Kugulitsa kaboni ndi kulola mayiko otukuka komanso makampani kupewa zomwe akufuna kuchepetsa utsi. Zimatenga mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu: "cap and trade" ndi "carbon offsetting."
Kodi kapu ndi malonda ndi chiyani?
Pansi pa ndondomeko zamalonda, maboma kapena mabungwe apakati pa maboma amakhazikitsa malire ovomerezeka a mpweya wa carbon mu nthawi inayake ("kapu") ndikupatsa mafakitale chiwerengero cha zilolezo kuti awononge ("zilolezo za carbon"). Makampani omwe sakwaniritsa kapu yawo amatha kugula zilolezo kwa ena omwe ali ndi zochulukirapo - makamaka, chifukwa adapatsidwa ndalama zochulukirapo poyambirira. Athanso kugula "offsets".
Kodi ma carbon offsets ndi chiyani?
Kugulitsa kaboni kumayendera limodzi ndi kachitidwe ka carbon offsets. M'malo mochepetsa mpweya woipa okha, makampani, ndipo nthawi zina mabungwe azachuma padziko lonse lapansi, maboma ndi anthu pawokha, amathandizira "ntchito zopulumutsa mpweya" kunja kwa dera lotsekeredwa kuti apange ngongole za kaboni zomwe zitha kugulitsidwanso pamsika wa kaboni. UN's Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) ndiye ndondomeko yayikulu kwambiri yotere yomwe ili ndi mapulojekiti pafupifupi 1,800 olembetsedwa m'maiko omwe akutukuka kumene pofika Seputembala 2009, komanso mapulojekiti ena opitilira 2,600 omwe akuyembekezera kuvomerezedwa. Kutengera mitengo yapano, ngongole zopangidwa ndi masikimu ovomerezeka zidzawononga pafupifupi $35 biliyoni pofika 2012.
Ngakhale zochepetsera nthawi zambiri zimawonetsedwa ngati kuchepetsa mpweya, zomwe mapulojekitiwa amachita mongoganiza bwino ndikukhazikitsa bata ndikusuntha kuchoka kumalo ena kupita kwina, nthawi zambiri kuchokera Kumpoto kupita kumayiko akumwera. M'malo mwake, zochitika "zabwino kwambiri" izi siziwoneka kawirikawiri, zomwe zotsatira zake zimakhala kuti kuchepetsako kumachulukitsa mpweya komanso kumakulitsa mikangano yamagulu ndi chilengedwe.
Ndiye cholakwika ndi chiyani ndi kapu ndi malonda?
Pali zolakwika zoyambira mu kapu yonse ndi dongosolo lazamalonda musanayang'ane mbiri yeniyeni ya kukhazikitsidwa kwake. Izi zili choncho chifukwa ndondomekoyi sinakhazikitsidwe kuti ithetsere mwachindunji ntchito yofunika kwambiri yosinthira mofulumira kuchoka ku zotsalira za mafuta, kupanga mopitirira muyeso ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mopitirira muyeso, koma m'malo mwake adayesa kuwerengera kuwonongeka komwe kulipo ngati njira yopangira chinthu chatsopano chogulitsidwa. Mkati mwa dongosololi, amalonda amasankha nthawi zonse yotsika mtengo ngongole zomwe zilipo panthawiyo, koma zomwe zili zotsika mtengo pakanthawi kochepa sizili zofanana ndi zomwe zimagwira ntchito pa chilengedwe kapena chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Ena mwamavuto akulu ndi kapu ndi njira yamalonda ndi:
Chigawo cha "malonda" sichichepetsa mpweya uliwonse. Zimangolola makampani kusankha pakati pa kudula zomwe amatulutsa kapena kugula "carbon credits" zotsika mtengo, zomwe zimayenera kuyimira kuchepetsa kwina.
"Chipewa" chimakhala ndi mabowo ambiri ndipo nthawi zina sichimatseka chilichonse. Chovalacho chimakhala cholimba kwambiri ngati gawo locheperako la dongosolo lonselo. Izi zili choncho chifukwa ngongole zimagulitsidwa ndi omwe ali ndi zowonjezera, ndipo njira yotsika mtengo yopangira zowonjezera ndi kupatsidwa ngongole zambiri poyamba (mbiri ya "mpweya wotentha" chifukwa cha makapu omwe amaikidwa kwambiri). Cholinga cha malonda ndi kupeza njira yotsika mtengo kwambiri pamakampani oipitsa, ndipo nthawi zonse ndi zotsika mtengo kugula ngongole za "mpweya wotentha" kusiyana ndi kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya.
