Ndemanga ya mkonzi: Pansipa mupeza kuyankhulana ndi Debbie Bookchin, mwana wamkazi wa malemu Murray Bookchin, yemwe adamwalira mu 2006. Bookchin adakhala moyo wake m'magulu osinthika amanzere, ndikulowa mgulu la achinyamata achikomyunizimu ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi zinayi ndikukhala Trotskyist. chakumapeto kwa zaka makumi atatu, asanasinthe malingaliro a anarchist ndipo pamapeto pake adadziwika kuti ndi 'communalist' atapanga malingaliro a 'libertarian municipalism'.
Bookchin anali (ndipo adakalipo) anali wamphamvu monga momwe amatsutsana. Kutsutsa kwake kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe chakuya ndi 'moyo wa anarchism' kunayambitsa mikangano yambiri yomwe ikupitirirabe mpaka lero. Tsopano popeza malingaliro ake osintha zinthu adatengedwa ndi gulu lomenyera ufulu waku Kurdish, omwe akugwiritsa ntchito ntchito za Bookchin kuti apange gulu la demokalase, lofanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi komanso lokhazikika pazachilengedwe ku Middle East, tikuwona chidwi chatsopano m'moyo komanso malingaliro a woganiza wamkulu wandale uyu.
Pachifukwa ichi ROAR ndi wokondwa kwambiri kufalitsa zokambiranazi ndi Debbie Bookchin, zomwe sizimangopereka zidziwitso zamtengo wapatali pazandale za abambo ake, komanso zimapereka chithunzithunzi cha moyo wa munthu yemwe ali kumbuyo kwa malingaliro.
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Federico Venturini: Mabuku a Verso angotuluka kumene Kusintha Kotsatira: Misonkhano Yotchuka ndi Lonjezo la Demokalase Yachindunji, nkhani zolembedwa ndi abambo anu a Murray Bookchin. Kodi mungatiuzeko kena kake pa bukuli? Nโchifukwa chiyani munaganiza zoyamba ntchito imeneyi?
Debbie Bookchin: Kupangidwa kwa bukhuli kudalimbikitsidwa pakati pa zinthu zina ndi zokambirana zandale zomwe zikuchitikabe zokhudza njira yomwe Kumanzere iyenera kutsata pankhani ya bungwe. Wofalitsa wathu, Verso, amasindikiza zolemba za Slavoj ลฝiลพek ndi Simon Critchley. Mwachidule, ลฝiลพek amalimbikitsa chisinthiko ndi mphamvu zoperekedwa ku boma lokhazikika - kukonzanso chiphunzitso cha Marxist. Critchley, kumbali ina, amalimbikitsa kusintha kwa chikhalidwe komwe kumachitika m'magulu a anthu.
Murray adawona kuti mayankho onsewa anali osakwanira mayankho ku funso la momwe angakhazikitsire maulamuliro amphamvu omwe ali ademokalase ndipo angasinthe kwambiri anthu. Tidaganiza kuti zolemba izi za demokalase yokhazikika zitha kupereka gawo lachitatu pamkangano wandale uno. Ndipo tinkafuna kuzipereka, limodzi ndi nkhani zina zomwe sizinasindikizidwe kale, kwa mbadwo watsopano wa omenyera ufulu wawo.
Kodi Bookchin adafika bwanji pa lingaliro la demokalase yokhazikika?
Murray adakhala moyo wake wonse akuphunzira zakusintha kosintha ndipo analemba mbiri yonse ya mayendedwe amenewo m'mabuku ake anayi. Revolution Yachitatu. Kafukufukuyu adatsimikiziranso chikhulupiliro chake chakuti kusintha kwachisinthiko sikungatheke kupyolera mu zochitika zomwe zatsalira pakati pa anthu - mwachitsanzo, kumanga mabungwe ena monga chakudya co-ops ndi masukulu aulere, monga Critichley akufunira - kapena kupanga dziko lalikulu la Socialist, lingaliro lomwe silinavomerezedwe kotheratu ndipo silingathe kupeza mtundu uliwonse wa kukopa kofala.
