Kulowetsamo Zaupandu: The Prison Industrial Complex, Gawo I
"Ngakhale kuti kumangidwa ndi kutsutsidwa kukuchulukirachulukira, phindu liyenera kupangidwa - phindu la umbanda. Lowani pansi pamakampani omwe akukula kwambiri tsopano! ” (Kabuku kotsatsa malonda kochokera ku kampani yogulitsa ndalama yotchedwa World Research Group).
(Ili ngati hotelo yokhala ndi munthu wotsimikizika. ((A private prison booster).
(Bizinesi imabwera ndipo chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri sizingathe kudzipezera yokha… (ndende) ndi chinthu chomwe mukudziwa kuti chikhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali. (Woyang'anira tauni ya Chesterfield, New York).
“Palibe kusinthasintha kwa nyengo, ndi makampani osaipitsa, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosaoneka.†(Mkulu wina wa Dipatimenti Yoona za Ufulu ku California akufotokoza zina mwa ubwino woyika ndende kumidzi).
Mawu akuti zida zankhondo zankhondo zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira pomwe Purezidenti Dwight Eisenhower adatchulapo mawu ake otsanzikana mu 1960. Nyumbayi ndi "iron triangle" ya Pentagon, makontrakitala achitetezo apadera, ndi mamembala osiyanasiyana a makomiti a DRM (mwachitsanzo, okhala ndi zida). makomiti a ntchito, makomiti ogawa chitetezo). Kupanga zisankho m'bwalo lililonse landondomeko kumachitika pakati pa akuluakulu aboma, atsogoleri a mabungwe, magulu achidwi, ndi zokonda zachinsinsi zomwe zimapindula pakugawa chuma chaboma. Ndi “state capitalism†osati “msika waulere†umene umagwira ntchito pano.
Momwemonso, titha kunena za ndende ya mafakitale, chifukwa imayimira kulumikizana pakati pa kayendetsedwe ka milandu, ndale komanso dongosolo lazachuma. Kumanga ndende ndi ndende ndi kuwapatsa zonse zomwe akufunikira kuti apitirize (ndalama zomanga, zipangizo zotetezera, mipando, mapepala a chimbudzi, ndi zina zotero) kumaphatikizapo mgwirizano pakati pa zofuna zaumwini ndi zamalonda.
Bizinesi ikupita patsogolo m'mafakitale akundende, makamaka chifukwa cha zomwe zachitika posachedwa pakumangidwa ku United States. Pakadali pano, anthu omangidwa ndi pafupifupi 500 pa anthu 100,000 (oposa 700 ngati muphatikiza ndende), apamwamba kuposa dziko lina lililonse padziko lapansi. Kupenda kwa ziŵerengero zimenezi kuyambira mu 1925 kumasonyeza kuti inali 79 chabe mu 1925, inawonjezeka kufika pa 113 mu 1935 ndipo inakhalabe m’chiŵerengero chomwecho kufikira 1975 pamene inali 111. kuwonjezekanso kufika pa 1975 mu 1995. Kuwonjezeka kuyambira 411 kungayambitsidwe makamaka ndi "nkhondo yolimbana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo" (kumangidwa kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kumakhala pafupifupi theka la ovomerezeka atsopano m'zaka 475-2002 zapitazo).
Kuyerekeza, tikutsogola kwambiri m'ma demokalase ena amakampani, omwe mitengo yawo yotsekeredwa imakonda kuphatikizika kuchokera pa 55 mpaka 120 pa anthu 100,000, ndipo ena ocheperapo, monga chiŵerengero cha Japan cha 36, ndi chiŵerengero cha kumangidwa kwa onse. Mayiko a padziko lapansi a pafupifupi 80. Chotero, chiŵerengero cha kutsekeredwa kwa Amereka n’chokulirapo pafupifupi kuŵirikiza kasanu ndi kasanu ndi kasanu ndi kamodzi kuposa dziko wamba, ndipo kuposa dziko lililonse la ku Ulaya. (Kuyenera kudziwidwa kuti kuchuluka kwa umbanda ku United States kuli pafupifupi momwe zinalili koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, kotero kuti anthu omwe ali m'ndende alibe chochita ndi kuchuluka kwa umbanda, kupatula kuti kumangidwa kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwakwera kwambiri.)
Ndende ngati “Msika†wa Capitalism
M’chitaganya cha chikapitalist pamakhala chikhumbo chosakhutitsidwa cha kupitiriza “kusandutsa ndalama kukhala zogulira ndi katundu kukhala ndalama.” Chilichonse chikuwoneka ngati "chinthu" - kuchokera ku zinthu zosavuta (mwachitsanzo, mapepala ndi pensulo) kupita kwa anthu (mwachitsanzo, matupi a akazi, akapolo). Ndithudi, monga momwe Robert Heilbroner akunenera (m’bukhu lake The Nature and Logic of Capitalism), m’chitaganya cha chikapitalist “moyo watsiku ndi tsiku umapendedwa kaamba ka kuthekera komwe kungabweretsedwe m’dera la kudziunjikirana,” popeza kuti mbali iriyonse ya chitaganya imene ingabweretse phindu. adzadyeredwa masuku pamutu, kuphatikizapo umbanda. Munjira zambiri, moyo pawokha “wakometsedwa”
Kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zimalowa m'bokosi la mafakitale akundende kuchokera ku madola amisonkho okha ndizochulukirapo. Ndalama ya mabungwe amilandu a boma ndi a boma inafika pa $34.1 biliyoni m’chaka chandalama cha 2000, chimene chikuimira chiwonjezeko cha pafupifupi 80 peresenti kuposa chaka cha 1992. Ndalama za mkaidi aliyense patsiku zakhala zikuwonjezeka pang’onopang’ono m’zaka khumi zapitazi, kuchoka pa $49 mu 1991. kufika pafupifupi $58 mu 1999. Izi ndi pafupifupi $21,170 mkaidi aliyense pachaka.
Makampani zikwizikwi, zazikulu ndi zazing'ono, akufunafuna phindu m'makampani omwe akukula kwambiri. Kulembedwa ntchito m'makampaniwa kumapereka ntchito kwa anyamata ndi atsikana zikwizikwi, ambiri omwe ali ndi digiri ya koleji mu "mapulogalamu achilungamo" m'makoleji ndi mayunivesite opitilira 3000. Dongosolo lazachilungamo lokhalo limapereka mwayi wokhazikika wantchito, monga apolisi, alonda andende, oyang'anira milandu ndi ena ambiri. Zambiri mwa ntchitozi sizipereka malipiro abwino oyambira okha, koma phindu labwino kwambiri komanso lonjezo lakuwonjezeka kwa malipiro ndi chitetezo cha ntchito. Ambiri apanga migwirizano, ina imene yakhala yamphamvu kuposa migwirizano ina iriyonse m’mbuyomu.
Kupatula mabizinesi omwe amamanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zowongolera, pali mitundu ingapo yamabizinesi omwe amapindula mwachindunji ndi kumangidwa kwa olakwa. Awa ndi makampani omwe amapereka mitundu ingapo ya ntchito, monga chakudya, maphunziro a ntchito, ntchito zachipatala, kufufuza mankhwala, kasamalidwe ka ogwira ntchito, kamangidwe kamangidwe ndi malo ndi kayendedwe. Palinso makampani omwe amagulitsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana, monga ma vest oteteza alonda, mipanda, mipando, nsalu, maloko ndi zina zambiri. Kupereka katundu ndi ntchito ku bungwe lonse lazachilungamo (kuphatikiza akaidi, alonda ndi apolisi) kumabweretsa ndalama zoposa $100 biliyoni pachaka.
Monga ndanenera kale (onani “Invest in Prisons: It’s Good for Buisness†), chithunzi chimodzi cha “kubweza ndalama†potsekeredwa ndi kuchuluka komanso kuchulukirachulukira kwa kutsatsa komwe kumachitika m'magazini okhudzana ndi makampaniwa. Zolemba zazikulu zingapo ndi magazini, kuphatikiza mawebusayiti, amatumikira makampani owongolera. Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo Corrections Today ndi The American Jail, kuphatikizapo American Correctional Association's Directory pachaka.
