Lachinayi lapitalo akuluakulu a US Medicare adatsatira kutsogolera kwa mabungwe angapo a US ndipo adalengeza ndondomeko yolipira mabonasi kuti asamalire bwino. Miyezi ingapo mmbuyo gulu la mabungwe akuluakulu kuphatikiza General Electric, Ford ndi ena adayambitsa pulogalamu yoyendetsa ndege ku Cincinnati, Lexington ndi Boston, kulipira mabonasi a madotolo mpaka 10% ngati atsimikizira kuti akusamalira bwino odwala amtima ndi matenda a shuga.
Kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti capitalism imasamala? Ayi ndithu.
Koma limasonyeza mmene cholinga chopezera phindu nthaลตi zambiri chimasemphana ndi thanzi la anthu.
TheU.S. imawononga ndalama zambiri pazaumoyo kuposa dziko lililonse padziko lapansi. Pafupifupi 14% yazinthu zonse zapakhomo (GDP) zimapita kuchipatala. Dziko lotsatira lapafupi limawononga 10 peresenti yokha. Sikuti Achimerika amangopereka gawo lalikulu la GDP ku chisamaliro chaumoyo, amawononga ndalama zambiri. Anthu aku America amalipira $4,637 pa avareji kuti athandizire zaumoyo pomwe aku Canada, omwe ndi achinayi owononga ndalama zambiri, amawononga $2,200 (US). Malinga ndi nyuzipepala ya Globe and Mail, โmaboma [a ku Canada] anawononga 7 peresenti ya GDP pazaumoyo mu 2001, pamene maboma a ku America anawononga 6.7 peresenti (April 21)โ. Kwenikweni, maboma aku Canada ndi America amawononga ndalama zomwezo pazaumoyo ngakhale ku Canada mosiyana ndi US boma limapereka chithandizo chamankhwala padziko lonse lapansi.
Komabe, chiyembekezo cha moyo waku America ndichokwera 17 padziko lonse lapansi. Chofunika kwambiri, kafukufuku wa World Health Organisation omwe adawerengera zaka zathanzi labwino adawonetsa kuti US idatsika kwambiri ndi muyeso womwewo. "United States idakhala pa nambala 24 pansi pa dongosololi, kapena avareji ya zaka 70.0 za moyo wathanzi kwa makanda obadwa mu 1999." Christopher Murray, wotsogolera kuchokera ku WHO anafotokoza mwachidule zomwe zapezedwa; "Kwenikweni, umamwalira m'mbuyomu ndikukhala wolumala nthawi yayitali ngati ndinu waku America m'malo mokhala membala wamayiko ena otsogola." (www.who.com)
Thanzi lomvetsa chisoni limenelo lingakhale chifukwa cha kusonkhezera kwakukulu kwa kusonkhezera kupeza phindu mu dongosolo la U.S. Health ndi mโgulu la anthu aku America onse. Palibe dziko lina lotukuka lomwe lili ndi machitidwe azaumoyo omwe cholinga cha capitalist chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri.
Kulephera kwa capitalism monyanyira kuwona zinthu zilizonse kupatula kusinthanitsa mtengo, ziyeneretso zilizonse kupatula dzina la katundu, mwina ndizodziwikiratu motsutsana ndi chithandizo chamankhwala choperekedwa ndi boma ku U.S. NY Times).
Komanso, capitalism imatsutsana ndi kulimbikitsa thanzi la anthu. Dongosololi limakonda kuchiza matenda m'malo moletsa. Komabe, chithandizo chamankhwala chopewera ndichothandiza kwambiri kuposa kuchiza. Malinga ndi kunena kwa Laurie Garrett mโbukhu lotchedwa Betrayal of Trust, โ86 peresenti ya kuchuluka kwa zaka zoyembekezeka za moyo kunali chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa matenda opatsirana. Nโchimodzimodzinso ku United States, kumene kuchepera pa 4 peresenti ya chiwongolero chonse cha zaka zoyembekezeka za moyo kuyambira mโma 1700 kunganenedwe kuti ndi kupita patsogolo kwa chithandizo chamankhwala mโzaka za mโma XNUMX.โ
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ziribe kanthu momwe zoulutsira nkhani zamakampani zimatifikitsa ndi nkhani zodabwitsa zaukadaulo waposachedwa wa zamankhwala, palibe chomwe chili pafupi kwambiri ngati kupititsa patsogolo thanzi la anthu.
Komabe, njira zodzitetezera, monga machitidwe abwino a zimbudzi ndi madzi, kukhetsa madambo pafupi ndi mizinda, maphunziro, kasamalidwe kabwino ka chakudya, thanzi labwino pantchito ndi chitetezo kapena katemera wapadziko lonse lapansi amabweretsa phindu lochepa. Miyeso yamtunduwu nthawi zambiri imaperekedwa bwino pamacheza.
Chifukwa chake, monga mankhwala ambiri ochiritsira, dongosolo lopatsa madokotala chilimbikitso cha chisamaliro chabwino, litha kuwongolera kwakanthawi kochepa, koma silingapambane pakuwongolera ndikukulitsa miyoyo ya anthu.
Njira yolipirira madotolo yakhazikitsidwa kale m'njira yomwe imatsogolera kuchulukirachulukira kwamitengo popanda kulumikizana kofunikira pakuwongolera thanzi la anthu. Pafupifupi madotolo onse ku U.S.ndi 90% ku Canada amalipidwa pamalipiro a ntchito. (Mu ntchito zina izi zimatchedwa piecework). Pansi pa dongosololi, madokotala ndi amalonda apadera omwe ali ndi chidwi chandalama pochiza m'malo mopewa kudwala. M'malo mopatsa madokotala mabonasi kuti alandire chithandizo chabwino, njira yolipirira yomwe ilipo, kutengera kuchuluka kwa odwala omwe amathandizidwa, iyenera kuthetsedwa.
M'dongosolo labwino zolimbikitsira zachuma zitha kukhazikitsidwa pakulimbikitsa thanzi la anthu.
Ngakhale ku Canada, dziko lomwe likuwoneka kuti lili ndi chithandizo chamankhwala "chochezeka", mankhwala ochiritsira amalamulira kwambiri. Kwenikweni, inshuwaransi yazachipatala yolipidwa ndi boma imalipira chindapusa cha njira yochiritsira yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi madokotala. (Madokotala a ku Canada atsutsa mwamphamvu zoyesayesa zosintha njira yamalipiro.)Njira yaumoyo ya anthu ku Canada imagwira ntchito ngati yotsutsana ndi cholinga chamalonda pa machiritso pa kupewa.
Mankhwala aku Canada "okhazikika", kudzera mukukonzekera kwapakati komanso mwanzeru, amatsindika kwambiri thanzi la anthu. M'zigawo zambiri katemera amaperekedwa m'njira yofikirika komanso yomveka bwino. Magawo azaumoyo wa anthu ali ndi zida zoyenera. Maphunziro apamwamba a anthu onse amapezekanso mofala kuposa ku U.S.chifukwa dongosolo loperekedwa ndi boma limakhala ndi chilimbikitso chandalama kuti chichite zomwe zimagwiradi ntchito. Dongosolo la Canada silinakhazikitsenso ntchito zachipatala, zamakampani azamankhwala kapena mafakitale ena onse a bio-med kuti ayang'ane pa kupewa m'malo mopeza phindu lachinsinsi.
Mankhwala ochiritsira, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amapindulitsa pakapita nthawi, amatha kukhala owononga thanzi. Mwachitsanzo, Chicago Tribune inawerengera kuti anthu 103,000 anafa mu 2000 chifukwa cha matenda obadwa m'chipatala, 75% anali otetezedwa, makamaka chifukwa cha njira zabwino zoyeretsera zomwe madokotala ndi anamwino amachita. (www.researchprotection.org)
Momwemonso, 80% mwa onse omwe adakhudzidwa ndi Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) ku Toronto adagwira matendawa kuchipatala (Globe and Mail April 12).
SARS ikuwonetsa kufunikira kolimbikitsa thanzi la anthu. Ku Vancouver, British Columbia, komwe kumalumikizana kwambiri ndi China ndiye ku Toronto, kuchuluka kwa milandu ya SARS kudatsika kwambiri. Chifukwa chachikulu nโchakuti mwezi wa February wapitawu akuluakulu a zaumoyo ku B.C. adatumiza ma memo ku zipatala kuwachenjeza kuti adziwe za chibayo cha atypical. Nthawi yomweyo madotolo akuchipinda chodzidzimutsa anali kuyang'ana mtundu uwu wa chibayo (womwe pambuyo pake umadziwika kuti SARS). Anthu omwe ali ndi zizindikirozi adasamutsidwa kuchokera ku chipatala chachikulu kuti apewe matenda omwe angakhalepo. Ku Ontario, komwe kuchepa kwa boma ku Medicare kwakhala kovutirapo, zikuwoneka kuti palibe memo yomwe idatumizidwa.
Pamapeto pake, machiritso a SARS mwina apezeka. Komabe, kupititsa patsogolo thanzi la anthu poika anthu m'malo osakonzekera bwino ndikothandiza kwambiri kuposa mankhwala aliwonse othana ndi matendawa.
Chitsanzo china chomwe chikuwonetsa mwayi wofananiza wa kupititsa patsogolo thanzi labwino ndi katemera wa ana m'chigawo cha B.C. poyerekeza ndi Ontario. Ku Ontario, madotolo pazifukwa zandalama adakakamiza ndikuwongolera njira yoperekera katemera ku B.C. Madipatimenti a zaumoyo m'chigawo chilichonse chaumoyo amapereka katemera kwa anthu onse. Kugawikana kwa dongosolo loyang'aniridwa ndi madotolo apadera kumatanthauza kuti pali zochepa zoyeserera mwadongosolo pakutemera. Zotsatira zake, ku Ontario, ana ambiri amalowa Sitandade 1 popanda katemera.
Udindo wa makampani opanga mankhwala polimbikitsa mankhwala ochiritsa ndi woonekeratu. Amalimbikitsa luso lopanda malire lotsatsa malonda awo, mosasamala kanthu za zotsatira za thanzi. Mโzaka zingapo zapitazi kuwonongera ndalama pa malonda a mankhwala kwakwera kwambiri. Makampani opanga mankhwala aku America ndi mabungwe ofalitsa nkhani adapempha kuti akhale ndi ufulu wotsatsa mwachindunji kwa ogula, zomwe zawonjezera kufunika kwa mankhwala. Mofananamo, malinga ndi kunena kwa nyuzipepala ya Economist, โchiลตerengero cha ogulitsa mankhwala ku America kokha chawonjezeka pafupifupi katatu kuyambira 1995, kufika pa 90,000 chaka chatha, ngakhale kuti chiลตerengero cha madokotala sichinachepe.โ (Feb 15)
Makampani opanga mankhwala amalimbikitsa madokotala kuti apereke mankhwala, koma nthawi zambiri amapeputsa zotsatira zake pa thanzi. Nthawi zambiri madokotala, omwe amalipidwa malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa makasitomala omwe amawawona, amapereka mankhwala ngati njira yopulumutsira nthawi. Ndikofulumira kupereka mankhwala kusiyana ndi kukhala ndi mbiri yolondola ya thanzi. Matendawa amadzipangitsa kuti madotolo asathenso kuona kuchiritsa kwakanthawi kochepa. Momwemonso, chifukwa dongosololi limakhazikika pamankhwala ochizira, madotolo sanaphunzitsidwe mokwanira pankhani yopititsa patsogolo thanzi.
Madokotala amathanso kukwaniritsa zofunika pakusintha kwamaphunziro kwapachaka mwa kupita ku nkhani zoperekedwa ndi makampani opanga mankhwala. Malinga ndi kunena kwa Wall Street Journal, โchakudya chamadzulo ndi nkhani zinali ngati maola aลตiri a ngongole kwa [madokotala] zofunika zapachaka kuti apitirize maphunziro a zachipatala, kapena CME.โ (Dec 4, 2002)
Kuwonjezeka kwa malonda a mankhwala m'zaka zapitazi kwachititsa kuti kuchuluke kwambiri kwa malonda a mankhwala. โMโchaka cha 2000 chokha, Achimereka anadzaza malamulo mabiliyoni atatu, kuลตirikiza kaลตiri chiลตerengero cha mu 1990 (N.Y. Times March 2)โ
Sikuti madokotala amangodzaza mankhwala ambiri koma nthawi zina amapindulanso payekha. The March 31 N.Y. Times inanena kuti madokotala ambiri akupindula pogulitsa Ephedra, mankhwala ochepetsa thupi. Imfa ya pro baseball pitcher Steve Bechler ikuwonetsa kuopsa kwa mankhwalawa. Komabe, nโzosadabwitsa kuti โmalinga ndi akatswiri a zachipatala, kafukufuku amasonyeza mosalekeza kuti madokotala akakhala ndi ndalama pa chinthu china kapena ntchito inayake, odwala awo amazigwiritsa ntchito kwambiri. (NY Times Marichi 31)
Kupatula kukaonana ndi dokotala mopitilira muyeso komanso kutulutsa mapiritsi, mankhwala a capitalist amathandiziranso kupanga matekinoloje apamwamba azachipatala omwe sangathandizire kuwongolera thanzi komanso kupezeka kwa olemera okha.
Muyeso waposachedwa wa U.S. Congress umapereka chitsanzo cha kulumikizana pakati paumoyo wa anthu ndi dongosolo lalikulu la capitalist. Chaka chatha, Congress inaika pambali $ 125 miliyoni kuti athandize chaka choyamba cha ntchito yotsatsa malonda ya Center for Disease Control kuti achepetse kunenepa kwambiri pakati pa zaka za 9-13, zomwe ndi sitepe yabwino yopititsa patsogolo thanzi la anthu. Kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zaperekedwa, ndizochepa poyerekeza ndi ndalama zomwe makampani opanga zakudya zofulumira amawononga malonda. Malinga ndi kunena kwa nyuzipepala ya Wall Street Journal, โpoyerekeza, mabungwe asanu otsogola kwambiri a zakudya zofulumira anawononga ndalama zokwana madola 1.5 biliyoni kutsatsa malonda awo chaka chatha.โ (July 18, 2002) Zimenezi sizimaganizira nโkomwe za zakudya ndi zakumwa zambiri zoipa zimene zimatsatsa malonda.
Chofunika kwambiri, zotsatsazo sizinatchule momwe zakudya zimakhudzira kunenepa kwambiri komanso thanzi. Malinga ndi kunena kwa pulofesa wogwidwa mawu mu Wall Street Journal chifukwa chimene โCDC ikupeลตa nkhani ya kudya molakwa [ndi] chifukwa chakuti sichifuna kukhumudwitsa makampani amphamvu a zakudya.โ
Mofananamo, kuti tichepetse kunenepa kwambiri tiyenera kuchepetsa chikhalidwe cha galimoto. Izi ndizovuta kwambiri pazandale chifukwa makampani amagalimoto ndi omwe amasewera kwambiri pazachuma komanso ndale. Chaka chatha, anthu a ku Canada anawononga ndalama zokwana madola 112.8 biliyoni ($75 biliyoni) pokonza ndi kugula galimoto. (La Presse Epulo 10)
Zokonda chakudya cha capitalist sizikufuna kukambirana za momwe chakudya chawo chimawonongera thanzi la munthu. Mofananamo, makampani opanga magalimoto safuna kuti mizinda ikonzenso kuti ikhale yabwino kuyenda. Komabe, kuti atukule bwino thanzi la anthu, anthu adzafunikadi kuyangโana mbali zimenezi za moyo wathu wongokhala.
Kuphatikiza apo, kukwezeleza zaumoyo wa anthu kuyenera kukumana ndi zokonda za capitalist. Mwachitsanzo, kodi ntchito imakhudza bwanji thanzi la anthu? Kodi anthu amagwira ntchito bwanji komanso pazifukwa ziti? Chifukwa cha kufooka kwa gulu la ogwira ntchito lolinganizidwa la U.S., Amereka tsopano akugwira ntchito kwa maola 200 kuposa mmene anachitira kuchiyambi kwa ma 1970. (Ku Ulaya anthu akugwira ntchito yocheperapo. Anthu ambiri a ku Norway amagwira ntchito yocheperapo ndi 29 peresenti poyerekezera ndi anthu wamba a ku America kapena milungu 14 pachaka.) Malinga nโkunena kwa N.Y. Times, โzoipa za kugwira ntchito maola ochuluka zikuoneka mโmadera ambiri a anthu. Kupsinjika maganizo ndizomwe zimayambitsa matenda a mtima komanso kufooketsa chitetezo cha mthupi.โ (April 12)
Kapangidwe ka malo ogwira ntchito kumakhudzanso thanzi la anthu. Umboni ukusonyeza kuti ogwira ntchito yazaumoyo (anamwino, ochita zinthu mwadongosolo ndi zinaโฆ), mwachitsanzo, achepetsa kwambiri chiwopsezo cha anthu ovulala msana m'malo antchito komwe amakhala ndi mphamvu zowongolera ntchito. Kumene ogwira ntchito ali ndi ulamuliro wambiri amatha kupanga ntchito zawo mwaumunthu. Kuonjezera apo, umboni wochuluka ukusonyeza kuti ogwira ntchito omwe samadzimva kuti ali ndi mphamvu zowonjezera amakhala ndi nkhawa zambiri za ntchito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti matupi awo ayambe kudwala.
Kunja kwa ntchito, kusalingana kwa chikhalidwe cha capitalism yopanda malire kumakhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa paumoyo wa anthu. Akatswiri amaphunziro apeza kuti โpali zifukwa zomveka zokhulupirira kuti mfundo zimene zimalimbikitsa kusagwirizana kwakukulu monga bajeti zimene zimachepetsa misonkho yapamwamba รยณ zimachititsa kuti matenda ndiponso imfa zichuluke.โ (Financial Times Dec. 8, 2002) The FT ikufotokozanso; "Ngati muyang'ana kusiyana pakati pa mayiko, mgwirizano pakati pa ndalama ndi thanzi umasokonekera. Mwachitsanzo, anthu olemera a ku America ali ndi thanzi labwino kuposa anthu osauka a ku America, monga momwe amayezera zaka za moyo. Koma, ngakhale kuti U.S. ndi dziko lolemera kwambiri kuposa, kunena, Greece, Achimereka pafupifupi amakhala ndi chiyembekezo chochepa cha moyo kuposa Agiriki. Ndalama zochulukirapo, zikuwoneka, zimakupatsani mwayi wathanzi polemekeza nzika anzanu, koma osati kulemekeza anthu okhala m'maiko ena. Tilibe chidziwitso chokhudza thanzi la anthu olemera kwambiri m'maiko osiyanasiyana, koma sizingakhale zodabwitsa ngati ngakhale anthu olemera kwambiri aku America alipira mtengo wawo chifukwa cha kusalingana kwa mayiko awo. "
Zifukwa zosonyezedwazo nโzakuti โpamene mlingo wa moyo wapansi ufikapo, anthu amayamba kukhala athanzi pamene mikhalidwe itatu ikugwira ntchito: amaonedwa kukhala ofunika ndi kulemekezedwa ndi ena; amadzimva kukhala odziletsa mโntchito zawo ndi mโmoyo wapakhomo; ndipo amasangalala ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti. Mabungwe osagwirizana pazachuma samachita bwino mโmbali zonse zitatu: amakonda kukhala odziลตika ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa maudindo, kusiyana kwakukulu mโkulamulira kwa anthu ndi kuchepa kwa kutenga nawo mbali kwa anthu.โ Thanzi limagwirizana kwambiri ndi malingaliro a anthu. Ndipo kusalingana kumawoneka kuti kumawononga malingaliro a anthu.
Kunja kwa mayiko otukuka, zoyipa za capitalism paumoyo wa anthu zikuwonekera bwino kwambiri. Mu Afirika kapena ku Latin America, kusowa kwa madzi abwino akumwa kapena zimbudzi kumabweretsa kufa msanga kwa mamiliyoni. Pachifukwa ichi, pali zitsanzo zambiri zodziwika za madokotala ochokera m'mayiko omwe sali mafakitale omwe atatha kuzindikira zopanda pake kuyesa kuchiritsa, adaganiza zolimbana ndi capitalism m'malo mwake Che Guevara ndi Salvador Allende anali awiri odziwika bwino.
Kuphatikiza apo, pali kusalinganika kwakukulu kwapadziko lonse kwazaumoyo. Akuluakulu azaumoyo amagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti 10/90 gap. Kwenikweni, 10% olemera kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi amalandira 90% ya ndalama zonse zofufuza zaumoyo, pomwe osauka 90% amangolandira 10%. Malinga ndi cholinga cha phindu 90% ya anthu ndi amtengo wapatali.
Pamapeto pake, zolinga za capitalist zimatsutsana ndi thanzi la anthu. Malingana ngati chithandizo chamankhwala chimachokera pa malipiro a ntchito komanso phindu laumwini, machiritso adzakhala okoma nthawi zonse kuposa kupewa. Kukwezeleza thanzi la anthu kumafunika kukonzekera kwanthawi yayitali pomwe capitalism imayendetsedwa ndi phindu lanthawi yochepa.
Demokalase yazachuma kumbali ina, kusakanizikana kwa umwini wa anthu ndi malo ogwira ntchito komanso demokalase ya ndale, zingathandize kupititsa patsogolo thanzi la anthu. Chuma chikadakhala chademokalase, anthu akanasankha thanzi lawo asanapeze phindu m'malo mokhala ndi capitalism pomwe anthu ochepa omwe ali ndi chuma amatha kusankha phindu lachinsinsi kuposa thanzi lawo.
yves engler ndi womenyera ufulu wa amontreal pakali pano akugwira ntchito pa bukhu lokhudza zolimbikitsa ophunzira ku yunivesite ya Concordia. Iye akhoza kufikiridwa pa [imelo ndiotetezedwa]
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