Ndinaphunzitsidwa kuti chilungamo chimavala chotchinga m’maso, kuti chisathe kusiyanitsa mitundu, ndipo motero chimapangitsa aliyense kukhala wofanana pamaso pa malamulo. Ndikupempha kuti tichotse chophimba m'maso mwa Lady Justice, kuti kwa nthawi yoyamba azitha kuwona zomwe zikuchitika ndikuwunika pomwe pali chowonadi komanso mabodza amabisala. Icho chikanakhala chiyambi. Viva ana a misango yonse! Punto!
– Piri Thomas, Pansi Misewu Yomweyi
Gawo I: Nkhani ya Zolankhula Ziwiri
Chifukwa chiyani Purezidenti Obama adapita ku Las Vegas kukapanga a malankhulidwe pa olowa? Las Vegas ndi tawuni yogwirizana. Mzindawu ndi kwawo kwa mabungwe amphamvu kwambiri ku America, bungwe lomwe linamangidwa ndikutsogoleredwa makamaka ndi azimayi aku Latina, African-American ndi Asia-America omwe amagwira ntchito ngati azantchito, osamalira m'nyumba ndi ogwira ntchito ku Las Vegas Strip ndi kupitilira apo.
Ambiri mwa omwe ali paudindo ndi mafayilo a mamembala 60,000 a Culinary Workers Union Local 226 ndi amayi osakwatiwa, ndipo popanda thandizo lawo a Obama sangakhale Purezidenti wa United States. Purezidenti amamvetsetsa izi ndipo apa akuyika mphamvu yophiphiritsira yakulankhula kwake, komanso kusintha kwa moyo waku America komwe kumawulula. Purezidenti watsopano wa Local 226 ndi wokonzekera bwino Geoconda Arguello-Kline. Anali woyang'anira ma picket pa nthawi ya Frontier Hotel Strike (1991-1998) pomwe palibe m'modzi m'modzi mwa ogwira ntchito ku hotelo 550 omwe adawoloka pamzerewu. Kunyanyalakoko “kwatisonyeza tonse mmene mgwirizano ndi kulimbikira zilili,” iye anakumbukira motero. Arguello-Kline adachokera ku Managua, Nicaragua ndipo ndi hotelo yakale wosunga nyumba.
M'zaka za m'ma 1990, Local 226 idakhala mgwirizano womwe ukukula mwachangu kwambiri ku United States. Idatsogozedwa ndi wodziwika bwino waku Africa-America Hattie Canty, yemwe adasamukira ku Las Vegas kuchokera kumidzi ya Alabama. Mosiyana ndi George Meany wa AFL-CIO, yemwe adadzitamandira kuti sanakhalepo pamzere wa picket, Canty anali m'modzi mwa atsogoleri omenya kwambiri m'mbiri ya US. Utsogoleri wake woleza mtima unathandizira kugwirizanitsa mgwirizano wa ogwira ntchito wopangidwa ndi mamembala ochokera ku mayiko 84. "Pochokera ku Alabama," Canty adanena, "izi zinkawoneka ngati nkhondo yomenyera ufulu wa anthu ...
Kaya akuchokera ku Alabama, Thailand, Central America kapena kwina kulikonse, mamembala a Local 226 amaimira lonjezo lamtsogolo la America. Izi sizokhudza kuchuluka kwa anthu; ndi za mtima (mtima), kufunitsitsa kulimbana limodzi komanso kulimba mtima kutsutsa makampani aku America pomwe ena adzipereka.
Malo omwe pulezidenti amasankha kupereka adilesi yayikulu ndi yofunika. Mu 1980, Ronald Reagan anapita ku Neshoba County, Mississippi - dziko laling'ono logwirizana kwambiri m'dzikoli - kuti akalankhule za "ufulu wa mayiko." Amayesa kumanga maziko a chithandizo chakumwera chakumwera motsatira chisankho cha Purezidenti cha 1980.
Anapereka mawu ake pamtunda wa makilomita ochepa kuchokera ku malo omwe anthu atatu omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe anaphedwa mu 1964. James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, ndi Michael Schwerner anaphedwa ndi anthu omwe anali ndi chiphunzitso cha "mayiko ufulu" kukhala gawo lopatulika la cholowa chawo cha Confederate. Ngakhale Reagan ayenera kuti sankadziwa za kayendetsedwe ka ufulu wachibadwidwe, ankadziwa bwino ntchito yomwe "Southern Strategy" ya Republican Party inachita pamwayi wake wosankha. Cholinga chake chinali kuwonetsa kunyada kwa azungu komanso kusokoneza chipani cha Democratic Party ku South. M'kanthawi kochepa, zinagwira ntchito.
Akatswiri amanena kuti kusankhidwanso kwa Obama akhoza kusonyeza mapeto wa Reagan Era.
Koma chisankho sichimasankha chilichonse. Kugwira ngati zombie komwe mfundo zokhazikitsidwa ndi magulu a Reagan/Ayn Rand acolytes zidzaphwanyidwa ndikuchitapo kanthu. Komiti Yogwirizanitsa Ntchito Zosagwirizana ndi Zachiwawa za Ophunzira ndi United Farm Workers sanadikire John F. Kennedy kapena Lyndon B. Johnson kuti awachitire zomwe akanatha kudzichitira okha. Sukulu zaufulu, kumenyedwa, kunyanyala ndi kulembetsa anthu ovota zinali injini zakusintha kwa anthu m'zaka za m'ma 1960 ndipo inde, nthawi zina amakankhira Washington, DC kuti achitepo kanthu.
Kumenyedwa kwakukulu kwa Latinos mu 2006 pa Tsiku la Ogwira Ntchito Padziko Lonse kunapangitsa kuti chisankho cha Barack Obama chitheke. Maulendo ambiri adawonetsa kuthekera kwa Latinos kutseka chuma poteteza chilungamo ndi kufanana. Zinatiphunzitsa kuti mphamvu zenizeni m'madera athu zili mwa otiyang'anira, ogwira ntchito zamanja ndi ogwira ntchito - osati mwa aluntha, akuluakulu kapena akatswiri omwe amapeza zovomerezeka zamakampani kuti azimasulira "chikhalidwe cha Chilatini" pa Madison Avenue. M'zaka za m'ma 1960, tinaphunzira, modabwitsa kwambiri, kuti tsogolo la zilakolako za Latino likudalira mphamvu za kulenga za ogwira ntchito m'mafamu. M'malo mwake, Grape Boycott idadzutsa ndikuphunzitsa m'badwo watsopano wa okonza madera achichepere omwe adagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pomanganso ndale zopita patsogolo kudzera m'magalimoto monga Rainbow Coalition, Los Angeles County Federation of Labor, ndipo pomaliza, "Obama ground. masewera."
Kunyanyala kwakukuluku kudawonetsa kuyambikanso kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ogwira ntchito ku US chomwe sitinamvetsetse. Inakumbutsa mtunduwo kuti ndale si chuma cha olemera; zimachitika m'mabwalo a mpira, m'maholo ogwirizana, m'matchalitchi ndi m'nyumba masitolo komwe ogwira ntchito ochokera kunja amasonkhana kuti agawane zambiri zaposachedwa za US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) m'derali. M'chaka cha 2008 ndi 2012, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa masewera ochita zisankho kunadalira mphamvu zamakonsolo a anthu ogwira ntchito m'deralo pofufuza, kubanki m'zinenero zambiri komanso ntchito zina zofalitsa. Ambiri mwa omenyera ufuluwa adatsitsimutsidwa, kapena adalandira mikwingwirima ya omwe adawatsogolera, pa Tsiku la Ogwira Ntchito Padziko Lonse, 2006. Kum'mwera kwa Florida, komwe kunali koopsa kwa General Strike, Latinos anali mbali yofunikira pa Tsiku la Chisankho. Malinga ndi Gihan Perera, "Kunyumba, ogwira ntchito osavomerezeka omwe sanathe kuvota adalowa ndi gulu la mariachi ndi barbecue," kulimbikitsa zikwizikwi za anthu aku Africa-America, Latinos, ndi azungu opita patsogolo kuti azikhala pamzere ndikuvota. Mphamvu zakuda ndi zofiirira zidasintha ku Florida.
"Ndale ndizochitika," adatero CLR James. "Si chipinda chophunzirira chomwe anthu akuyenera kumvera zonse zomwe boma lawachitira. Anthu akamalimbikira, boma limatha kulimbikira." Pafupifupi 300,000 aku Latinos, African-America, ndi Asia-America ogwira ntchito adalumikizana ndi mabungwe m'miyezi yotsogolera. chisankho. Ngakhale atolankhani ambiri adanenanso kuti ntchito za sitiraka zidakula kwambiri panthawi ya kampeni. "Chiwerengero cha kuyimitsidwa kwa ntchito zokhudzana ndi mabungwe okhudzana ndi ogwira ntchito oposa 1,000, chomwe chinatsika kwambiri mwa asanu okha mu 2009, chinakwera kufika pa 13 chaka chino mu October. Nthawi.