M'malo mwake, adawona kuti tikuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamabungwe zomwe zimakhazikika pamikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri yosinthira zosintha - monga Paris commune ya 1871 ndi magulu omwe adapangidwa mu 1936 revolutionary Spain - mwambo wonyalanyaza womwe umalimbikitsa kupanga zisankho pamlingo wamatauni. m'misonkhano yoyandikana nayo yomwe ikutsutsa kwambiri ulamuliro wa dziko. Ndipo chifukwa anali waku America, amafunafunanso njira yolimbikitsira miyambo yomwe ingasangalatse anthu aku America, monga makomiti a Revolution ya America kapena demokalase ya tawuni ya New England yomwe ikugwirabe ntchito m'malo ngati Vermont. lero. Awa ndi malingaliro omwe akukambirana m'nkhani za m'bukuli.
Bookchin amadziwika ndi zolemba zake za ecology, hierarchy ndi capitalism - zosonkhanitsidwa pansi pa zomwe adazitcha 'social ecology'. Kodi malingaliro omwe ali m'bukuli amachokera bwanji ku lingaliro la chikhalidwe cha anthu?
Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe Murray adathandizira pamalingaliro akumanzere chinali kulimbikira kwake, koyambirira kwa 1960s, kuti mavuto onse azachilengedwe ndizovuta zamagulu. Zachilengedwe zimayambira pamalingaliro awa: kuti sitidzathana bwino ndi kusintha kwanyengo, kupha dziko lapansi ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso zovuta zina zambiri zazachilengedwe zomwe zikuwononga kwambiri kukhazikika kwachilengedwe padziko lapansi, mpaka tithana ndi zovuta zaulamuliro ndi utsogoleri. . Izi zikuphatikiza ulamuliro wotengera jenda, fuko, mtundu, ndi malingaliro ogonana, komanso kusankhana magulu.
Kuthetsa kuponderezana kumeneku nthawi yomweyo kumadzutsa funso la momwe angalinganizire anthu m'njira yokulitsa ufulu. Chotero malingaliro okhudza misonkhano yotchuka yoperekedwa mโbukhuli amakula mwachibadwa kuchokera ku filosofi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu. Iwo amayankha funso la momwe angapititsire patsogolo kusintha kwachisinthiko komwe kudzapeza ufulu weniweni wa anthu pawokha pamene akulolabe kuti gulu lachiyanjano lofunika kukhala ndi moyo mogwirizana wina ndi mnzake ndi chilengedwe.
Misonkhano yotchuka ndi mbali ya kufunikira kwatsopano komwe Bookchin amapereka ku bungwe latauni. Kodi ndi liti ndipo nโchifukwa chiyani Bookchin anayamba kuganizira kwambiri za nkhaniyi?
Murray anali atayamba kuganizira za nkhaniyi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1960. Amalankhula nawo ngakhale mu 1968, m'nkhani yake, ".Mitundu ya Ufulu.โ Koma funso ili, la ndale ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, makamaka linadya Murray m'zaka makumi awiri zapitazi za moyo wake, pamene zolemba zomwe tasonkhanitsa apa zinalembedwa. Pamene Murray adawona zovuta za kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake
Anakhala zaka zoposa makumi atatu akugwira ntchito mu chikhalidwe cha anarchist koma adamva kuti anarchism sichinagwirizane mokwanira ndi funso la mphamvu ndi ndale. M'malo mwake, adalimbikitsa filosofi yademokalase yokhazikika, yomwe adayitcha Chikominisi. Iye anatcha kufotokoza kwa ndale kwa lingaliro limenelo Libertarian Municipalism. Ankakhulupirira kuti pokhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa misonkhano yayikulu mdera lathu titha kudzipatsanso mphamvu monga nzika zokangalika, kuwongolera madera athu ndi chuma chathu ndikuyanjana ndi mipingo ina.
Iye ankaganiza kuti boma lodzilamulirali lidzakhala lolimba kwambiri pamene likukhazikika kukhala "mphamvu ziwiri," zomwe zingatsutse, ndipo pamapeto pake zidzathetsa mphamvu za dziko. Murray nthawi zina amagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti Communalism mosinthana ndi Libertarian Municipalism koma nthawi zambiri ankaganiza za Chikomyunizimu ngati filosofi yandale komanso Libertarian Municipalism ngati mchitidwe wawo wandale, womwe umaphatikizapo kuyendetsa anthu osankhidwa pamatauni, kuwongolera chuma ndi zina zotero.