Pali masamba osachepera awiri omwe amalemba zotsatsa zamakampani zomwe zimayang'ana msika wakundende. Limodzi ndi "makonza masamba achikasu" (http://www.correctionsyellow.com) ndipo lina ndi “corrections.com†(http://www.corrections.com). Zonsezi zili ndi zotsatsa zopitilira 1000. Corrections.com imakonza tsamba lake latsamba ndi magulu a ogulitsa. Mwachitsanzo, pamutu wakuti “cleaning/sanitation†pali makampani makumi awiri, kuphatikizapo Americhem Enterprises (amapereka zinthu monga zotsukira m’mafakitale, zomalizirira pansi, zothira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zotsukira mbale, ndi zina zotero), Champion Industries (odziwika ndi “makina otsuka mbale a zofunsira kundendeâ€), ndi Somat Corporation (“machitidwe ochepetsa zinyalala pamakampani owongolera chakudya). Tsambali limadzineneranso kuti “Kwathu kwa Mabungwe Otsogola'' ndipo limapereka mndandanda wa mabungwe 34 osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza magulu amitundu onse otchuka (monga American Correctional Association) ndi magulu osadziwika bwino (mwachitsanzo. , Kentucky Department of Juvenile Justice).
American Correctional Association (ACA) ndi imodzi mwamabungwe akulu kwambiri mdziko muno. Misonkhano yawo yapachaka imakopa ogulitsa mazana ambiri, kaŵirikaŵiri amatenga chipinda chonse cha hotelo kapena malo amisonkhano. Pa webusayiti ya ACA imatchulapo ndalama zokwana $50 biliyoni zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito chaka chilichonse kundende ndi ndende ndipo imati kwa makampani, “Musaphonye mwayi waukulu wopezera ndalama umenewu.
Magazini yamalonda yotchedwa Corrections Today ili ndi magazini yapadera mwezi uliwonse wa July poyembekezera msonkhano wapachaka umene ukubwera mu August. M’magazini yapaderayi muli masamba oposa 200. Ndili ndi kope la kope la July, 1999, lomwe lili ndi mafotokozedwe ochokera kumakampani oposa 200 osiyanasiyana, akugulitsa zonse zomwe mungaganizire. Mndandandawu umaphatikizapo maloko ndi zida zina zotetezera, chakudya, zida zaukhondo, zofunda, zofunda, zotchingira, zida zoyankhulirana, zovala, zida, ndi amisiri ambiri omanga, mainjiniya ndi alangizi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga ndi kukonza ndende ndi ndende.
Gawo limodzi la magazini ino ndi loperekedwa ku malonda a ACA Exhibit Hall yotchuka, yomwe amawatcha mochenjera kuti "County Fair Specialty Break." malo osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi) ndipo amawerenga motere:
Chisangalalo cha Chiwonetsero chachikale cha County chinali mumlengalenga mu Exhibit Hall Lachiwiri m'mawa kwa 1999 Winter Conference Exhibit Hall Specialty Break. Opezekapo adapeza mwayi wolandira mphotho ku Correctional Healthcare Solutions, Inc.’s Wheel of Fortune komanso ku Sverdrup Facilities, Inc.'s mphete ya botolo la Coke. Kenall adachita masewera a dart kuti alandire mphotho ndipo HKS idapereka juggler yemwe adapanga nyama za baluni. Wowerenga makadi a tarot a Aramark Correctional Services adaneneratu zamwayi wa opezekapo monga momwe wowerenga kanjedza Norment Detention & Security Group adapereka.