Kukhazikitsa kapu ndi njira yandale yomwe imatha kukopeka ndi makampani zomwe zikutanthauza kuti pali zilolezo zogawikana mopitilira muyeso. M'malo mwake, kukopa anthu kumalimbikitsidwa chifukwa chakutenga nawo gawo kwakukulu kwa "okhudzidwa".
Offsets amamasula kapu. Ngakhale kuti chiwongoladzanja ndi malonda m'malingaliro amalepheretsa kupezeka kwa zilolezo zowononga chilengedwe, ntchito za "offset" ndi chilolezo chosindikiza zatsopano. Pamene machitidwe awiriwa asonkhanitsidwa palimodzi, amakonda kufooketsa wina ndi mzake - popeza imodzi imagwiritsa ntchito kapu ndipo ina imakweza. Kuchotsera ndi chilolezo choipitsa kupitirira kapu. Machitidwe amakono komanso omwe akufunidwa a "kapu ndi malonda" amalola kuti ngongole zochotsera zigulidwe mkati mwawo - kuphatikiza EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) ndi kapu ya US ndi dongosolo lazamalonda (lomwe lidaperekedwa mu 2009 American Clean Energy and Security Act, ACES)
Kodi misika yokhudzidwa ndi kukula idzatha kutsitsa kaboni?
Vuto lina ndikuti misika imakonda kukula, choncho yang'anani magwero atsopano osonkhanitsira. M'misika ya carbon, izi zimatheka poonjezera kukula kwa malo awo komanso kuchuluka kwa mafakitale ndi mpweya omwe amaphimba. Komabe izi zikusemphana ndi zomwe zimafunikira kuthana ndi kusintha kwanyengo komwe kuli pafupi ndi kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta oyaka komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta.
Chifukwa chake sizodabwitsa kuti kuyambitsa kaboni ngati chinthu kwadzetsa mwayi watsopano wopeza phindu komanso malingaliro. Msika wa kaboni ukupanga kale njira ya msika wachuma pogwiritsa ntchito zida zovuta zachuma (zogulitsa zam'tsogolo ndi zotumphukira) kuti ziwononge ngozi ndikuwonjezera phindu longoyerekeza. Izi zimakhala ndi chiopsezo chopanga "carbon bubble". Izi sizodabwitsa, chifukwa zinapangidwa ndi anthu ambiri omwewo ku Chicago Climate Exchange omwe adapanga misika yochokera kuzinthu zomwe zinayambitsa kuwonongeka kwachuma posachedwa.
Ndi zitsanzo ziti zomwe zakhalapo za Cap and Trade schemes?
Pakhala pali misika yambiri ya Cap and Trade - EU ETS, United States Acid Rain Programme, Los Angeles Region Clean Air Markets (RECLAIM), Chicago Emissions Reduction Market System (ERMS) ndi Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. EU ETS, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu Januwale 2005, ndiyo njira yayikulu kwambiri yogwirira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi ndipo ndiyo yabwino kwambiri yowonetsera momwe malonda a kaboni adalepherera.
Chifukwa chiyani European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) imangopereka zilolezo zowononga chilengedwe?
Misika yambiri yamalonda ndi yamalonda imagwiritsa ntchito zowonetsera zakale zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi mafakitale pawokha kuwerengera zoyambira. Makampani ali ndi chilimbikitso chowonekera kuti achulukitse mpweya wake wam'mbuyomu kuti apindule kwambiri. Zotsatira zake, kapu ndi misika yamalonda imayamba ndi zilolezo zambiri. Izi zinali choncho ndi EU ETS yomwe nthawi zonse inkapereka zilolezo zoipitsa zinthu zaulere (zotchedwa EUAs, European Union Allowances) kuposa mlingo wawo weniweni wa mpweya wa carbon. Izi zikutanthauza kuti sizinawapatse mwayi wochepetsera mpweya, ndipo chifukwa chake mtengo wa zilolezo unagwa - kutha 2007 pa โฌ โโโโ0.01. Mu gawo loyamba (2005-2007) lonse, malinga ndi zomwe EU ikunena, owononga kwambiri anali ndi zilolezo zokwana 3.4 peresenti kuposa momwe amaperekera mpweya.
Koma kodi gawo lachiwiri la EU ETS (2008-2012) silinathetse kugawa mochulukiraku?