Anthu akuyenda.
Ndikukhulupirira kuti zolankhula za purezidenti ku Las Vegas ndi gawo lalikulu la gulu lomwe lingapangitse kukulitsa demokalase. Chilichonse chimadalira mchitidwe wotsatira wa seweroli. Ngati pulezidenti waku US akakamizidwa ndi zitsenderezo za anthu wamba kuti akhazikitse mpata woti kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kuchitike ndipo achita zolankhula zamaluwa kuti izi zitheke, munthu samayimilira pachiwonetsero cha mbiri yakale kuti adzudzule zonena zake: Mmodzi amadzudzula khomo loyipa. .
Anthu aku Africa-America sanadikire mu 1863 kuti awone ngati Abraham Lincoln anali wotsimikiza za Kulengeza kwa Emancipation. Kotala la miliyoni a iwo adalowa m'gulu lankhondo la US kuti awononge maiko a Confederate States of America.
Kodi Purezidenti Obama adadzipereka kwambiri pakukonzanso anthu olowa m'dzikolo? Ndilo funso lolakwika kufunsa. Tikudziwa kuti adalonjeza Helen Chavez, mkazi wamasiye wa César Chávez, yemwe adayambitsa nawo United Farm Workers, kuti "achite. Chinachake"Pankhaniyo. Funso labwino kufunsa ndilakuti: Kodi ndife okonzeka kuchita chiyani kuti tilandire antchito mamiliyoni ambiri omwe akuvutika kuti alowe m'gulu lathu? Kutukuka kwakukulu kwachuma m'mbiri.Iwo ndi njira yothetsera mbadwo wokalamba wa Baby Boom; akuwonjezera nkhokwe zamisonkho ndipo akubweretsa kusintha kofunikira pa chikhalidwe chathu chachikale, chilankhulo chimodzi. ?
Mphamvu za anthu othawa kwawo zikuthandizira kutsitsimutsa chikhalidwe cha ndale cha America. Imapeza zomveka zake mu ngwazi Omenyera ufulu wa DREAMista (omwe adakankhira boma la feduro mwamphamvu pakusintha kwa anthu osamukira kumayiko ena), Florida Maloto Oteteza, omwe adakonza pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa Trayvon Martin, komanso zigawenga za Occupy. Zochita zonsezi ndi mbali ya kukwera kwa magulu atsopano a chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe tiyenera kuwasamalira, kuthandizira ndi kuwasamalira.
Mu kafukufuku wina waposachedwapa wa m’nyuzipepala wa m’tauni yapakoleji ya Gainesville, ku Florida, kumene ndimakhala, 62 peresenti ya anthu amene anafunsidwawo anavota kuti anthu “omwe panopa ali ku US mosaloledwa” ayenera kukhala ndi njira yopezera nzika. Iyi ikhala nkhondo.
Gawo II: Zaka Zaka zana Zatsopano
Mamiliyoni mamiliyoni othawa kwawo okhala ndi mibadwo yochokera Latini Amerika, Asia, Africa ndi Middle East adavotera ambiri kuti asankhenso Barack Obama. Zosankha zomwe ovota a m'badwo woyamba ndi wachiwiri adachita pachisankhochi zitha kuwonetsa kusintha kwa mbiri ya America. Mogwirizana ndi omwe adatsogolera m'zaka za zana la 20, ovotawa akanatha kukhazikika pazovuta zauzungu zomwe Toni Morrison adazitsutsa momveka bwino. M'nkhani yake, "Pa Misana ya Akuda," Morrison adanena kuti, "Pokambirana za mpikisano, kusamukira ku America wamba nthawi zonse kumatanthauza kugula malingaliro a anthu akuda aku America monga alendo enieni. nemesis akumveka kuti ndi anthu aku Africa-America. "
Chochitika cha “kuyera,” monga momwe akatswiri amachitchera, chinatanthauza kuti obwera kumene m’dzikolo kaŵirikaŵiri anadzilekanitsa ndi zolowa zademokalase za gulu lotsutsa ukapolo limodzinso ndi omenyera ufulu monga Frederick Douglass, Ida B. Wells Barnett ndi Mary McCleod Bethune, m'malo motengera Jim Crow /Juan Crow tsankho zisanafike zaka za m'ma 1950.
Akatswiri akhala akuneneratu za "kutembenukira ku kuyera" kwakukulu pakati pa anthu othawa kwawo kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 20, koma sizinachitikebe. M’malo mwake, tikhoza kuswa temberero lakale. Osamukira posachedwa, monga omwe adakhala mamembala a Local 226 ku Las Vegas, akugwirizana kwambiri ndi ndale zawo, umembala wa mabungwe azamalonda komanso mavoti awo ndi anthu aku Africa-America. Pokonzekera Chisankho cha Purezidenti cha 2012, aliyense yemwe anali ndi mwayi wopeza wailesi, wailesi yakanema kapena intaneti adamvetsetsa kuti 90 peresenti ya anthu aku Africa-America adzavotera Obama. Monga wolemba mabuku Ishmael Reed adawonera mu Kupita Patali: Zolemba Zokhudza Kuwonongeka Kwa Mitsempha Yaku America:
Ngakhale opita patsogolo akukakamirabe ku zongopeka zomwe akhala akugwirizana nazo kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1920 - gululo limatsimikizira momwe munthu alili m'dera la America - kwa mamiliyoni a azungu, tonse ndife otsika. Zindikirani momwe zithunzi zodana ndi purezidenti zimamuwonetsa ngati munthu wamba, kapena kumuphatikiza ndi masitampu azakudya, kapena zakudya zofulumira ngati KFC, kapena imelo yotumizidwa ndi ofuna kukhala bwanamkubwa waku New York, pimp ndi mkazi wake hule.
Sizili ngati mibadwo yatsopano ya anthu othawa kwawo ilibe kachilombo koyambitsa tsankho (ndipo kunena zoona, ambiri aife tidabweretsa tsankho kuchokera kumayiko athu). Komabe, mavoti awerengedwa: Latinos, Asia-America ndi America omwe amachokera ku Middle East anakana zaka ziwiri zolimba za mpikisano wothamanga, kukumbatirana kwambiri ndi chibwenzi cha Republican Party kuti agwirizane ndi osankhidwa akuda.
Ku Florida, tinapatsidwa mwayi wosawerengeka wotengera miyambo yakale, yomvetsa chisoni ya dziko lino, "kukhala oyera" kunena kwake. Zolimbikitsa za Mitt Romney zidasokoneza mawayilesi athu ndi nkhani zabodza zamitundu. Tidachenjezedwa kudzera pa kanema wodziwika bwino wa "Professor waku China" wosonyeza kuti dziko la Asia latsala pang'ono kulanda dziko la United States ngati Obama atapambananso chisankho. Tidalimbikitsidwa kukhulupirira kuti anthu aku Africa-America anali aulesi, koma izi nthawi zonse zimakhala zovuta kugulitsa ukapolo, komanso zaka zana za dongosolo la ntchito la Jim Crow. Mfundo yakuti munthu sangayende kuchoka ku mbali ina ya dziko lino kupita ku ina popanda kudalira antchito akuda ndi abulauni kuti azinyamula katundu wake, kuphika chakudya kapena kuyeretsa zonyansa zake zimapangitsa kuti "anthu ochepa ayambe kugwira ntchito molimbika ndi kudzikweza okha. bootstraps" mkangano wopusa komanso wachipongwe.
Mitundu ina "yofewa" ya tsankho kapena tsankho ladziko idathetsedwa. Kutatsala masiku ochepa kuti tsiku la zisankho lisanachitike, Sen. Marco Rubio adasokoneza sewero la voti ya ku Latino pouza omvera ku Florida kuti anthu athawa m'maiko "achinyengo" kuti akapeze ufulu ku US koma adangozindikira mokhumudwa kuti Obama akufuna kuitanitsa izi. ndondomeko zomwezo pano. Rubio adalongosola mothandiza kuti akunena za Mexico ndi Latin America ngati malo achinyengo omwe akufunsidwa. Rubio's gaffe akuwonetsa chifukwa chachikulu chomwe chipani cha Republican chimapunthwa ndi ovota aku Latino: Anthu ambiri aku Mexico-America amamvetsetsa bwino dziko lathu. Timamvetsetsa zophophonya zake, koma timanyadiranso zomwe zidachitika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 19 Nkhondo Yodziyimira pawokha ku Mexico, komanso kuti kuthetsedwa kwa ukapolo ku Mexico kusanachitike kuthetsedwa ku United States pafupifupi zaka makumi anayi. Ambiri aife tikudziwanso kuti dziko la United States linalanda dziko la Mexico pofuna kukulitsa ukapolo, kubera malo komanso kulanda chuma kwa nzika zaku America. Ndiye, ndi dziko liti lomwe lili ndi katangale kwambiri? Mpaka GOP ikugwetsa kudzipereka kwake ku American Exceptionalism, lingaliro lakuti United States ndi yoyera ngati chipale chofewa choyendetsedwa, ndipo mayiko ena onse akusowa mu dipatimenti ya khalidwe, phwandolo lidzapitirizabe kuchepa.
Kuchokera ku Africa, Latin America, Europe, Asia ndi madera akuluakulu a anthu padziko lapansi, ili lingakhale gulu lochititsa chidwi kwambiri la anthu osamukira kudziko lina lomwe linapitapo ku United States. Amakhulupirira kugwira ntchito molimbika ndi kudzithandiza, koma chifukwa cha malo omwe amachokera ndi miyambo yomwe amalemekeza, ambiri a iwo amakhulupirira kwambiri mfundo za kufanana, demokalase ya chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kuthandizana.
Zachidziwikire, awa ndi mtundu wazinthu zomwe anthu otsutsa amakayikira, koma ndinganene kuti mibadwo ya mikangano yolimbana ndi atsamunda, zokumana nazo zapambuyo pautsamunda komanso kusakhulupirira kwanthawi zonse kwa Washington Consensus kumapangitsa m'badwo uno wa nzika zapadziko lonse kukhala zambiri. anzeru akudziko kuposa makolo awo odziwika a Ellis Island.
Mwachitsanzo, opitilira ochepa omwe adasamukira posachedwa ochokera ku peninsula ya Korea akutumiza zigawenga zamagulu azamalonda ku US, ndipo akudziwa bwino za zoyipa zomwe ndondomeko za IMF zimawononga antchito. Highland Maya imabweretsa zochitika zokonzekera ndi Liberation Theology kuchokera ku Guatemala, ndipo osamukira ku Mexico akhazikika mu miyambo yofanana (ngati sichinachitike) ya Revolution ya Mexico.
Magulu a anthu osamukira kumayiko ena sangamvetse za tsankho zomwe ambiri omwe adawatsogolera adachita chifukwa amafika ndikumvetsetsa bwino kwambiri za anthu aku US komanso kuthekera kwakukulu kosintha dziko popanda kugwiritsa ntchito anzawo.
Zomwe zonsezi zingatanthauze pankhani zandale sizinadziwikebe. Komabe, pali chinthu chimodzi chotsimikizika. Ngati okonza madera alola kuti mgwirizano woyambitsawu - womwe ungakhale wamphamvu kwambiri m'mbiri ya US - kuti uchoke, tikuphonya mwayi womwe umabwera kamodzi kokha m'badwo wosintha momwe ndale zaku America zimayendera.
Culinary Workers Union Local 226 imatipatsa chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha kagwiridwe ka ntchito. Uwu ndi mgwirizano womwe mamembala amakhala achangu, ndipo mphamvu izi zidakokera Purezidenti Obama ku Las Vegas.
Ambiri mwa anthu omwe ali omenyera ufulu wa Local 226 ndi otsuka mbale, ophika mwachangu ndi azikazi. Amagwira ntchito yomwe imadziwika ku Las Vegas parlance "kumbuyo kwa nyumba," fanizo loyenera la udindo wa ogwira ntchito aku America kuyambira 1980s. Ndi akazi monga Canty, woyambitsa mgwirizanowu, ndi Arguello-Kline, pulezidenti wawo watsopano, ogwira ntchitowa apita patsogolo pa kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Iwo anaguba zikwizikwi polemekeza tchuthi cha Martin Luther King Jr. mwezi watha ndi zikwangwani zolembedwa "Ufulu Wantchito Ndi Ufulu Wachibadwidwe," ngakhale pamene adakonza chigamulo china chotsutsana ndi olemba ntchito osalungama ku Vegas Strip.
Arguello-Kline ndi Richard Trumka, pulezidenti wa AFL-CIO, adawonekera pawailesi yakanema yakomweko atangotha mawu a Obama okhudza anthu olowa m'dzikolo. Onse awiri adalumbira kulimbikitsa mamembala a nyumba yantchito kuti athandizire kusintha kwa olowa. Kudikirira kwatha. Tsopano ndizotheka kulingalira gulu latsopano lachitukuko kumene kukonza ntchito, nyimbo za mariachi ndi zikondwerero za MLK zimakhala zofunikira pakukonzanso dziko lino. Yakwana nthawi yotanganidwa.
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