu ina ya nkhanza za anthu wamba, kuphatikizapo kuzunzidwa ndi nkhanza za kugonana zinkachitika nthawi zina.'
Mutu wonena za kuukira kofala (mawu oti 'kufalikira' akugogomezedwa mwapadera) pa anthu wamba amalemba 'milandu khumi ndi inayi' yomwe, Commission ikutsindika, idasankhidwa mwachisawawa. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, zitatu mwazochitikazo zinachitika panthawi yomwe chigamulo chokhala ndi Popular Consultation chinalengezedwa (pa 6, 12 -13 ndi 17 April) pamene ena khumi onse anachitika mwamsanga pambuyo pa Consultation, (kuyambira 5 mpaka 25 September. ). Inanenanso kuti zambiri mwa milanduyi 'zimakhudza(ed) kuphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe kambiri komanso koopsa'. Mwachitsanzo, mlandu woyamba No 11 ndi: 'Kupha ndi kukakamizidwa kuthawa ndi asilikali a Battalion 745 pa 10-21 September 1999 (magawo a Lautem, Baucau, Manatuto ndi Dili)'. Mlandu wofunika kwambiri No 12 ndi: 'Kupha masisitere ndi ansembe ku Lautem pa 25 September 1999 (chigawo cha Lautem).'
Zotsatira za Popular Consultation, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa, zinalengezedwa ndi UN pa 4 September, kuwulula kuti 78.5 peresenti ya anthu adakana kudzilamulira ndipo adavotera ufulu wodzilamulira.
Akuluakulu a asilikali amene akuimbidwa mlandu amalimba mtima
Zitangodziwika kuti Komitiyi sinapitirire kulongosola za 'udindo wa bungwe' komanso kuti zomwe anapeza sizingabweretse milandu, General Wiranto wopuma pantchito adanena kuti 'mlandu wa chisokonezo ku Timor-Leste tsopano wathetsedwa'. Ponyalanyaza zotsatira za kafukufuku wambiri wam'mbuyomo, tsopano akhoza kudzitama kuti: 'Akuluakulu onse omwe ankaganiziridwa kuti akhudzidwa ndi kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu ku Timor anapezeka kuti alibe mlandu ndi Bungwe la Special Military Tribunal.' [Kompas, 15 July 2008]
General Wiranto anali mkulu wa gulu la ABRI (lomwe tsopano limatchedwa TNI), gulu lankhondo la Indonesian Armed Forces, komanso nduna ya chitetezo ndi chitetezo pa nthawi ya nkhanzazi choncho anali ndi udindo woyang'anira zomwe zinachitika mu 1999. anaimbidwa mlandu pamodzi ndi akuluakulu ena asanu ndi awiri akuluakulu ndi Bungwe Lapadera la Milandu Yoopsa ku East Timor ndipo chikalata chomumanga chinaperekedwa pa 2003 May 10 ndi woweruza wapadziko lonse wa Special Panel. Mlanduwo unatsagana ndi masamba oposa 2004 a maumboni ochirikiza mlanduwo.
Pokhala akusangalatsidwa kwa zaka zoposa zisanu, General Wiranto yemwe adapuma pantchito, yemwe akukumana ndi milandu yotereyi, tsopano akutsogolera chipani cha ndale ku Indonesia chomwe chidzachite nawo zisankho za chaka chamawa ndipo wadzipereka yekha kuti adzasankhe chisankho cha pulezidenti chomwe chidzachitike. mu Seputembala 2009. Zimalimbikitsa chikhulupiriro chakuti mkulu woimbidwa mlandu akhoza kukhala mtsogoleri wa dziko lomwe limadzitama kuti ndi limodzi mwa mayiko atsopano a demokalase padziko lonse lapansi omwe amatsatira malamulo.
Mkulu wina wopuma pantchito waku Indonesia yemwe adakhalapo maulendo angapo ku Timor-Leste ndipo amakumbukiridwa chifukwa cha milandu yambiri yochitira anthu, Prabowo Subianto, waperekanso dzina lake patsogolo ngati woimira nawo pachisankho chapulezidenti cha chaka chamawa.
Udindo wa US ndi International Community
Ngakhale kuti ozunzidwawo anali anthu wamba osalakwa a ku Timorese, analinso anthu wamba a UN ndi mabungwe ena apadziko lonse lapansi komanso nzika za ku Indonesia zomwe zidamenyedwa ndipo, pankhani ya atolankhani, adamenyedwa, kugwidwa ndi kuphedwa. Ziwawa zaufulu wa anthu zomwe gulu lankhondo la ku Indonesia komanso zigawenga zawo zidali zoonekeratu kuti zinalinso mlandu kwa mayiko. Choncho zikugwera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana kufuna chilungamo pa milandu ya ufulu wa anthu.
