Source: Amayi Jones
Nkhaniyi idapangidwa mogwirizana ndi a Ntchito Yotolera Zovuta Zachuma.
Makoma a Ofesi yaing'ono ya Royce McLemore ili ndi nkhani zatsopano komanso zachikasu, zithunzi zamagulu, ndi makadi othokoza - umboni wa kudzipereka kwake kumudzi wa Golden Gate Village, chitukuko cha nyumba za anthu ku Marin City, California.
Nyumbayi yokhala ndi mayunitsi 300 ili pakati pa mizinda yolemera kwambiri m'chigawochi ndipo mumakhala anthu pafupifupi 700 omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa, ambiri mwaiwo ndi akuda. Ndipo ndi komwe McLemore wakhala moyo wake wonse. Agogo ake aakazi adasamutsa banjali kupita ku Marin City kuchokera ku San Francisco pomwe McLemore anali ndi zaka 3 zokha. Kenako, mu 1976, McLemore anasamutsa ana ake asanu mโnyumba ya zipinda zinayi kumeneko; ndi kumene iye wakhala kuyambira pamenepo.
Pokambirana m'chaka chino, McLemore amandiuza za kukana kwa agogo ake: "nkhumba kapena kufa." Mawu onena za kufunika kodzidalira kuti apulumuke amakhala ngati njira yochepetsera ntchito ya moyo wake wonse.
Mnyamata wazaka 79 wakhala akuganiza kuti machitidwe omwe alipo - kuchokera ku maphunziro a boma mpaka ku Marin Housing Authority (MHA) omwe amayang'anira nyumba za anthu a m'deralo kupita ku boma la mzinda-anyalanyaza anthu akuda. Anthu akuda makongoletsedwe 3 peresenti yokha ya anthu a Marin County. Mzinda wa Marin ndi wosiyanakoโngakhale kuti anthu akuda a mumzindawo, omwe tsopano ali pafupifupi 23 peresenti, ali theka za zomwe zinali zaka khumi zapitazo.
Mudzi wa Golden Gate wakhala ndipo udakalipobe kwa anthu akuda omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa. Koma, zaka khumi zapitazi, kuphatikizanso, McLemore wakhala akulimbana ndi akuluakulu a nyumba kuti asunge izi - kumenyera "kusunga cholowa," akutero, ndikudziwitsa tsogolo lake.
Anthu okhala kumeneko ali ndi mbiri yosagwirizana ndi MHA, yomwe ikuphatikizanso milandu ya 2012 yokhudzana ndi kuphwanya ufulu wa eni nyumba komanso milandu-yoweruza milandu idaperekedwa mu Ogasiti 2020 chifukwa cha nkhungu zosasamalidwa, kufalikira kwa makoswe, ndi ma waya olakwika, pakati pamavuto ena osalekeza. HUD ali wapatsidwa zovutazo mobwerezabwereza "kulephera kapena kutsala pang'ono kulephera kuchita bwino."
Kusamvanaku kudafika pachimake chatsopano kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino pomwe, atatopa ndi kusamalidwa kochedwa komanso kukayikira kwambiri dongosolo la MHA lokonzekera pang'onopang'ono kukonzanso, Golden Gate Village Resident Council, motsogozedwa ndi McLemore, adakankhira patsogolo malingaliro ake atsatanetsatane amasamba 26, "The Resident Plan.โ Imayala kukonzanso kobiriwira kokwanira, komanso njira yofuna kupatsa anthu kukhala odziyimira pawokha komanso kukhazikika kwanthawi yayitali: posintha Mudzi wa Golden Gate kukhala mgwirizano wa lendi.
The Golden Gate Village Resident Plan, yopangidwa mothandizidwa ndi a Land trust komanso katswiri wodziwa za kasamalidwe ka anthu ogwira ntchito ku pro-bono, ikufotokoza lingaliro la limited equity housing cooperative (LEHC). Pakukonza uku, malipiro a mwezi ndi mwezi amapita ku gawo la anthu okhala m'nyumba yanyumba ndi kukonza m'malo mwa lendi, kuwapatsa gawo panyumbayo, ndipo eni eni eni ake amavotera pakuwongolera nyumbayo. Kampani yoyang'anira akatswiri imayang'anira ntchito zatsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo zoletsa kugulitsanso masheya zingapangitse kuti malowo akhale otsika mtengo. Dongosololi likuwonetsa kuti chitsanzochi chidzapatsa eni eni eni masheya ufulu wopereka nyumba zawo kwa olowa nyumba komanso "chidziwitso chakuti zisankho zonse zokhudzana ndi nyumba zawo komanso tsogolo la mudzi wa Golden Gate zidzasankhidwa ndi anthu okhala ku GGVRC ndi GGV - osati a MHA. , osati HUD, osati wopanga mapulogalamu akunja.
Kusunthaku ndi gawo limodzi la kuyesetsa kwatsopano kwa anthu kuti athane ndi vuto la zachuma lomwe dziko limapereka. Chachikulu pakati pawo ndi chidwi chotsitsimutsidwanso pazachuma zoyendetsedwa ndi anthu okhala ndi nyumba zoyendetsedwa ndi anthu komanso ma trust land trust, momwe bungwe lopanda phindu limakhala ndi malo m'malo mwa anthu ammudzi, kuti nyumba zake zikhale zotsika mtengo. Zosankha izi zimawonedwa ngati njira zowonetsetsa kuti zitha kutha nthawi yayitali kapena kosatha komanso kusamuka kwa tsinde, zomwe zimakhudza mosiyanasiyana madera amitundu.
Chithunzi cha LEHC ili ndi mbiri yakale. M'malo mwake, Mudzi wa Golden Gate uli pafupi ndi mtunda wa makilomita 56 kuchokera pagawo 8, Zithunzi za Ponderosa Estates, yomwe yakhala bungwe la LEHC kuyambira 1980. Komabe, palibe chitsanzo chothandizira kusinthika kwa nyumba zachikhalidwe, makamaka kukula kwa mudzi wa Golden Gate. Izi zikuyenera McLemore chifukwa, pamapeto pake, akuyembekeza kuti dongosolo la okhalamo litha kuyambitsa njira yatsopano ndikukhala chitsanzo cha zomwe zingatheke.
Mavutowa ndi okwera kwambiri ku Marin County: Monga momwe lipoti la jury linanenera, "Poganizira momwe nyumba zilili ku Marin, n'zokayikitsa kuti anthu atha kusamukira ku County ngati GGV yapita." Zaka makumi ambiri za malamulo oletsa nyumba, zachilengedwe, ndi zoyendera zapangitsa kuti ikhale yolekanitsa kwambiri m'magawo asanu ndi anayi a Bay Area, dera lomwe likulimbana ndi kusamuka kwa anthu osauka ndi akuda kudutsa gulu lonse. "Mkhalidwe wosiyana kwambiri wa chitukuko cha nkhondo pambuyo pa nkhondo ku Marin County ukuwonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu kwamphamvu zandale pakati pa anthu opeza ndalama zochepa amitundu ndi azungu olemera, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti madera azikhala osasankhana mitundu," lipoti la UC Berkeley la 2019 linamaliza.
"Chomwe tikufuna ndi kukhala chitsanzo kwa dziko, ndi zomwe zingachitike kuti tisunge nyumba za anthu osauka," akutero McLemore. "Nthawi zonse mudzakhala ndi anthu osauka, ndipo tikuyenera kukhala ndi ufulu wokhala ndi nyumba zotetezeka, zaulemu, komanso zaukhondo."
Zithunzi za Golden Gate Village mizu imapita mwakuya. Mzinda wa Marin unakula kuti ukhale ndi antchito ochuluka omwe anafika kudzamanga zombo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Mu 1960, Mudzi wa Golden Gate udamangidwa kuti upereke gulu la anthu akuda omwe amagwira ntchito kwambiri omwe adakhalabe njira yabwinoko kuposa nyumba zanthawi yankhondo zanthawi zonse. Nyumbayi yakhala nyumba kwa mibadwo ya mabanja. Ngakhale ndikuwonongeka, malo ake ndi abwino kwambiri - mphindi zochepa kuchokera ku Golden Gate Bridge, ali pamphepete mwa mapiri obiriwira a malo osungirako zachilengedwe, ndi maonekedwe a San Francisco Bay.
"Awa ndi malo okhawo ku Marin County, komwe mungakhale osauka ndikukhala ndikugwiritsa ntchito mwayi pazinthu zonse zomwe olemera ndi anthu ochokera padziko lonse lapansi amabwera kudzawona," akutero McLemore.