EU ikunena kuti yaphunzira kuchokera ku zolakwa zake ndikuti gawo lachiwiri la ndondomeko yake likugwira ntchito. Ngakhale ndizowona kuti kwa nthawi yoyamba mu 2008, owononga chilengedwe adapatsidwa zilolezo zochepa poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwawo komwe amatulutsa, zilolezo zikuperekedwa mopitilira muyeso:
Mafakitale ambiri ndi magawo azachuma akugawidwabe mopitilira muyeso - ndi gawo lamagetsi lokha lomwe likufunika kugula ngongole.
Zotsatira za kutsika kwachuma kwa EU kumatanthauza kuti ETS yonse idzagawidwanso mopitilira mu 2009.
Mabungwe amalandila ziwongola dzanja zofananira ngakhale atatseka kwakanthawi kapena kuchepetsa ntchito pazifukwa zazing'ono zachuma
Koma kodi Gawo II silikupangitsa kuti utsi uchepe?
Bungwe la EU linanena kuti kuchepetsedwa kwa mpweya woipa ndi 3 peresenti, kapena matani 50 miliyoni, mโmagawo a ETS mu 2008. Vuto nโlakuti pafupifupi matani 80 miliyoni a โcarbon offsetsโ mโmayiko osauka anagulidwa monga mbali ya ETS mu 2009 โ more kuposa mlingo wa kapu. Chifukwa chake, kachiwiri, ETS sifunikira kuchepetsedwa kwa mpweya ndi makampani ku EU.
Komanso palinso umboni wosonyeza kuti zina zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti "zodulidwa" ndi zabodza. Chitsanzo chimodzi chotere ndi dziko la Lithuania lomwe linanena kuti lidzakakamizika kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi a malasha chifukwa cha kutsekedwa kwa Ignalina, malo opangira mphamvu za nyukiliya. Zotsatira zake zidapeza ndalama zambiri zochulukirapo, zomwe zidagulitsidwa ndikuwonedwa ngati "kuchepetsa mpweya" kwina.
Ndiye ndani adapindula ndi malonda a carbon?
Makampani amalandira ngongole zambiri za kaboni kwaulere. Izi ndizofanana ndi ndalama zothandizira - ndipo ndi magawo omwe amaperekedwa chifukwa cha mpweya wa mbiri yakale, chithandizo chachikulu kwambiri chimapita ku makampani onyansa kwambiri (makamaka magetsi oyaka moto).
Phindu la Windfall limabweranso kuchokera ku chinyengo chowerengera ndalama pa "mtengo wa mwayi." Makampani opanga magetsi amasankha kuchita zinthu zotsika mtengo kwambiri kuti akwaniritse cholinga chawo cha ETS - chomwe nthawi zambiri chimagula ngongole za Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) - koma kupereka ndalama ngati kuti akuchita zodula kwambiri - kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya. Ngakhale makampani opanga magetsi omwe amalandira ngongole zaulere kuchokera ku ETS adaperekabe mtengo wa ngongolezi kwa ogula. Kafukufuku wa akatswiri ofufuza za msika Point Carbon ndi WWF anawerengera kuti phindu la "mphepo" lopangidwa ndi makampani amagetsi mu gawo lachiwiri likhoza kukhala pakati pa โฌ โโโโ23 ndi โฌ 71 biliyoni, ndi kuti phinduli limakhala m'mayiko omwe ali ndi mpweya wambiri.
ArcelorMittal, kampani yayikulu kwambiri yazitsulo padziko lonse lapansi, ndi chitsanzo chinanso. Imalandila kotala mpaka gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu kuposa momwe zikanafunikira kuti ayambenso kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya. Kampaniyo ikuyenera kuti idapeza phindu lopitilira 2 biliyoni kuchokera ku ETS pakati pa 2005 ndi 2008, ndi ndalama zoposa โฌ 500 miliyoni za izi zomwe zidakwaniritsidwa mu 2008 mokha - komabe sichinafunikire kusintha zomwe amatulutsa kuti achite izi.
Nanga bwanji gawo III la EU ETS?
Gawo lachitatu la EU ETS kuyambira 2013 mpaka 2020, ndipo mkangano ku Brussels umayang'ana kwambiri pachiwopsezo cha "carbon leakage". Izi zikugwirizana ndi zomwe makampani amanena kuti malamulo okhwima m'madera ena a dziko lapansi amalimbikitsa kutumizidwa kumadera omwe malamulo ndi opanda mphamvu. Ikugwiritsidwa kale ntchito ngati njira yachinyengo ndi makampani kuti achepetse zomwe akufuna kapena zomwe akufuna mu EU ETS (ndi njira zina zomwe akufuna ku Australia ndi US). Oposa theka la magawo 258 a mafakitale ku Europe omwe akuwunikiridwa kuti awonetsere kutulutsa mpweya pansi pa EU ETS akuyenera kulandira malipiro aulere kuyambira 2013, malinga ndi kuwunika koyambirira kwa European Commission.
Ndiye vuto la carbon offsetting ndi chiyani?
Kuchepetsa mpweya kumalola makampani ndi mayiko kupewa kuchepetsa utsi wawo pogula njira yochotsera vutoli ndikuchepetsako mwamalingaliro kwina. Pali madongosolo onse apakati pa maboma - odziwika kwambiri a UN Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) - komanso mapologalamu odzifunira omwe amapangidwa makamaka kuti agulidwe ndi ogula. Tsoka ilo machitidwe onsewa ndi olakwika kwambiri:
Kugulitsa nkhani. Kubwezera kumakhazikika pa zonena za "zowonjezera" zomwe "zikadakhala zitachitika," kupatsa makampani oipitsa ndi akatswiri azachuma mwayi wosintha nkhani za tsogolo losadziwikiratu kukhala nkhokwe za carbon. EU ikuvomereza kuti pafupifupi 40 peresenti ya izi ndi zabodza, pamene kafukufuku wa International Rivers anapeza kuti 60 peresenti ya mapulojekiti ndi "osawonjezera."
Offsets amawonjezera utsi. Chotsatira cha nyengo ndi chakuti kuchotseratu kumakonda kuchulukira m'malo mochepetsa mpweya wotenthetsa mpweya, ndikuchotsa kufunikira kochita zinthu pamalo amodzi poganiza kuti azichita mosiyana kwina. Kuphatikiza apo, imachedwetsa zochitika zenizeni zapakhomo ndikulola kufalikira kwa mafuta ochulukirapo ambiri.
Kuchita zinthu mofanana. Kufunika kwa mapulojekiti a CDM kumakhazikitsidwa pakumanga mndandanda wonse wa "zofanana" zokayikitsa pakati pa machitidwe osiyanasiyana azachuma ndi mafakitale, ndipo kusatsimikizika koyerekeza kumanyalanyazidwa kuwonetsetsa kuti chinthu chimodzi chitha kumangidwa ndikusinthidwa. Izi sizikusintha mfundo yakuti kuwotcha malasha ndi mafuta ochulukirapo sikungathetsedwe (ndipo ndithudi osati nthawi yomweyo) pomanga madamu owonjezera magetsi, kubzala mitengo yambiri kapena kulanda methane m'migodi ya malasha.
Zotulutsa mpweya zimakhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri pazakhalidwe komanso chilengedwe
Kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "chitukuko" kumabisa chisalungamo chofunikira pakuwongolera, komwe kumapereka ndalama zatsopano kumakampani oipitsa kwambiri kumwera, pomwe nthawi yomweyo kupatsa makampani ndi maboma kumpoto njira yochepetsera kusintha machitidwe awo amakampani. ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu.
M'malo mwake, mapulojekiti a carbon offset nthawi zambiri amabweretsa kulandidwa kwa nthaka, mikangano yachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, kusamutsidwa kwa Amwenye m'madera awo, komanso kuponderezedwa kwa madera ndi mayendedwe.
Kodi mapulogalamu obzala nkhalango monga REDD angagwire ntchito?
Kuphatikizidwa kwa kubzala mitengo ndi ntchito zina "zozama" mu CDM ndi cap and trade schemes zikuganiziridwanso.
Izi zimabweretsa zovuta zina zoyezera, chifukwa mapulojekiti ambiri sakhala owonjezera, ndi ovuta kuyeza, osaphatikiza kusamalira mitengo ndikumayamwa nthawi yomweyo kaboni yotulutsidwa kale - pomwe zidzatenga zaka masauzande kuti mpweya utengedwe. . "Kubzalanso nkhalango" kumakondanso kuwerengera minda yokhala ndi mbewu imodzi ngati nkhalango, koma sizili choncho popeza ilibe mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo, motero imathandizira kuwononga nthaka; komanso amafuna feteleza wopangidwa mwamphamvu kwambiri, amene amathandiza kwambiri kusintha kwa nyengo, kuipitsa madzi ndi kuononga thanzi la anthu am'deralo.
Ma Schemes for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) abwereza cholakwika cha malonda a utsi pogulitsa nkhalango. Amaganiza kuti kudula mitengo kumachitika chifukwa chakuti nkhalango zomwe zimayima zimapeza ndalama zochepa poyerekeza ndi nkhalango zomwe zimadulidwa. Ndipotu, kugulitsa nkhalango ndi chiyani amayendetsa kudula mitengo. Kuphatikizika kumeneku kumaphatikizapo ntchito ya ndalama zamabanki amakampani ndi chitukuko muzomangamanga zatsopano, ntchito zamigodi ndi zokumba mafuta; kudula mitengo yamakampani; ndi chilolezo cha minda kuti apange minda yolima mbewu imodzi yokha m'mafakitale a zamkati ndi mapepala ndi mafuta a kanjedza. REDD ikhoza kuyambitsa mikangano ya katundu ndipo izi zikulitsa mikangano ya nthaka, kulanda Amwenye ndi nkhalango.
Kodi njira zatsopano zogulitsira zitha kukhala ndi zotsatira zotani pamisika yotsika mtengo komanso ya carbon dioxide?
Ogula kwambiri ogula ma creditset mu 2008 anali makampani aku Europe, omwe adagula ngongole zokwana 80 miliyoni kuchokera ku CDM kapena ma Project Joint Implementation (chiwembu chofananira cha UN, chomwe chimagwira ntchito m'maiko omwe ali ndi zigamulo zochepetsera utsi pansi pa Kyoto Protocol) ngati njira yotsika mtengo. kuchepetsa kutulutsa kwawo (pansi pa ETS), kapena ndi cholinga chongoyerekeza ndikugulitsanso. Koma msika uwu ukuyenera kukula kwambiri ngati American Clean Energy and Security Act (ACES) ivomerezedwa, yomwe ikufuna kulola makampani aku US kugula kuchokera ku 1 mpaka 1.5 biliyoni padziko lonse lapansi chaka chilichonse. Izi zitha kulimbikitsa kuwonjezereka kwakukulu kwa ntchito zowononga zowononga, kuyika chikakamizo chachikulu chochepetsera cheke chomwe sichinakwaniritsidwe kale pa kukhulupirika kwawo kwachilengedwe.
Kodi ngongole zamagulu ndi chiyani?
Ndalama za Sectoral zidzayambitsa njira zatsopano zochotseramo zomwe zimatchedwa Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) mu ndondomeko ya ndondomeko ya nyengo. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zikukambidwa pakali pano kuti ziphatikizidwe mu mgwirizano watsopano wa UN zanyengo.
Lingaliro lalikulu ndilakuti mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene akuyenera kudzipereka kuchepetsa mpweya wotenthetsera mpweya wawo โmโmalo osonyeza kutsika kwa ntchito monga mwa nthawi zonse,โ monga momwe chilengezo cha G8โs LโAquila mu July 2009 chikunenera. Kupatuka kumeneku kuchokera m'malingaliro amtsogolo kudzawerengedwa ngati "kuchepetsa" (ngakhale kuti sikuyenera kukhala kofananako) ndikugulitsidwa kuti athandize mafakitale m'maiko otukuka kuti asachepetse mpweya wawo. Ndalama zapayekha zomwe zikuyenda m'misika ya kaboni iyi zithanso "kuwerengedwa kawiri" monga gawo la kudzipereka kwachuma komwe mayiko otukuka adagwirizana kuti achite pa msonkhano wa UN Climate ku Bali.
Koma kodi kugulitsa kaboni sikwabwino kuposa kalikonse?
Ayi. Popeza malonda a carbon amathandizira kupewa kusintha komanso kumawonjezera mpweya wotulutsa mpweya kwinaku akukulitsa mikangano ya m'deralo, si nkhani ya njira zina m'malo mwa malonda a carbon koma m'malo mwake. kutenga njira zothana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo.
Ndiye njira zina ndi ziti?
Misika ya kaboni iyenera kuthetsedwa, kuyambira ndi ma offsets. Cholinga chomveka chosiya misika ya carbon chingathe kuwafooketsa ngakhale malamulo asanayambe. Njira zina ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa zomwe zimakambidwa bwino ndikupangidwa pamodzi ndi anthu amderalo kuti apewe kubwerezedwa kwa kulandidwa ndi kusalungama komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha njira zochotsera.
Njira zosiyanasiyana zimafunikira koma zingaphatikizepo:
Kuzindikira njira zothetsera nyengo. Mayankho ambiri omwe alipo kale - omwe amasiyanitsidwa ndi chidwi chawo pazochitika za komweko komwe amagwirira ntchito, amanyalanyazidwa mokomera "zokonza zamakono" zazikulu kapena ziwembu zozikidwa pamsika.
Siyani mafuta oyaka pansi. Malingaliro oyimitsa mafakitale atsopano opangira magetsi a malasha komanso kufufuza kwa malo atsopano komanso omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala "osavomerezeka" akutulutsa mafuta ali patsogolo pankhondo yolimbana ndi chilungamo chanyengo - ndipo akuyenera kukhala gawo limodzi lakusintha kwachangu kuchuma chamafuta pambuyo pake.
Kupezanso chitetezo cha chilengedwe. Pali zida zambiri zoyendetsera chilengedwe zomwe zakhala zikugwira bwino ntchito kuposa njira zogulira msika - kuyambira pamiyezo yogwira ntchito bwino pazida zamagetsi ndi nyumba mpaka kumitengo yolipirira zinthu zongowonjezera. Kupezekanso kwa njira zoterezi kungakhale gawo la yankho
Zopeza zatsopano: msonkho ndi/kapena ndalama zomaliza ndi zongoyerekeza zamafuta. M'malo mwa msonkho wocheperako wa kaboni, ndalama zitha kupangidwa ndi msonkho pamalingaliro andalama. Msonkho wolemetsa kapena kutha kwa malingaliro amitengo yamafuta opangira mafuta kungathandizenso ngati njira yosinthira. Izi ziyenera kutsagana ndi mfundo zoyendetsera ntchito zothana ndi umphawi wamafuta, monga kuletsa kuwerengera ndalama zolipiriratu.
Mphamvu zowonjezereka ziyenera kuthandizidwa koma osati motsutsa - ndi kutengapo gawo kwa anthu akumaloko osati ngati maziko opititsira patsogolo kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zinthu zakale zokwiririka kapena kuthandizira njira yosakhazikika yakukulira kwa mafakitale.
Kafukufuku wamagetsi a anthu. Kufufuza kwachinsinsi pa njira zina zopangira mphamvu ndikugwiritsa ntchito kumakomera njira zabodza "zotsika mtengo" (monga ma agrofuels, madamu opangira magetsi amadzi, mphamvu za nyukiliya) m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito njira zowononga zachilengedwe, motero sizothandiza kuposa kafukufuku wapagulu. Komabe, izi ziyenera kugwirizana ndi kusintha kwa demokalase kwa mabungwe a "ulamuliro wa chilengedwe," zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa ndi mabungwe amayiko.
Kuyerekezanso kufunika kwa mphamvu. Zitsanzo zamakono zikuwonetseratu kukula kopanda malire komanso kuwonjezereka kwa mphamvu zamtsogolo, zomwe zalimbikitsa kuchulukirachulukira ndikupangitsa kuti mitengo ikhale yotsika - zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kugwiritsira ntchito mopitirira muyeso.
Gulu la Transition Towns likupita patsogolo pakuyesanso kufunikira kwake ndi "Energy Descent Action Plans", koma ilibe kusanthula kwamagwiritsidwe ntchito m'mafakitale (kapena kuchuluka kwa capitalist) ndipo nthawi zambiri amasudzulidwa pakukonza zambiri. kugawa kofanana mphamvu
Kusintha mawerengedwe a zachuma. Kuwerengera mtengo wamtengo wapatali mwina sikungaganizire za chilengedwe kapena chikhalidwe cha anthu, kapena kumachepetsa kwambiri malingaliro ake.
Kutsutsa "kukula" fetish. Nthawi zambiri amanenedwa kuti kupitiliza kukula kwa GDP kungagwirizane ndi kuchepetsa mpweya. Komabe, palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti chuma "chotsogola" chikuchepetsa kwambiri miyeso ya carbon, kapena kuti kusintha kotereku kungathe kuchitika mofulumira kuti achepetse mpweya. Kumbali ya postive, GDP ndi chizindikiro chosauka kwambiri cha umoyo waumunthu, kotero si chikhalidwe cha chitukuko kapena moyo wabwino. Ngati kunenepa kwambiri ndi kukula kwachuma kumayikidwa pambali, zimakhala zosavuta kuona momwe kulimbana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ndikukhala ndi moyo wokhazikika komanso wosangalatsa zili kutali ndi zolinga zotsutsana.
Oscar Reyes ndi wofufuza wa Carbon Trade Watch (www.carbontradewatch.org), polojekiti ya Transnational Institute, ndi mkonzi wa chilengedwe wa magazini ya Red Pepper (www.redpepper.org.uk).
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