Zikuwoneka kuti mayendedwe aposachedwa ngati Occupy Wall Street ndi gulu la indignados amafanana ndi ena mwamalingaliro awa. Kodi Bookchin akanaganiza chiyani za iwo komanso za zochitika ngati za Podemos ku Spain?
Murray akadakhala okondwa kuwona Indignados kusuntha, mwa zina chifukwa cha kusilira kwake kwa 1936 ku Spain, yomwe imadziwitsa buku lake The Spanish Anarchists. Ndipo akadayamikira zokopa za Occupy ndi kupanduka kwa nzika kudutsa Mideast. Koma ndikuganiza kuti akadayembekezera zovuta zambiri zomwe zidakhudza Occupy. Izi zikuphatikizanso mavuto omwe amabwera pakugwiritsa ntchito mgwirizano, komanso chikhulupiriro cholakwika cha ambiri mkati mwa gulu la Occupy kuti kupanga misasa ya zionetsero kungafanane ndi kubwezeretsanso mphamvu zodziwika bwino, zomwe Murray adakhulupirira kuti ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa m'misonkhano yam'deralo. madera kuti apange gulu lenileni la ndale.
Ndikuganiza kuti n'zovuta kuti musasangalale ndi zochitika zandale ku Greece ndi Spain, kumene maphwando atsopano, a demokalase akuyamba kulamulira. Koma a Murray akadachenjeza kuti zipani zamtunduwu nthawi zonse zimakakamizika kuphwanya malingaliro awo mpaka pomwe sizikuyimiranso kusintha kwakukulu. Anachenjeza za izi pamene German Greens adayamba kulamulira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 ndipo adatsimikiziridwa kuti ndi wolondola. Adayamba kudzitcha "chipani chopanda chipani" koma adamaliza mgwirizano ndi CDU yokhazikika (Christian Democratic Union) kuti asunge mphamvu.
Ichi ndichifukwa chake amasiyanitsa pakati pa "statecraft," dzina lake la boma loyimilira chikhalidwe, lomwe silimayika mphamvu ndi nzika, ndi "ndale," mawu omwe akufuna kubwereza kutanthauza kudzilamulira kwademokalase mwachindunji ndi misonkhano yotchuka yomwe ili. amalumikizana pamodzi kuti apange zisankho zomwe zimakhudza zigawo zazikulu. Chotero ndicho chifukwa chimodzi chimene tasangalalira kufalitsidwa kwa bukhuli panthaลตi ino; imalankhula mwachindunji ku zikhumbo za anthu mamiliyoni ambiri padziko lonse lapansi omwe akufuna kuti demokalase yeniyeni m'malo mwa demokalase yoyimira, ndipo imathandizira kulongosola njira yokwaniritsira cholinga chimenecho.
Monga momwe demokalase yolunjika yakhala kulira kokulirapo, ntchito ya abambo anu yasangalala kuyambiranso. Koma ngakhale izi zisanachitike, adawonedwa kuti ndi m'modzi mwa anthu oganiza bwino kwambiri komanso oganiza bwino azaka zapitazi. Zimakhala bwanji kukhala mwana wake wamkazi?
Ndikuganiza kuti pali mayankho oposa limodzi ku funso limenelo. Imodzi ndi ndale-zambiri za moyo wanga wamkulu ndakhala ngati mtolankhani wofufuza, koma kuyambira pamene abambo anga anamwalira mu 2006, ndakhala ndikuwona kuti ndi ntchito yanga kuthandiza kufotokozera maganizo awo patsogolo, kuti tikukhala mu nthawi yomwe kufunikira kwa kusintha kwa ndale sikunakhalepo kwakukulu, komanso kuti ntchito yake ili ndi gawo lalikulu lopangira kumanzere.
Yankho lina ndi laumwini kwambiri - ndinali ndi ubwana wachilendo chifukwa cha ziwawa za makolo anga komanso kukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi malingaliro ambiri. Murray anali wophunzira yekha - sanapite ku koleji - kotero adadziphunzitsa yekha chirichonse kuyambira physics mpaka filosofi ndipo anali ndi lamulo lochititsa chidwi kwambiri la mbiri yakale. Anali ndi chikhumbo chobadwa nacho kuti afotokoze chilichonse, ndipo izi zidamupangitsa kukhala wokonda kukhala nawo. Ndipo amayi anga, Bea, anali katswiri wa masamu, komanso woganiza mwachiyankhulo mwa iwo okha. Nzeru zake ndi nzelu zake zinamupangitsa kukhala womveka bwino kwa iye, zomwe zinamuthandiza kufotokoza malingaliro ake.
Anali ogwirizana kwambiri; Ngakhale kuti anali okwatirana kwa zaka 12, anapitirizabe kukhala limodzi kwa zaka zambiri, mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za mโma 1990. Kotero panali zokambirana zosatha ndi maubwenzi amphamvu ndi amalingaliro omwe anapangitsa kukhala nyumba yachisangalalo yokuliramo. nthawi zonse, zomwe zinali zosangalatsa kwambiri kwa mwana.
Pamapeto pake, chomwe ndimayamikira makolo anga onse ndi kukonda kwawo malingaliro - kudzipereka kwawo kwa moyo wawo wonse kumalingaliro abwino omwe pamizu yawo amapanga mwayi wosintha ndale - komanso kufuna kwawo kuchitapo kanthu.
Kodi munganenepo kanthu za momwe Murray analili ngati munthu?
Ngakhale zimakhala zovuta kukhulupirira powerenga nkhani zake zina, Murray anali wachikondi komanso wosamala kwa anthu omwe anali pafupi naye. Anakhala ndi chidwi chothandizira ophunzira ake kusukuluyi Institute for Social Ecology ndipo iye anali cholengedwa cha chikhalidwe kwambiri; ankakonda gulu labwino.
M'mabuku ake ambiri, makamaka muzochita zake zakale, monga zolemba zake Post-Scarcity Anarchism, ndipo ndithudi Ecology ya Ufulu, komanso mu zidutswa zamtsogolo monga Social Anarchism kapena Lifestyle Anarchism, mukhoza kumva mphamvu ya masomphenya ake a utopian, chikhulupiriro chake chakuti anthu ayenera kukhala m'magulu omwe amakulitsa luso la kulenga ndi ufulu. Monga munthu anakhudzidwa mtima kwambiri ndi kuvutika kwa anthu ndi wachifundo kwambiri, ngakhale wachifundo nthaลตi zina. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, iye anali wodzipereka kwambiri pamaganizo omveka bwino ndipo ankaona kuti anthu ali ndi udindo wopanga gulu loganiza bwino.
Mofanana ndi anthu onse oganiza bwino amene amatulutsa ntchito imene imatenga zaka zambirimbiri, maganizo a bambo anuwo anasintha mโkupita kwa nthawi. Mukufotokoza bwanji izi?
Murray anali kuphunzira mosalekeza, kuwunika, ndikuwunikanso. Analola kuti ziphunzitso zake zisinthe mwachibadwa komanso mwachiyankhulo ndipo sanakhazikitse ziphunzitso zongopeka, kaya zikhale za Marxist kapena anarchist. Kumbali inayi, Murray sanatetezeke ku zolakwa. Chifukwa chake, mwachitsanzo, pomwe ndimavomereza kutsutsa kwake kwa "moyo" wosagwirizana (m'buku lake Social Anarchism kapena Lifestyle Anarchism: An Unbridgeable Chasm lofalitsidwa mu 1995), ndikuganiza kuti panali zolakwika zamalembedwe zomwe zidapangitsa kuti kamvekedwe kake kamvekedwe kake kuposa momwe kamayenera kukhalira ndipo mwina zidapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwa ena osagwirizana kuti atenge malingaliro ake.
Koma ndikuganiza kuti tsopano, zaka makumi awiri pambuyo pake, kutsutsa kwake kwakhalabe nthawi yayitali osati kokha ponena za "moyo" wa anarchism komanso anarchism per se ndi kuti Communalism ikhoza kuwonedwa, mwanjira ina, monga kupita patsogolo koyenera komwe kumakhudza kusagwirizana kwa bungwe. mu anarchism. Ndikukhulupirira kuti ma anarchists omwe amawerenga zolemba zatsopanozi adzawona Chikomyunizimu ngati chiyambi cha chilengedwe cha anarchism ndikuwona kutsutsa kwa Murray za kulephera kwa anarchism pofufuza chida champhamvu cha kusintha kwachisinthiko.