Tsambali likuwonetsa zithunzi za anthu amitundu yonse (kuphatikiza ana) omwe ali ndi nthawi yayikulu, monga “County Fair.†Ngakhale zili zoseketsa, tisaiwale kuti akaidi ambiri omwe amapanga zonsezi. zosangalatsa zotheka ndi akuda osauka omwe, mosadziwa, akupereka ambuye awo zosangalatsa, monga momwe amachitira kale kwambiri, ndi ziwonetsero monga “Amos ‘n Andy†ndi zina zotero. Pali kusintha kwina, komabe, m'mabungwe a azungu omwe amapereka zosangalatsa, pomwe ndende zambiri zakuda zimapereka mwayi wopeza phindu ngati “clientele.
Ntchito Yomanga Ndende
Ntchito yomanga ndende yasanduka bizinezi yochuluka. Mu 1999 mokha, ndende zatsopano 24 zinatsegulidwa, pamtengo woposa $1 biliyoni. Mtengo womanga ndende yatsopano unafika pa $105 miliyoni (pafupifupi $57,000 pabedi lililonse). Ndiponso, mu 1999 ndende zonse 146 zinali kuwonjezera kapena kukonzanso mabedi pamtengo wa $470 miliyoni (pafupifupi $30,000 pabedi lililonse). Pofika mu Januwale, 2000 mabungwe atsopano 29 anali kumangidwa ndipo mabungwe ena 137 anali kukonzedwanso kapena kuwonjezera mabedi atsopano. Ambiri mwa mabedi atsopano adzakhala m'mabungwe otetezeka kwambiri kapena apakatikati, komwe mtengo wake ndi wokwera kwambiri. Ndalama zonse zomwe zikuyerekezeredwa za ntchito zomanga zatsopanozi zimaposa $2.2 biliyoni.
M’zaka za m’ma 1990 ndende zonse 371 zinatsegulidwa. (Chifupifupi mabedi atsopano 92,000 ankawonjezedwa chaka chilichonse.) Pofika pa January 1, 2000, panali ndende zatsopano 29 zomwe zinali kumangidwa, zomwe zinawononga ndalama zokwana madola 2.2 biliyoni. Ndipo mabediwo ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri, kuyambira pa $70,000 m’ndende ya chitetezo chokhwima kufika pa $29,000 m’ndende ya chitetezo chocheperako.
Kusaka kwa Google pa intaneti kumabweretsa makampani ambiri omwe akutsatsa malonda omanga ndende. Chitsanzo chimodzi, pakati pa ambiri, ndi Kitchell (http://www.kitchell.com) amene, malinga ndi tsamba lawo, “wapereka bwino mabedi odzudzula opitilila 110,000, kuphatikiza mapulojekiti opitilira 130 oweruza milandu m'maboma 17. Ntchito zikuphatikizapo ndende za 42, ndende za akuluakulu 29, ndi malo 30 a ana. Amamanganso malo apolisi, makhothi komanso misasa yandende.
Palinso zokonda zamakampani zomwe zikukhudzidwa ndi kukula kwa ndende, komanso zokonda za omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito muulamuliro waupandu womwe. Gawo lachiwiri la mndandandawu liunika nkhaniyi mwatsatanetsatane ndikuwonjezera gawo lomwe nthawi zambiri limasiyidwa pamafakitale akundende. Chimodzi mwazomwe zimapitilira "makasitomala" amakampani akundende ndi njira ya parole yomwe, pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, imakonda kuchita zomwe otsutsa ena amati “kukonzanso akaidi,†zomwe zidapangitsa otsutsa ena kunena kuti dongosolo la parole ndi gawo. ya “makina a akaidi osatha.â€
Randall G. Shelden ndi Pulofesa wa Criminal Justice pa yunivesite ya Nevada-Las Vegas. Iye ndi mlembi komanso wolemba nawo mabuku angapo onena za umbanda ndi chilungamo chaupandu, kuphatikiza Controlling the Dangerous Classes: Critical Introduction to the History of Criminal Justice, Criminal Justice in America: a Critical View, Atsikana, Delinquency and Juvenile Justice and Youth. Zigawenga mu American Society. Tsamba lake ndi: http://www.sheldensays.com.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama