M'gawo lake laposachedwa ngati chipani chankhondo, Christopher Hitchens watenga zina mwamakhalidwe a mtsogoleri wake George W. Bush. Kufanana kodziwika kuli m'mawu ake achinyengo a nkhani zomwe "ife" timakumana nazo kuyambira 9/11-m'mawu a W, mdani "woyipa" yemwe amadana ndi ufulu wathu, kotero "muli nafe kapena motsutsana nafe" munjira yatsopanoyi. -inatha nkhondo ya zabwino ndi zoipa. Kwa Hitchens, timayang'anizana ndi "demented" mdani (bin Laden) yemwe wapanga "lonjezo lamtundu" kuti awononge United States of America, kotero kuti "Zimaphatikizapo palibe kukokomeza kunena kuti chirichonse chimadalira, ndipo chadalira, kutsimikizira. bin Laden molakwika." Chotero tsopano tili ndi โkulimbana kwachindunji, kukangana kosakayikitsa pakati pa chirichonse chimene ndinkakonda ndi chirichonse chimene ndimadana nacho. Kumbali ina mikhalidwe ya anthu azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, akunja, ndi ogwirizana padziko lonse lapansiโฆ Komanso, โNdi chitsiru chathunthu chokha cha makhalidwe abwino chimene chingakhulupirire kwa kanthawi kochepa chabe kuti tikulimbana ndi osauka a padziko lapansi. Tikulimbana ... ndi zinyalala zapadziko lapansi." (Hitchens, "Ndi Nthawi Yabwino Ya Nkhondo Kutsimikizira Osama bin Laden Cholakwika Ndi Choyenera Kuchita. Ndipo Tikakumbukira Kuti Kupambana Ndikotsimikizika, Tikhoza Kusiya Kudziopsa Tokha," Boston Globe, Sept. 8, 2002).
Chinyengo chimodzi chogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma demagogues onse ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwa Manichean kwa "iwo" ndi "ife," ndi "iwo" kukhala bin Laden ndi al Qaeda ndi ma fascists, ndi "ife" owunikira azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. M'pake kuti Hitchens sakufuna kutchula atsogoleri azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana m'gulu lake latsopano lankhondo, monga Bush II, John Ashcroft, Richard ndi Lynne Cheney, Donald Rumsfeld, William Bennett, Joseph Lieberman ndi ena ambiri, mothandizidwa ndi Ariel Sharon, Vladimir Putin. , Pervez Musharaff, Islam Karimov, John Howard, Tony Blair and the lot. Ozunzidwa ndi nkhondo "yathu" akuphatikizapo anthu ambiri aku Palestine, Afghans, Iraqi, ndi anthu ena omwe angakhale "vuto la dziko lapansi" kwa a Hitchens ndi ogwirizana nawo, koma mwina osati "cosmopolitans" enieni (ndikubwereranso pambuyo pake) .
Chinyengo chofanana ndi Bush, Hitchens & Co. ndikunamizira kuti cholinga chankhondo ndikungowononga bin Laden, al Qaeda, uchigawenga, ndi "fascism yateokratiki." Pa mfundoyi Bush ndi anzake ndi oona mtima kuposa a Hitchens, chifukwa amavomereza zolinga zazikulu monga "kusintha kwa ulamuliro" ku Iraq, zomwe ziribe kanthu kochita ndi bin Laden ndi fascism yateokratiki, ndi kuchotsa mwamsanga ziwopsezo za "zida zankhondo." chiwonongeko chachikuluโ kulikonse padziko lapansi, kupatulapo kumene zida zimenezo zimadziwika kuti zilipo (mโmanja mwa United States, Israel, Russia, China, Britain, France, India ndi Pakistan).
Ndizoseketsa kuwona a Hitchens amadzinamizira kuti olamulira a Bush - gawo lopanga zisankho la "ife" - alibe cholinga chopitilira "kutsimikizira Osama bin Laden kuti akulakwitsa." Palibe cholinga chobwezera pakuukira Afghanistan; osatengerapo mwayi pa 9/11 ndi mzimu wokonda dziko lako (ndikupitilirabe) wokonda dziko lawo kuti awonetse mphamvu ndi kupititsa patsogolo zokonda zamakampani amafuta kunja, ndikutsata mabizinesi opumira komanso zolinga zachikhristu kunyumba. Palibe lingaliro la a Hitchens loti ovomerezeka a Israeli mkati mwa oyang'anira atha kugwiritsa ntchito 9/11 kuthandiza boma la Sharon kufulumizitsa kuyeretsa ndi kupondereza mafuko.
Hitchens samatchula nkomwe za nkhondo yomwe ikuyembekezeka ku Iraq yomwe ikukhudza utsogoleri wa "ife". Palibe mu chidutswa cha Hitchens 'Globe chomwe chikuwonetsa kuti pali zokonda zazikulu zomwe zimayendetsa mfundo zakunja za United States. "Ife" timagwira ntchito kunja kwa mbiri yakale komanso popanda mphamvu yamtundu uliwonse wamphamvu kuti tikwaniritse zolinga zabwino ndikutsimikizira Osama akulakwitsa!
Hitchens mobwerezabwereza amanena kuti bin Laden sangapambane, kotero kuti "tithe kuleka kudziopseza tokha." Sayima kutifunsa chifukwa chake "ife" TIKUZIopsa tokha. Amanenanso kuti "anthu sapanga zisankho zabwino kwambiri akamachita mantha," koma kodi ndizotheka kuti kuwopseza anthu kumalola utsogoleri kupanga zisankho zomwe IT imawona kuti ndi yabwino? Kodi zitha kukhala kuti opanga zisankho "ife" amapeza njira iyi yothandiza pakuvomera mainjiniya? Popeza "ife" ndi gawo la chikhalidwe chosiyanasiyana, zonsezi palimodzi, izi zili kunja kwa nkhani ya Hitchens. Amalepheranso kukambirana za mphamvu za bin Laden ndi al Qaeda komanso zovuta zomwe amabweretsa. Kuyerekeza kukula kwa al Qaeda kumayambira pa 200 mpaka anthu masauzande angapo, omwe alibe zida monga United States, choncho vuto lomwe liyenera kulimbikitsa dziko pokha pokhapokha poyesetsa kufalitsa uthenga wabwino. Hitchens sakambirana momwe chitetezo cha National Missile Defense ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa bajeti ya asilikali kudutsa gulu lonse kumathandiza pa nkhondo yaikuluyi yolimbana ndi bin Laden, kapena zomwe bajeti ya Bush imatiuza za ndondomeko yake yeniyeni.
Udindo watsopano wa Hitchens pankhondo yankhondo mwina ukuwonekera bwino kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito kwake magwero. Kumayambiriro kwa nkhondo ya ku Afghan adanena kuti Pentagon inali "pafupifupi" yosamala za anthu omwe anaphedwa, mfundo yochokera ku Pentagon inanena kuti izi (The Nation, Dec. 17, 2001). Tsopano akuti "Zambiri zomwe zidapangidwa ndi gulu lolimbana ndi nkhondo zakhala zikugwirizana ndi Pentagon ndi maloya ake ndi alangizi. Zida zolondola ndi zabwino mwazokha, koma luso lake losankhana likupita patsogolo ndipo lidzapitirizabe kusintha. Mabomba am'magulu mwina si abwino mwa iwo okha, koma akaponyedwa pagulu lankhondo la Taliban, amakhala ndi zolimbikitsa. โ
Apanso, zonena za kutengeka ndi Pentagon zimachokera ku Pentagon kunena choncho, motero ndikufalitsa zabodza zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi gulu lochita chidwi. Kusiyanitsa ndi chithandizo cha Hitchens chazomwe si Pentagon ndizodabwitsa. Ananenanso za "chiwerengero chosadalirika cha 3,000, chomwe chimapangidwa ndi anthu omwe akuwakayikira kuti pali mtendere ndipo saganizira za kukana kwa mbali inayo." Apa akudzutsa funso la "kukhulupirira" ndipo akuwonetsa kuti omenyera nkhondo atha kupitilira ziwerengero kutengera zikhulupiriro zawo zandale. Koma sakuwonetsa kukayikira pang'ono pa zomwe Pentagon akunena za kukhudzidwa kwatsopano, komanso palibe kuzindikira kuti Pentagon ikhoza kukhala ndi chidwi ndi anthu pochepetsa kufa kwa anthu wamba. Amalepheranso kutchula kuvomereza kwa Pentagon kuti sikunasonkhanitse zidziwitso za anthu ophedwa wamba, komanso zoyesayesa zake zoletsa ena kuwasonkhanitsa (onani Edward Herman, "'Zolakwa Zowopsa' mu US Military Policy," Z Magazine, Sept. 2002).
M'nkhani yake ya Globe, Hitchens amasokonezeka nthawi ina, akamadzudzula atsogoleri athu kulephera kusiyanitsa pakati pa adani ndi mabwenzi. Akupitiliza kunena "Ndipo bwanji osankhika athu, omwe alakwitsa chilichonse ku Iran kuyambira ku Shah kupita ku malonda aku Oliver North, ayenera kudaliridwa chifukwa izi ndizovuta?" Kodi wayiwala kuti tonse tili limodzi kumenyana ndi bin Laden komanso kuti Pentagon imanena za ndondomeko zake zophulitsa mabomba ziyenera kudaliridwa? Kodi Pentagon simayendetsedwa ndi osankhika?
Chiwonetsero chodabwitsa ichi cha anthu osankhika omwe sangakhale mbali ya "ife" ndipo akhoza kupanga zolakwika zazikulu amatsatiridwa nthawi yomweyo ndi zokambirana zake za Palestina. Moyenera, monga amavomereza monyinyirika kuti panthawiyi Bush ndi akuluakulu opanga zisankho adachita mopanda ungwiro. Chilankhulo chake ndi chodziwika bwino: "Ngati ndiyenera kuimbidwa mlandu wopewa funso la Palestine, ndingonena kuti George W. Bush anali wolondola pofotokozera anthu aku Palestine kuti kuphulika kwa mabomba, panthawiyi kapena kwina kulikonse, kungakhale. kudzipha kwa iwo. Koma izi sizithetsa lonjezo lakale la [sic] America lothandizira kuzindikira pakati pa anthu ofanana-lonjezo lomwe lakhala losasungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri ndipo tsopano likupangidwa mwachangu kwambiri osati zochepa.
Titha kuzindikira kuti akulephera kutchula, osanenapo kutsutsa, cheke cha Bush chopanda kanthu kwa Sharon kuti aukire West Bank, kuwononga zida zambiri za Palestine, ndikupemphetsa anthu aku Palestina. Hitchens samagwirizanitsa ndondomeko ya Bush ndi "nkhondo yolimbana ndi uchigawenga," pazifukwa zomveka-ndondomeko yomwe yakhazikitsidwa pano ikuwonetsa kuti nkhondo ya Bush ndi nkhondo YACHIGAWA YA boma ndipo siimayendetsedwa kokha kapena makamaka ku al Qaeda. Palinso vuto laling'ono la zomwe Hitchens adanena kuti nkhondo "yathu" ndi imodzi mwa anthu abwino komanso amakhalidwe abwino motsutsana ndi "zambiri zapadziko lapansi" - apa Ariel Sharon ndi kampani, ndi thandizo lalikulu la US, motsutsana ndi anthu omwe anazunzidwa kwa nthawi yaitali a Palestina. ntchito. Zindikiraninso kuti Hitchens akunena za "lonjezo" la America la kuchitiridwa zinthu mofanana, lomwe tsopano ndilofunika kwambiri - loterera poyang'ana mbali ya Bush yotseguka ndi Israeli ndikuthandizira kuwonongedwa kwa Palestine, komanso kusakhulupirika ponena za lonjezo lomwe silinapangepo komanso kulephera vomerezani mwatsatanetsatane mgwirizano wokhazikika wa US-Israel ndikuwononga ufulu wa Palestine ndi kudziyimira pawokha.
Kubwerera kunkhondo yaku Afghan, Hitchens akutiuza kuti panalibe "kubwezera mwachangu," koma "kuchitapo kanthu kovomerezeka padziko lonse lapansi." Popeza sizinadziwike kuti ndani anali kumbuyo kwa 9/11, ndipo kuukira kwakukulu ku Afghanistan sikunathe kuchitidwa tsiku lotsatira, kusowa kwa kuyankha kwachiwawa sikunali chifukwa cha kuleza mtima ndi kulingalira. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyankha komaliza kunali "zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi" m'lingaliro la Hitchensian, chifukwa zidachitika mophwanya Charter ya UN, komanso kuphulitsa koopsa kwa US, kuthandiza magulu ankhondo akupha omwe amadana ndi a Taliban, kuzunza ndi kupereka ziphuphu. ogwirizana ndi oyandikana nawo othandiza a Afghanistan. Inali nkhondo ina ya wamantha, kugwiritsanso ntchito zida zapamwamba kwambiri kuti anthu a ku US awonongeke kapena pafupi ndi ziro, kwinaku akuthamangira mdani m'njira yomwe ingawononge anthu ambiri.
Ndizovuta kupewa kutcha a Hitchens kuti ndi wabodza komanso wopepesera pankhondo zotsutsana ndi anthu aku Afghanistan (monga 1999 ku Kosovo; onani Edward Herman ndi David Peterson, "Letter to the Editors of the Nation on Christopher Hitchens" Lipoti Laling'ono Lokhudza 'Kuwerengera Thupi ku Kosovo,'โ June 11, 2001 [osasindikizidwa, koma likupezeka pa http://www.zmag.org/sustainers/content/2001-06/19herman.htm]). Monga tawonera, a Hitchens amatenga mawu a Pentagon kuti asintha njira, ndipo "amakhala osamala" popewa anthu wamba. Mwachiwonekere sanayang'ane zolemba zazikulu za a Marc Herold zosonyeza kuti Pentagon yalunjika mazana a matauni okhalamo anthu pogwiritsa ntchito zida zotsutsana ndi anthu, ndi zikwi za ovulala. (Kuphatikiza pa "Dossier on Civil Victims of US Aerial Bombing of Afghanistan," http://www.cursor.org/stories/civilian_deaths.html, onani "US Bombing and Afghan Civilian Deaths: The Official Neglect of 'Unworthy' Matupi," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Sept. 2002). Amanyalanyaza nkhani zobwerezedwa m'manyuzipepala aku Britain ndi atolankhani ku Afghanistan omwe adayendera midzi yomwe idaphulitsidwa ndi bomba ndikuyimbira Pentagon kuti anthu wamba ophedwa "sanachitike" zabodza. Sanatchule kufunitsitsa kwa Pentagon kuphulitsa malo a anthu wamba potengera chidziwitso chosatsimikizika kuchokera ku magwero osadalirika. Iye amanyalanyaza mfundo yakuti, monga momwe The New York Times pomalizira pake inavomereza pambuyo poti mmodzi wa atolankhani awo anayangโanitsitsa umboni wochokera mโmidzi 11 yophulitsidwa ndi mabomba, kuti โanthu wamba ambiri anaphedwa ndi kuwukira kwa ndege kugunda ndendende chandamale chimene iwo ankafunaโฆchifukwa chofuna kupha. Omenyera nkhondo a Qaeda ndi a Taliban, Achimereka sanasiyanitse mosamala pakati pa zolinga za anthu wamba ndi zankhondo "(Dexter Filkins," Zolakwa mu US Air War Left Hundreds of Civilians Dead, The New York Times, July 21. 2002).
Ngakhale a Hitchens akutchula "kukana kwa mbali ina kudzizindikiritsa" ngati gwero la kukwera kwa mitengo ya anthu wamba, sananenepo umboni wochuluka wakuti Pentagon yayesetsa kwambiri kuti anthu ovulala asawonekere. Ndiponso sanatchule kunama kwawo kobwerezabwereza ndi kubisa pamene anakakamizika kuteteza kupha anthu wamba. Nthawi zina atalephera kukana kupha anthu wamba, akuluakulu a Pentagon adateteza izi chifukwa anthu wamba mwina anali othandizira a Taliban: ponena za kuphedwa kwaphwando laukwati ku Kakarak, wolankhulira Pentagon General Gregory Newbold adati "Awa ndi gawo lachifundo chachikulu a Taliban ndi al Qaedaโ (onani โZolakwa Zanga Zachisoniโ kuti mumvenso mawu ofanana pamzere womwewo) - zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti kudera nkhawa kwawo anthu wamba kulibe m'dera la adani.
Ngati Pentagon ikufuna kuphulitsa midzi mazana ambiri komwe al Qaeda AKUKHALA akubisala, ndipo ngati sakukhudzidwa makamaka ndi kuphedwa kwa anthu wamba m'dera lomwe akumva chisoni ndi mdani, komanso ngati mwayi wakufa kwa anthu wamba pakuwukira uku ndi wokwera kwambiri, izi ndizovuta. kupha mwadala ndi kovomerezeka kwa anthu wamba. Zimene Hitchens ananena zakuti mdani โwonyozekaโ yekha ndi amene โamachita imfa popanda tsankhoโ zimachokera ku kusadziลตa zambiri ndiponso kupepesa.
Hitchens amapeza zida zolondola "zabwino zokha," popanda kugwiritsa ntchito zidazo. Mabomba am'magulu "sali abwino mwa iwo okha," koma "amakhala ndi zolimbikitsa ... akaponyedwa pagulu la asitikali a Taliban." Izi kuchokera kwa munthu amene amakonda TAGANIZIRANI mmene magulu ankhondo a adani โamakondwera,โ โkumwetulira kwawo kwa mimbuluโ ndiponso โndi chisangalalo chotani chimene ayenera kuti anawonjezera liลตiro la ndege yawoโฆโ Ndi kupha kongopeka kwa adani, osati anthu wamba, kumene amalimbikitsa Hitchens, ndipo Pentagon imamutsimikizira za chisamaliro chawo kwa anthu wamba. Koma a Hitchens amalephera kuvomereza kuti m'dziko lenileni mabomba ambiri amaponyedwa pafupipafupi pamasamba omwe ANGAKHALE msilikali wa al Qaeda, komanso kuti amwazikana ndikuwopseza anthu wamba omwe angatenge zitini zosaphulika. Sanenanso za kugwiritsa ntchito zida za uranium zomwe zatha, mtundu wankhondo wa "bomba lonyansa" lomwe likuwopseza anthu wamba aku Afghanistan kwanthawi yayitali.
A Hitchens akunyoza chiลตerengero cha โotsutsa nkhondoโ cha anthu 3,000 amene anafa ndi mabomba, komanso ponena za zimene ananenapo zakuti mwina anthu ambiri afa ndi njala chifukwa cha zotsatira za nkhondo yophulitsa mabomba. Koma chiwerengero cha 3,000 chinali mapeto otsika a manambala ovomerezeka omwe anaphedwa mwachindunji ndi mabomba ndi zida zoponya, ndipo sanaganizire za chiwerengero chokulirapo chovulala ndi kupwetekedwa mtima, komanso othawa kwawo ochepera a 20,000 omwe anafa ndi njala, matenda ndi kuzizira kwa othawa kwawo. misasa. Izi ndi zongoyerekeza zotsika chifukwa "ife" sitisonkhanitsa deta pamutu wotero, kotero kuti sitidzadziwa ziwerengerozi, koma Hitchens amadziwa kuti zinali zochepa kuposa zomwe omenyera nkhondo amanenera (onani Jonathan Steele, "Ozunzidwa Oiwalika. The Full Human Mtengo wa Kumenyedwa kwa Ndege ku US Sidzadziwika, Koma Ambiri Anafa Kuposa Amene Anaphedwa Mwachindunji ndi Mabomba," The Guardian, May 20, 2002; Herold, "'Matupi 'Osayenerera').
Hitchens akunena kuti Afghanistan "ndi dziko loyamba m'mbiri kuphulitsidwa ndi miyala." Iye akulephera kutchula kuti United States inathandiza kwambiri kuti dziko la Afghanistan lilowe mu "m'badwo wa miyala" poyamba, ndipo limathandizira mwamphamvu kuti a Taliban ayambe kulamulira mu 1996. adasintha kukhala "udindo" wathu - kuphulitsa tsopano! Titha kukhala kuti tidasokoneza kwambiri nthawi imeneyo, ndikusiya Afghans kuti azilamulira zaka zamwala, koma "ife" watsopanoyo tidzakonza zinthu, pophulitsa bomba.
Kuyamikira kwa Hitchens za zotsatira za ndawala yophulitsa mabomba ndi zachabechabe. Nkhondo yophulitsa mabomba inapha, kuvulaza ndi kukhumudwitsa anthu masauzande ambiri; kunachititsa kuti anthu a njala asalandire chakudya kwa miyezi yambiri, ndipo chinali chochititsa chachikulu kuwononga mbewu zambiri m'nyengo yozizira; adapanga unyinji wa othawa kwawo mkati ndi kunja; anaipitsa midzi ndi mabomba apagulu ndi uranium yotheratu; ndipo anawononga nyumba zambiri za mโtauni ndi zakumidzi, milatho, mizikiti, mphamvu zamagetsi ndi madzi, njira zolankhulirana, ndi misewu. Boma la Bush lasiya kale kugawa zida zofunikira kuti amangenso zomwe adawononga, koma izi sizikudetsa nkhawa a Hitchens. Kuphatikiza apo, Bush wakhazikitsa utsogoleri wosiyana wotsogola wochokera kwa olamulira ankhondo aku Northern Alliance, pomwe omenyera nkhondo am'deralo ndi amchigawo akadali olamulira ku Afghanistan konse, kotero kuti ndale za "mibadwo yamwala" zidakalipobe ndipo malonda amankhwala ayamba kale. moyo.
POMALIZA
Christopher Hitchens ndiwothandiza kwambiri pachipani chankhondo, chifukwa ndi wolemba wosavuta ndipo amalemba motsimikiza ndikuwonetsa ndale zake zatsopano komanso chitetezo chofooka chanzeru chomwe amafunikira. Phindu lake limakulitsidwa chifukwa chakuti iye ndi "woyendayenda," kutanthauza kuti, munthu wosintha kuchokera ku ndale zachikale kupita ku zopepesa za nkhondo zachifumu, koma ali ndi phazi pakhomo la The Nation ndi wotsutsa mwankhanza wa Kissinger ndi Pinochet. . Chifukwa chake amawonekera ngati membala wa "kumanzere" kapena kumanzere komwe "wawona kuwala." Anthu otere amalemekezedwa kwambiri ndi ma media ambiri.
Edward S. Herman ndi Pulofesa Emeritus of Finance ku Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, komanso wothandizira Z Magazine kuyambira kukhazikitsidwa kwake mu 1988 ndi ZNet. Herman ndi mlembi wa mabuku ambiri, kuphatikiza maphunziro angapo amakampani ndi atolankhani. Izi zikuphatikizapo Corporate Control, Corporate Power (1981), mavoliyumu awiri Political Economy of Human Rights (1979) ndi Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (1988), zonse zomwe adalemba ndi Noam Chomsky, monga komanso Makampani a "Uchigawenga": Akatswiri ndi Mabungwe Amene Amapanga Maonedwe Athu pa Zoopsa (1989), zomwe adalemba ndi Gerry O'Sullivan. Herman nthawi zina amapereka gawo ku Swans.
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