McLemore adalowa kwambiri m'mudzi wa Golden Gate Village panthawi ya mliri wa ming'alu womwe unasesa mu Marin City m'ma 1980; iye anaganiza zoyeretsa malowo chifukwa โanakana kukhala ngati mkaidi,โ akutero. McLemore, yemwe ndi wokonda zachipembedzo, amaika mโmabwalo ndi malo oimikapo magalimoto ndi kupemphera ndi kuลตerenga kuchokera mโBaibulo kufikira anthu atatulukamo.
Mu 1990, adayambitsa zomwe zidzakhale Akazi Kuthandiza Anthu Onse, bungwe lopanda phindu, linatuluka mumudzi wa Golden Gate, womwe unayamba ngati gulu lothandizira amayi omwe ali m'nyumba za anthu, makamaka omwe amachokera ku chizoloลตezi. Akazi Kuthandiza Anthu Onse Pomaliza kukodzedwa kupereka maphunziro; maphunziro, kulemba, kompyuta, ndi GED makalasi; maphunziro a malo; ndi zina zomwe zikusowa thandizo la anthu ammudzi, monga uphungu wa mabanja ndi kuthandizana. Mu 2000, bungwe lopanda phindu linakhazikitsanso sukulu yake, Women Helping All People Scholastic Academy. Kuphatikiza pa zonsezi, McLemore waleranso ana 200 kuyambira pomwe iye adasamuka, zomwe akuchitabe mpaka pano.
Kwa zaka zambiri, McLemore adawonera ku Golden Gate Village ndi Marin City kusintha-palibe ana ambiri m'mabwalo, mwachitsanzo, ndipo ena omwe akhalapo nthawi yayitali ndi mabanja awo achoka. Koma kuzizira kulikonse kwa kusamutsidwa kwawo kwalephera kugwedeza malingaliro amphamvu a anthu ammudzi kumeneko. Anthu otsalawo amadziwana ndikusiya kucheza, ndipo omwe adachoka amakopeka, amabwerera pafupipafupi kuti akajowine nawo nyama zowotcha nyama kapena kungocheza. "Muli ndi anyamata achikulirewa omwe amakhala mumzindawu amatha kupereka mkono ndi miyendo ingapo ngati atabwerera," akutero McLemore. โSimusamala amene akukhala mโnyumba yakale ya amayi anu. Mwabwera, kuno ndi kwathu.โ
Anthu okhalamo akuwopa kuti mizu iyi idzawopsezedwanso ndi dongosolo la MHA lokonzanso. Malingaliro aboma akadakhudza kuchotsedwa kwa mayunitsi angapo ndikubweretsa wopanga payekha kuti amange nyumba zowonjezera, zomwe ambiri akuda nkhawa kuti zitha kungochedwetsa kukonzanso kofunikira kwa nyumba zoyambilira ndikupangitsa kuti pakhale gentrification ndi kusamutsidwa. MHA yaumirira kudzipereka pakubwezeretsa ndi kuthandiza aliyense amene akufuna kukhalabe kutero. Koma izi sizinachite pang'ono kukopa okayikira, chifukwa cha mbiri yakale komanso zitsanzo zambiri zakusamuka kwa anthu amitundu, komanso makamaka okhala m'nyumba za anthu, panthawi yokonzanso kwakukulu.
Gawo lina lamavuto limapitilira zomwe MHA imawongolera. Bungweli likukakamizidwa kwambiri ndi boma la feduro lomwe limapereka ndalama zochepa zogulira nyumba za anthu zomwe zimayenderana ndi ma Republican ndi ma demokalase. Zotsatira zake, thumba la federal lokonza nyumba za anthu limakumana ndi a $ Biliyoni 70 mbuyo. (Dongosolo la Purezidenti Joe Biden lomwe latha tsopano la Build Back Better cholinga chake ndi kuthana ndi izi.)
โAkuluakulu a nyumba nthaลตi zambiri sapatsidwa ndalama zokwanira zosamalira malowo,โ anatero Eli Moore, woyangโanira mapulogalamu pa UC Berkeleyโs Institute of Othering & Belonging. "Izi zakhala gawo la ntchito zandale zomwe zimawona kuti nyumba za anthu ndizosalidwa kwambiri m'malo mwa ntchito zaboma zomwe zimafunikira chifukwa msika wabizinesi ukulephera kupanga nyumba zomwe anthu amapeza ndalama zonse."
Akuluakulu ku Marin akuti okhawo akukumana ndi $ 63 miliyoni pakukonzanso kochedwa. Pafupifupi $ 400 yobwereka kuchokera kwa obwereka ndipo pafupifupi $ 800 pagawo lililonse kuchokera ku HUD amasiya MHA kukhala yopanda ndalama.
"Takakamira pakali pano chifukwa ndalama zochokera ku HUD sizokwanira kuthandizira nyumba yakaleyi," atero a Kimberly Carroll, wotsogolera wamkulu ku MHA, wa Golden Gate Village. Zotsatira zake, bungweli, monganso ena ambiri m'dziko lonselo, likuchoka ku nsanja yachikhalidwe cha anthu kupita ku mgwirizano wapagulu ndi anthu ndi ndalama zotetezedwa, monga Gawo 8, kapena pulogalamu ya voucha yosankha nyumba, pomwe ndalama zamisonkho, ndalama zapadera. , ndipo chifundo chikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito. "Palibe njira ina yopangira chodabwitsa ichi."
Kusintha kwanyumba kotereku kumatha kukhala pachiwopsezo cha kutha kwa nthawi yayitali, malinga ndi a Deborah Thorpe, wachiwiri kwa director wa National Housing Law Project, yopanda phindu pazamalamulo komanso yolimbikitsa. Komabe, iwo sakuyenera kutero, makamaka ndi chinkhoswe choyenera ndi kuyang'anira; San Francisco adakwanitsa kutembenuka m'nyumba zake zonse zokhala ndi anthu ochepa, akutero. "Nthawi zambiri otembenuka opambana kwambiri amakhala omwe amakhala ndi obwereka komanso olimbikitsa patebulo kuyambira tsiku loyamba," akutero Thorpe.
Ndi mudzi wa Golden Gate ndondomeko ya okhalamo, ndi zomwe McLemore akufuna - ndiyeno ena.
Asanabwere ndi lingaliro la LEHC, mu 2017 a Golden Gate Village Resident Council adakwanitsa kuletsa kugwetsa nyumbayo poipeza. mbiri ya dziko, mwa zina chifukwa cha maubwenzi ake ndi akatswiri odziwa zomangamanga, kuphatikizapo wophunzira wa Frank Lloyd Wright Aaron Green.
Kenako, potengera kuchuluka kwa chikumbumtima cha anthu pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa a George Floyd mu 2020, khonsoloyi idalimbikitsa chithandizo komanso kukakamizidwa kwa anthu ambiri. McLemore anayamba kupereka maulendo a katundu kwa anansi achidwi ndikuyambitsa a GoFundMe kuthandizira zoyesayesa za Resident Council. mazana anthu adayamba kuwonekera kumisonkhano yama board.
Chofunikira kwambiri, khonsolo ya okhalamo idasonkhanitsa gulu la akatswiri akunja - kuphatikiza maloya, omanga mapulani, omanga nyumba, wowerengera ndalama, katswiri wazolumikizana ndi anthu, ndi wokonza madera - kuti atembenuzire masomphenya awo oyambilira a kukonzanso, kukhazikitsidwa koyamba ndikuperekedwa kwa akuluakulu mu 2014, mu ndondomeko yokwanira yomwe idapereka mu Januwale. Kupitilira zomwe zakhudzidwa mwachindunji kwa omwe akukhala kumeneko, "Resident Plan imaperekanso Marin County, palokha, mwayi wopereka phindu, osati kungochita bwino, pakubweza komanso kusamvana kwamitundu," lingalirolo likuwerengedwa.
Zimaphatikizapo lipoti lachitsanzo cha mphamvu zobiriwira, kusanthula mbiri yakale, malangizo a kamangidwe, njira zopezera ndalama, ndi zinthu zina kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira za HUD ndi nkhawa, kuwonjezera pa kumanga chilungamo cha anthu okhalamo kudzera mu chitsanzo cha mgwirizano.
Palinso zoopsa ndi ma cooperative monga LEHC, akatswiri akutero; Pokhapokha ngati atakonzedwa bwino ndi kuthandizidwa ndi ndalama, bungwe la LEHC likhoza kusiya anthu okhalamo, omwe tsopano ndi eni ake atsopano, ali olemedwa ndi ndalama zokonzanso nyumbayo, mwachitsanzo.
Komabe, kuthekera kwa madera omwe akulimbana ndi mabungwe ndi mikhalidwe yovuta pakuwonongeka kwa nyumba za anthu ndizowoneka bwino. Monga chitsanzo, Zithunzi za LEHC anali nazo bwino posungira kukwanitsa komanso kuwongolera anthu San Francisco, New York City, Atlanta, ndi kwina, nthawi zambiri mogwirizana ndi mabungwe akunja osapindula ndi matrasti ammudzi.
Thorpe, wochokera ku National Housing Law Project, anati: โNjira zotsika mtengo zasintha. "Tili m'mavuto, ndipo tikamapitilirabe ndi ndalama zosachepera zanyumba za anthu, olimbikitsa, ochita lendi, ndi ena omwe akuchita nawo mbali akuwonadi zolembedwa pakhoma. Ndipo tikuyenera kuganizira njira zina zothetsera vutoli. โ
California, mwana wojambula panyumba, posachedwa adachita $500 miliyoni kuthandiza ndalama zoyeserera umwini wa anthu. Akuluakulu ena am'deralo, aboma, ndi federal atero nayenso anayamba kutsatira, kufufuza ndi kukankhira nyumba zowonjezereka za demokalase komanso zotsika pansi zothandizidwa ndi boma.
"Ndikuganiza kuti ndale zamagulu ambiri zomwe anthu omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chachindunji ndi akatswiri pazovuta zomwe akukumana nazo, ndikuti ayenera kulemekezedwa ndi kuthandizidwa pakupanga mayankho ndikutsogolera ntchitoyo ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri komanso yothandiza kwambiri pomanga. mphamvu ya kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kusintha kwa ndondomeko,โ akutero Moore wa UC Berkeley. "Mumapeza mayankho ochulukirapo, ndipo mumapeza njira zabwinoko, zamphamvu, zenizeni, chifukwa anthu omwe ali ndi gawo pamenepo amakhalabe ndipo samangopambana, ndikupitilira. โ
Mu Marichi, pambuyo pake kukakamizidwa kopitilira muyeso kuchokera kwa okhala mumudzi wa Golden Gate ndi owatsatira, makomishoni a MHA adavotera pita patsogolo ndi mfundo zazikuluzikulu za ndondomeko yokonzanso mbiri ya khonsoloyi popanda kumanga kwatsopano. Ngakhale akuluakulu sanavomereze ndondomeko ya anthu onse, kapena maganizo a LEHC makamaka, iwo amati ali okonzeka kuganizira zigawo zake zonse ndipo alengeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa komiti yopangidwa molingana ndi MHA ndi oimira khonsolo ya Golden Gate Village. amene adzagwire ntchito limodzi kupanga zisankho.
"Ichi ndi chipambano chachikulu," akutero McLemore, ndikuwonjezera, "Tiwatsimikizira zomwe anena."
Pali njira yayitali patsogolo. Zinatenga miyezi iwiri kuti msonkhano woyamba wa komitiyo, womwe udzachitike Lachisanu, pamabuku, ndi mafunso ofulumira okhudza momwe kukonzanso kudzathandizira potsirizira pake, pakati pa nkhani zina, akuyenerabe kukonzedwa. Pakhalanso kuyanjana kwaposachedwa pakati pa okhalamo ndi oyang'anira nyumba omwe a McLemore amawona ngati mbendera zofiira ndipo oyang'anira nyumba akuti ndi zolakwika.
Mu ofesi ya Women Helping All People mu Marichi, m'chipinda chachiwiri cha chipinda cha Golden Gate Village chomwe chili ndi chipinda cholumikizirana chokhala ndi madesiki ndi zida zophunzitsira, mafoni am'manja a McLemore ndi akuofesi amalimbirana. Popeza Covid adasokoneza mapulogalamu ena abungwe, wakhala akugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zochulukirapo pothandizirana, kuthandiza okhala ndi mabilu ndi zina. Amawongolera zopereka zapanyumba ndi mipando, amatenga madandaulo a anthu okhalamo, ndipo amayang'anira mayendedwe kwa oyimba.
Malingana ngati McLemore ali pano, apitiliza kukankhira mpando wa okhala ku Golden Gate Village patebulo ndikulankhula pakudziwitsa za tsogolo la anthu ammudzi.
"Zitengera anthu kuti ayime pampando ndikuwadziwitsa kuti sitipita kulikonse," akutero McLemore. "Tilibenso kwina komwe tingapite."
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