Kodi mukuganiza kuti nโchifukwa chiyani Murray anatengera zimene anthu ena ankaziona ngati zankhanza mโbuku lake lakuti โSocial Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchismโ?
Murray adakhala moyo wake wonse akufotokoza chifukwa chake kusamveka kwa capitalism kumatha kutsatiridwa ndi gulu lokhazikika la anthu ndipo apa panali gulu la anthu otsutsa omwe amatsutsa cholinga chimenecho mokomera munthu payekha, anti-teknoloji, ndale zachikale, zomwe Murray adaziwona ngati zopanda nzeru. capitalism yokha.
Chifukwa chake, ngati kamvekedwe kake kanali kopanda kukhululuka, ndichifukwa choti anali kuyesera kuti apulumutse chikhalidwe cha anthu ankhanza. Murray nayenso sanasamale potsutsa zakuzama za chilengedwe - mwachitsanzo m'mawu ake osasunthika, kale ena asanayerekeze kunena choncho, kuti chilengedwe chakuya chinali filosofi yolakwika, yotsutsana ndi ndale. Panali ambiri m'magulu a anarchist ndi azachilengedwe akuya omwe sanathe kuyankha kutsutsa kwake kwa malingaliro amenewo. Choncho ena mwa adani amenewa anayamba kuukira anzawo.
M'buku lake Kubwezeretsanso Bookchin: Social Ecology ndi Zovuta za Nthawi Yathu, Andy Price wa Sheffield Hallam University ku England amachita ntchito yabwino kwambiri yowunikira zomwe Murray adatsutsa pokhudzana ndi kusagwirizana ndi zachilengedwe komanso kuwulutsa zoyesayesa zomupangitsa kuti azimukonda ndi mamembala ena amagulu amenewo. Bukhu la Price ndi chithandizo chabwino kwambiri cha nkhani zimenezo, ndipo limapezekanso ngati chiyambi chabwino cha malingaliro a Murray.
Ndi chiyani chomwe mukuwona ngati chiphunzitso chofunikira kwambiri cha Murray?
Kufunika kwa kuganiza mwachiyankhulo - kuti kudziwa kwenikweni chinthu muyenera kuchiwona mukukula kwake, osati mokhazikika, osati momwe "ziliri" koma m'malo mwake momwe zimatha "kukhala." Ulamuliro waulamuliro ndi capitalism sizinali zochitika zosapeลตeka komanso kuti cholowa chaufulu chakhalapo nthawi zonse pamodzi ndi cholowa chaulamuliro. Kuti ndi ntchito yathu monga anthu omwe amatha kuganiza mozama kuyesa kukhazikitsa chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe amakulitsa ufulu.
Nanga bwanji za kupambana kwake koyenera?
Pamlingo wofunikira kwambiri, kuyambitsa kwake kwa chilengedwe monga gulu landale kunali kodabwitsa. Iye anali ndi zaka makumi asanu patsogolo pa nthawi yake ponena mosapita mโmbali kuti ukapitalizimu unali wosagwirizana ndi kukhala mogwirizana ndi chilengedwe, lingaliro limene ochirikiza ofunika lerolino monga Naomi Klein alitenga ndi kulikulitsa. Analinso patsogolo pa nthawi yake podzudzula Kumanzere kuchokera kumanzere, akuumirira kuti chikhalidwe cha Marxism, chomwe chimayang'ana kwambiri pa anthu ogwira ntchito ngati gulu lapamwamba komanso kuchepetsa chuma chake, chiyenera kusiyidwa pofuna kusintha kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. .
Koma chofunika kwambiri, ndikuganiza, chinali chikhumbo chake chokhazikitsa chiphunzitso chogwirizana cha chikhalidwe cha anthu chozikidwa mu filosofi. Mโmawu ena, iye anali kufunafuna maziko abwino a gulu la makhalidwe abwino. Zimenezi zinamโpangitsa kuti ayambe kuloลตerera mโmbiri, sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, ngakhalenso mu sayansi ya zamoyo ndi zasayansi, zonse mโntchito yopititsa patsogolo lingaliro lakuti kuthandizana, kuchitirana zinthu mogwirizana, ndi malingaliro ena amene ali ofala mโchisinthiko chachilengedwe amalozera ku lingaliro lakuti anthu angathe kuchita zinthu mwanzeru. kugwiritsira ntchito nzeru zawo kukhala mogwirizana wina ndi mnzake ndi chilengedweโkuti tingathe kupanga chimene iye anachitcha โchirengedwe chaufulu.โ Ndipo mโlingaliro limeneli ndingavomereze nanu kuti iye anali mโmodzi wa oganiza bwino a mโzaka za zana la makumi awiri.
Posachedwapa dzina la Bookchin labwera pokhudzana ndi gulu la Kurdish autonomy movement. Kodi mungatiuzeko pang'ono za gawo lake pakulimbikitsa kukana kwa aku Kurd ndi machitidwe awo amagulu?
Pakalipano a Kurds m'madera ena a Turkey ndi kumpoto kwa Syria akugwira ntchito imodzi mwamayesero amphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi kuti agwiritse ntchito zisankho zademokalase mwachindunji mu ndale zawo. Zaka ziwiri Murray asanamwalire mu 2006, anali kulumikizidwa ndi Abdullah รcalan, mtsogoleri womangidwa wa Kurdish resistance. Ngakhale kuti sanakhalepo ndi mwayi wokambirana mwachindunji, รcalan adaphunzira mozama za ntchito ya Murray, kuwerenga mabuku apamwamba monga. Ecology ya Ufulu ndi Kuchokera Kumatauni kupita ku Mizinda.
Zotsatira zake, รcalan anasiya njira yake ya Marxist-Leninist yosintha chikhalidwe cha anthu m'malo motengera njira ya Murray yosagwirizana ndi ziwerengero, yaufulu, kusintha malingaliro a Murray ndikukulitsa ake omwe amawatcha. Democratic Confederalism. Malingaliro awa akugwira ntchito tsopano m'madera ambiri aku Kurdish ku Turkey komanso m'chigawo cha Rojava kumpoto kwa Syria, kuphatikizapo ku Kobani, kumene asilikali achi Kurd anamenyana ndipo pamapeto pake. yendetsa out Islamic State kuchokera mumzindawu pambuyo pa masiku 134 akumenyana.
Matauniwa ndi odabwitsa pokhazikitsa makhonsolo a demokalase omwe amapatsa mphamvu munthu aliyense mosasamala kanthu za fuko, jenda kapena chipembedzo. Iwo alandira zitsogozo zopanga zisankho zademokalase, kuyang'anira zachilengedwe, kufanana ndi kuyimilira kwa mafuko ang'onoang'ono komanso azimayi, omwe tsopano akupanga 40 peresenti ya bungwe lililonse lopanga zisankho. Iwo akhazikitsa ufulu wolankhula ndipo nthawi zambiri amawongolera chuma chawo. Chofunika kwambiri amawona kudziyimira pawokha kwa Chikurdi kukhala kosagwirizana ndi kupanga gulu lomasuka, losakhala la capitalist kwa onse ndipo apanga madera awo odziyimira pawokha omwe ali ngati vuto lenileni ku dziko.
Kudzilamulira kotereku ndi chitsanzo osati cha dera komanso dziko lonse lapansi. Ndikukhumba Murray, yemwe sanangokhulupirira mwamphamvu mu chitsanzo cha libertarian municipalist, komanso mu nkhondo ya Kurdish yodzilamulira, atakhala ndi moyo wautali kuti awone.
M'mawu anu oyamba m'bukuli, mukuwonetsa kuti chikoka cha Murray chamvekanso mkati mwazochita ndi ndale zamagulu atsopano. Kodi mukuganiza kuti ali ndi cholowa chotani pamagulu ochezera a anthu ndipo cholinga chanu ndi chiyani pokhudzana ndi buku latsopanoli?
Ndikuganiza kuti mbali za malingaliro a Murray zikuwonekera pazambiri zandale komanso zachikhalidwe cha anthu, mwachitsanzo mu ntchito yozindikira ya akatswiri ngati David Harvey ndi Marina Sitrin. Mkonzi mnzanga Blair Taylor, yemwe ndi wophunzira wa PhD ku New School for Social Research mu Dipatimenti ya Zandale, amadziwika kwambiri pa mbiri ya magulu atsopano a chikhalidwe cha anthu ndipo adawona kuti mayendedwewa adalandira kale malingaliro ambiri a Murray, ngakhale izi nthawi zina zinali zosadziwika. . Mukuwona izi pogwiritsira ntchito magulu ogwirizana, ma spokes-councils, ndi mitundu ina yokonzekera mwachindunji demokalase; pakukhudzidwa ndi nkhani za ulamuliro ndi utsogoleri; pomvetsetsa ndale zophiphiritsira-ndiko kuti tiyenera kukhala ndi makhalidwe abwino mu kayendetsedwe kathu komwe tikufuna kukwaniritsa m'dziko latsopano.
Awa ndi malingaliro onse omwe Murray adayambitsa mu 1970s. Malingaliro awa akugwiranso ntchito m'magulu osinthira matauni komanso m'misewu pomwe ochita ziwonetsero akufunsidwa ndi atolankhani kuti: "Mukufuna chiyani?" ndipo amayankha, "Direct democracy." Ndikuganiza kuti ndizosangalatsa kuti ntchito yake ikuchitika takambirana ndi anthu ngati David Harvey ndi David Graeber ndipo adapezekanso ndi m'badwo watsopano. Chimene ndikuyembekeza ndi chakuti magulu a anthu omwe akuchitika padziko lonse lapansi adzalingalira kugwiritsa ntchito malingaliro omwe ali m'bukuli ngati njira yopezera mphamvu zodziwika pamagulu a municipalities, kuti tithe kukhazikitsa kusintha kwa ndale kofunikira kutichotsa kuchoka kumalo otsutsa. ku kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu - ku gulu lodzilamulira komanso tsogolo lomasulidwa.
Federico Venturini ndi wofufuza-zolimbikitsa, akugwira ntchito ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso kayendetsedwe ka anthu akumidzi. Panopa ndi wophunzira wa PhD ku School of Geography, University of Leeds komanso membala wa Transnational Institute of Social Ecology
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama
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Ndimakumbukira bwino Murray Bookchin chifukwa cha kuganiza kwake kuti ziwonetsero zazikulu zotsutsana ndi capitalist ndi pro-socialist pomwe mbendera zofiira ndi nkhani zomasuka za ubwino wa socialism zinali zofala, tsopano ndi zinthu zakale .
Ziwonetserozi tsopano zikuwoneka ngati zopanga zosintha zazing'ono ku capitalism, kupita ku oligarchy koma makamaka kusiya machitidwe opondereza komanso opanda umunthu m'malo mwake.
Masiku ano, mawu akuti sosholizimu ndi chikominisi ndi oopsa chifukwa cha kupambana komwe GOUSA ndi a Stalinist/Leninists anali nako pomasuliranso capitalism ya boma la Soviet monga sosholizimu. (Chomsky)
Kukhala ndi chipani champhamvu chotchedwa โChikomyunizimuโ chinawonjezeranso poizoni mawuwo .
Zikuoneka kuti ichi chinali chifukwa chake Bookchin ankaona ngati chikominisi; njira yapansi-mmwamba njira yabwino kwambiri yopitira ku kusintha komwe tonse tikufuna m'malo mowonetsera ziwonetsero zomwe zili pano lero ndipo zachoka m'maganizo a osankhidwa m'masiku ochepa.
Amnesia iyi ndi zotsatira za boma ndi mabungwe ofalitsa nkhani omwe amachita zonse zomwe angathe kuti achepetse / kunyalanyaza / kuwonetsa ziwonetsero monga Occupy ndipo amagwira ntchitoyo bwino kwambiri.
Murray anali patsogolo pathu tonse poganiza kuti nthawi ya ziwonetsero zogwira mtima KWA SERIOUS SYSTEM CHANGE yafika ndi kupita.
Inemwini, ndikukumbukira ndili ku Boston pomwe zipani zandale zinkachita msonkhano wawo ku Boston Gardens ndipo owonetsa onse adasungidwa pamalo otchingidwa ndi mipanda yotalikirana ndi Garden.
Izo sizikanatheka konse mmbuyo mu 30s.
IMO