Komabe, lipotilo linalakwitsa kunyalanyaza udindo wa maboma ena pa chiwonongeko chimene chinachitika mu 1999. Mโmwezi wa May chaka chimenecho, asilikali a dziko la Indonesia ataumirira kudzera mโboma la Indonesia, mayiko onse anagwirizana kuti asilikali ndi apolisi a ku Indonesia achitepo kanthu. udindo wopereka chitetezo ku Timor-Leste panthawi yokonzekera referendum. Boma la US ndi maboma ena akuwopa kuti kukakamira kuti pakhale chitetezo padziko lonse lapansi kungapangitse boma la Indonesia kusiya referendum. Komanso, panalibe magwero odziwikiratu kapena ofunitsitsa ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana kwa ogwira ntchito zachitetezo. Osewera akuluakulu apadziko lonse lapansi, makamaka maboma a US ndi Australia, amakhulupirira kuti kupezeka kwamphamvu kwa UN kuwunika anthu wamba komanso, movutikira, kukanikiza mwakachetechete kwa asitikali aku Indonesia ndi boma la Indonesia kungakhale kokwanira kuonetsetsa chitetezo chokwanira ku Timor-Leste.
Zomvetsa chisoni nโzakuti boma la United States linalephera kuchitapo kanthu pa ziwawa zimene zinkakula komanso umboni woonekeratu wakuti asilikali a ku Indonesia ankayambitsa ziwawazo kudzera mโmagulu awo ankhondo. Mโmalo moumirira kuti asilikaliwo achotsedwe zida ndi kuthetsedwa, dziko la United States linavomereza kuti boma la Indonesia linanena zabodza zoti asilikaliwo ndi gulu lovomerezeka la anthu a ku Timor. Kazembe wa US adakumana ndi asitikali ndi oimira awo ku Timor-Leste ndipo adanyengerera Mlembi wa boma yemwe adabwera kudzakumana ndi oimira asitikali ku Jakarta, potero adawapatsa ulemu womwe udanyalanyaza kuukira kwawo kwa anthu wamba aku Timor. Ngakhale Mlembi Wothandizira wa State Department of State for East Asia ndi Pacific adatsutsa mwamphamvu kukula kwa ziwawa zankhondo zaku Indonesia, uthenga wake wamphamvu womwe udaperekedwa kangapo ku Jakarta udasokonezedwa kwambiri ndi akuluakulu a Pentagon ndi Pacific Command omwe adachita zofooka kwambiri. Mabwenzi aku Indonesia. Uthenga wosayandirika woperekedwa ndi akuluakulu a boma la United States ochokera ku Washington unanyalanyazidwa m'malo mwa uthenga wovuta kwambiri woperekedwa ndi akuluakulu ankhondo aku US ndipo unafotokozedwa ndi Ofesi ya kazembe wa US Defense Attache ndi kazembe wa US.
Ngakhale chipwirikiti ku Timor-Leste chinayambika pambuyo pa voti ya referendum, kazembe wa US adayesetsabe kuchepetsa kukula kwa ziwawa.
Lipoti la CTF liyenera kuvomereza kulephera kwakukulu kwa mayiko, makamaka United States, kuyimitsa ziwawa zankhondo / zigawenga zaku Indonesia ndi apolisi nthawi isanathe.
Kutsiliza
Popeza kuti milanduyi idagawika momveka bwino ku gulu lankhondo la ku Indonesia (TNI), tsopano ndi funso loti tipititse patsogolo zomwe zapezazi poweruza anthu omwe amadziwika kuti ndi omwe amayang'anira zomwe zikuchitika ku Timor-Leste. milandu yoopsa inali kuchitidwa. Monga momwe Usman Hamid, mkulu wa bungwe la KontraS, la Indonesiaโs Commission for the Disappeared and Victims of Violence, la ku Indonesia, ananeneratu kuti: โUpandu wochitira anthu sayenera kukhululukidwa kapena kulamulidwa ndi lamulo la malire, ndipo umachitikanso. Choncho, lipoti la CTF likhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito poimbidwa mlandu mโtsogolo kwa amene adzapezeke ndi mlandu waukulu.โ
Pofuna chilungamo komanso kuyankha mlandu wa milandu ya anthu ku Timor-Leste, zikugwera mayiko padziko lonse lapansi kulimbikitsa maboma awiriwa kuti afalitse lipoti la CTF mosazengereza komanso kuti achitepo kanthu kuti athandizire kuyesetsa kubweretsa olakwa pawokha ndikuwonetsetsa. kuti anthu amene akuimbidwa milandu ikuluikulu sakuyeneranso kukhala paudindo wa boma kapena kupitiriza ntchito yawo.
Geoffrey Gunn, mlangizi wakale wa CAVR pa "ochita zapadziko lonse lapansi", Ndi wogwirizira wa Japan Focus.
Carmel Budiardjo, TAPOL
Ndi thandizo lochokera kwa Edmund McWilliams yemwe anali mlangizi wa ndale ku ambassy ya US ku Jakarta pa nthawi ya zochitikazi.
Tapol Kulimbikitsa mtendere, ufulu wa anthu ndi demokalase ku Indonesia
Lipotili lidasindikizidwa ndi TAPOL pa Julayi 24, 2008.
Lofalitsidwa ku Japan Focus pa July 31, 2008.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama