Mphepo yozizira ya kuponderezana kwa ndale yayamba kuwomba pang'ono. Kufufuza kokulirapo kwa FBI kwa mayendedwe odana ndi nkhondo ndi mgwirizano - komwe kunayambika ndi zigawenga zomwe zidachitika ku Minneapolis ndi Chicago mu Seputembala, 2010-kukuchitira umboni kukulirakulira kwa zida zopondereza za Washington. Nkhope yatsopano ya kuponderezedwa kwapakhomo imadziwika ndi kupititsa patsogolo luso laumisiri loyang'anira ndi kugawana deta, kuphatikizidwa kwa apolisi a m'deralo mu dongosolo la chitetezo cha dziko komanso kusokoneza malire pakati pa ntchito za apolisi payekha ndi boma ndi zolinga.
Kuponderezana—kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za boma pofuna kuchepetsa zochita za ndale ndi nkhani—sikuyambira paokha. Imalipira kufooka kwa njira zina, zosavutikira kwambiri pofuna kuonetsetsa bata. Masiku ano zimagwirizana ndi kukula kwa kusalinganika kwachuma komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi kuthawa kwa mafakitale, kuwonongeka kwa ntchito zamagulu a anthu, kuchepa kwa mphamvu za mgwirizano ndi kukwera kwachuma kwachuma. Zosinthazi zimasokoneza kwambiri njira zomwe zimasunga mgwirizano wodziwika.
Ntchito yathu m'masamba otsatirawa ikhala kuwona momwe apolisi akuponderezana pazandale komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu, kuzindikira zovuta zina zomwe amawonetsa komanso kupeza njira zomwe tingayambitsire kutsutsa demokalase. Tikukumana ndi ziwawa zapagulu la demokalase zomwe, kuwonjezera pa ntchito za apolisi, zikuphatikiza kuukira kwa maphunziro, kuyimba mluzu, kupanga zisankho ndi kusokoneza anthu pa intaneti. Chidutswa, njira zodzitetezera sizingakhale zokwanira. Tidzafunika kukwera chitsutso kumakampani opondereza onse. Makamaka ndinganene kuti njira yathu iyenera kulimbikitsa mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano pakati pa magawo omwe ali ndi vuto la kuponderezana koma akhala akusiyana m'mayankho awo.
M'masiku ochepa chabe zigawenga za Seputembala, anthu mazana angapo adapita ku tchalitchi chakummwera ku Minneapolis kuti ayambe kukonza kampeni yoteteza. Patapita masiku angapo, khamu lalikulu lofananalo linasonkhana kumpoto kwa mzindawo kuti lithandize banja la Fong Lee, wachinyamata wa ku Hmong yemwe anaphedwa ndi apolisi mu 2006, ndipo panthawiyo anachita apilo mlandu wake ku Khoti Lalikulu ku United States. Pakati pawo, milanduyi imaphatikizapo magawo awiri a apolisi opondereza omwe akhala akugwira ntchito ku United States kuyambira masiku ake oyambirira.
Kuukira kwa Seputembala kunawonetsa kusintha kwa nkhani ya "anti-terror". Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, kutsogolo kwa "nkhondo yowopsya" kunali kwa anthu akuda omwe ali ndi mayina achilendo ndi mawu achilendo. Pafupifupi milandu 9 kapena kupitilira apo yauchigawenga yomwe idatsatiridwa kuyambira pa 11/XNUMX yakhala ikumangidwa, kuphatikiza amuna omwe ali ndi vuto lazachuma, osakhazikika m'maganizo kapena omwe ali pachiwopsezo m'madera achisilamu. Anthu achisoniwa akhala akunyengerera, kuwopsezedwa komanso kupatsidwa chiphuphu pazochitika zachiwembu zomwe zapangidwa, zothandizidwa ndi a FBI. Kuzenga uku sikunathetse ziwopsezo zenizeni pachitetezo cha anthu koma "amatumiza uthenga" kuti dzikoli likuukiridwa ndi Chisilamu kunyumba ndi kunja ndipo liyenera "kuzungulira ngolo" poteteza.
Nthawi ino zolingazo ndi nzika za US, makamaka zochokera ku Ulaya ndi ntchito zolemekezeka, makamaka zoyera; odziwika bwino m'madera awo chifukwa cha zionetsero zapagulu ndi maphunziro. Kuponderezedwa nthawi zambiri kumalimbana ndi iwo omwe atha kudzipatula mosavuta ndikukweza makwerero a anthu pomwe amamanga mlandu woti adani atizungulira. Uwu ndi mfundo yomwe M'busa Martin Neumoller anafotokozera m'mawu ake a 1946, "Poyamba adabwera chifukwa cha Chikomyunizimu…" Kuukira kwa Seputembala kumayimira kudumpha kwadzidzidzi, kuyika pachiwopsezo cha kutsanuliridwa kwa chithandizo cha zomwe akufuna, zomwe zakhaladi. zakuthupi.
Zadziwika kuti zigawengazo zidachitika pambuyo pa lipoti la Dipatimenti Yachilungamo lotsutsa FBI chifukwa chochita kazitape pazamtendere. Nthawi yawo ikuwonetsa kusuntha kodzitchinjiriza kwa Bureau, kunena kuti, "Onani, olimbikitsa mtendere akugwirizanadi ndi zigawenga!"
Lipotilo lidatulutsidwa ndi Inspector General wa DoJ mokakamizidwa ndi maseneta, kutsatira nyuzipepala ya Pittsburgh. Chochitika chowulula m'masamba ake chikukhudza wothandizira yemwe adatumizidwa kuti akawone ziwonetsero zomwe zidakonzedwa ndi Thomas Merton Center. Atakakamizidwa ndi ofufuza kuti anene kuti kazitapezi, akuluakulu a Bureau adapanga nkhani zabodza (zodzaza ndi mapepala) kuti azinamizira kuti cholinga chawo chinali kuyang'anira Farooq Houssaini, mkulu wa Islamic Center. Vuto ndiloti analibe chifukwa chomveka chochitira kazitape pa Houssaini! Akuluakuluwo akuwoneka kuti akuganiza kuti polumikiza ziwonetserozo ndi membala wodziwika bwino wa Ethnically Targeted Community (an ETC), atha kuthawa kutsutsidwa. Chiwembu chofananacho chikhoza kuzindikirika pakuwukira kwa Seputembala; kuphatikizidwa kwa Mpalestina m'modzi, Hatem Abudayeh (mtsogoleri wolemekezeka wa Chicago's Arab American Action Network), kuti apereke chidziwitso chofunikira cha kulakwa (anthu ambiri aku Palestine adayang'aniridwa pamzere wotsatira wa subpoenas).
Ngakhale kuti lipoti la DoJ likhoza kufotokoza nthawi ya zigawenga, zifukwa zawo zimawasonyeza ngati kuyesa mphamvu zatsopano za apolisi zochokera ku Khoti Lalikulu la Supreme Court mu Holder vs Humanitarian Law. Chigamulochi chimapangitsa kuti anthu azigwirizana ndi magulu omwe amawoneka ngati "zigawenga" ndi mabungwe, ngakhale pofuna kuthetsa mikangano, kufufuza kapena kuthandiza anthu. Chida chatsopanochi, momveka, chikuyesedwa pa omenyera ufulu wamanzere m'malo mwa mabungwe wamba ngati Carter Center yomwe yawonetsa mantha pakufikira kwake movutikira.
Cholowa cha Atsamunda
Upolisi wamasiku ano unachokera ku utsamunda. Kuwongolera Madera Omwe Akuwatsogolera anali njira yogwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa oyang'anira akapolo oyambilira ndipo, pambuyo pake, magulu ankhondo akumatauni omwe amayang'anira kuchuluka kwa anthu ogwira ntchito zaufulu akuda ndi Amwenye (omwe mayendedwe awo anali kutsata buku lachiphaso). Mabungwewa akalowa m'madipatimenti apolisi, udindo wawo udzasintha ndikuphatikiza kusunga bata pakati pa ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale obwera, kutsitsa malipiro poletsa kusokonezeka kwa mabungwe, ndipo pamapeto pake, kukhala othandizira andale achinyengo.
M'dziko losagwirizana ndi mafuko, kutsata dongosolo la chikhalidwe cha anthu kumakhazikitsidwa pazigawo ziwiri: kasamalidwe kamagulu a ETCs ndi magulu ena otsika, koma chithandizo chaumwini kwa olakwira ochokera m'magulu opatsidwa mwayi. Zilango zitha kuperekedwa kwa mzungu yemwe adasokoneza dongosolo la anthu pomwe gulu lonse la Akuda liyenera kulangidwa ngati m'modzi wawo atuluka pamzere.
Njira iyi ndi yodziwika bwino kumadera aku US amitundu. Zimasewera mu ukali wosasankha womwe umaperekedwa kwa anthu ammudzi pamene membala wa asilikali aphedwa ndi wachiwembu wosadziwika; ku post-Katrina New Orleans komwe apolisi adachitapo kanthu kuti athandize anthu azungu ndi kupondereza akuda; m'mayankhidwe osiyaniranapo ndi bomba la Oklahoma City Federal Building ndi kuwukira kwa 9/11. Yoyamba, yochitidwa ndi azungu achikhristu osankhana mitundu idawonedwa ngati yachigawenga pomwe womalizayo adayambitsa chiwembu chambiri kwa Asilamu ndi anthu othawa kwawo komwe sikunathe.
Kusintha kwa filosofi ya apolisi, kuyambira m'ma 1970, kuyika apolisi apakhomo kukhala njira yotsutsana ndi zigawenga. M'malo mofunafuna olakwa pamene zolakwa zachitidwa, counterinsurgency imagogomezera kuyang'anitsitsa kofala ndi kulowerera kuti azindikire ndi kuthetsa ziopsezo zisanachitike. Malingana ndi momwe zilili pa ndondomeko ya nkhondo, counterinsurgency ("COIN," mu jargon ya akatswiri) imavomereza zochita za apolisi chifukwa cha cholinga, kukayikirana ndi mayanjano m'malo mwa umboni wapamwamba wokhudzana ndi chitsanzo cholimbana ndi umbanda. M'lingaliro la COIN, mabungwe apachiweniweni ndi malo oti apulumuke, umbanda ndi uchigawenga ndipo akuyenera kuyang'aniridwa mosamala kuti apewe kufalikira. Pali kuwonjezereka kwachilengedwe komwe kumaganiziridwa kuchokera ku utoro, kuba zazing'ono komanso kusakhutira ndi ndale mpaka ziwonetsero, umbanda wolinganiza ndi uchigawenga. Mukasokoneza kwambiri ziwopsezo izi kuti zikhazikike ngati zili njere, ndipamene mudzapambana popewa kukhala mitula. Kufufuza ndi kusokoneza magulu a pacifist, otsutsa mgodi, otsutsa chilango cha imfa ndi omenyera ufulu wa anthu, choncho, sizochitika zachinyengo kapena kusayang'anira bwino koma, m'malo mwake, ndiko kugwiritsa ntchito bwino maganizo otsutsa. M'madera amitundu - komwe kusokonezeka kwadzidzidzi kwakhala chizolowezi - kukhazikitsidwa kwa COIN, kudzera "apolisi amdera," kukulitsa kudalira kwa apolisi kwa odziwitsa anthu kuti ayambitse zigawenga mosasamala.
Zomwe zikuchitikazi zikugwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe ali ndi cholinga chogawanitsa ndi kusokoneza anthu. Chifukwa chake tikuwona kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo atsankho osamukira ku Arizona (kuchepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito ndikuwongolera mantha azachuma) okhudzana ndi kuletsa maphunziro a Ethnic Studies (kuchepetsa mbewu za kukana chikhalidwe).
Mchitidwe wapawiri waupolisi waku US ukuwonekera pakugawanika kwakukulu kwautundu/zikhalidwe mdera lathu: phompho lomwe limadutsa momwe anthu amaonera apolisi. Kusilira ndi kudalira apolisi omwe ana oyera, apakati amaphunzitsidwa kumasiyana kwambiri ndi chidani ndi mantha omwe achinyamata a ETC amawawona nawo. Malingaliro awa amachokera ku kusiyana kwenikweni kwa chithandizo chomwe chimachitika m'maderawa. Mfundo yoti milandu ngati ya Fong Lee (kapena Oscar Grant wodziwika bwino) ndi yodziwika bwino siidziwika kwa azungu a US America, komwe kukangana ndi apolisi kumawonedwa ngati umboni waupandu. Wolemba ndakatulo Bao Phi akufotokoza momveka bwino:
Munditsekere m’maso
Ndiuze amene ukuopa
Ndipo ndidzakuuzani
Khungu lanu.
Fong Lee ndi anzake atakumana ndi apolisi, n'zosadabwitsa kuti cholinga chake chinali kuthawa. Wapolisi Jason Anderson, wapolisi yemwe anali ndi mbiri yankhanza, adathamangitsa Lee kuzungulira nyumba ya sukulu, ndikumuwombera maulendo asanu ndi atatu. Mfuti yomwe idapezeka pambuyo pake idachokera kuchipinda chosungiramo umboni kuofesi ya apolisi. Monga membala wachinyamata wa ETC, zitha kuganiziridwa ndi anthu oyera kuti ayenera kuti adachita zoyipa kuti akope zipolopolo za apolisi. Maloya a mzindawu anapezerapo mwayi pa tsankho limeneli pobwereza mawu oti “zigawenga” kambirimbiri pokhudzana ndi dzina la Fong komanso osapereka umboni wosonyeza kuti mkuluyo ankadana ndi anthu a ku Asia komanso ankakonda nkhanza.
Webusaiti Yokulirapo
Kuponderezana pakati pa mitundu ndi ndale kumakonzedwa kudzera m'malo osungiramo zinthu zambiri omwe asinthidwa kukhala mamapu amagulu awo. Zosunga zakale za zigawenga za boma, monga misampha ya nkhanu, ndizosavuta kulowa koma zovuta kuzisiya. M'maiko ena mathalauza owoneka bwino komanso kukhudzika kwa hip-hop ndizokwanira kukuwonetsani kuti ndinu olumikizidwa ndi zigawenga ndipo izi zimakhudzanso anzanu. Kwa achichepere omwe ali m’vuto ndi dongosolo lazamalamulo, “gulu la zigawenga” likhoza kubweretsa zilango zowonjezereka. Makasitomala odana ndi osagwirizana nawo akusesa kwambiri. Zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera pakuwunika mwachindunji ndikulowetsa, malo ogulitsa, mafoni, zobwereketsa zamagalimoto ndi mbiri yoyendera, zopezeka pagulu (monga Facebook) ndi zofufuza zam'mbuyomu zimalumikizidwa kudzera m'malo opitilira makumi asanu ndi awiri a zigawo, boma ndi mzinda. Awa amakhala ndi apolisi ndi othandizira ochokera kumabungwe angapo limodzi ndi makontrakitala achitetezo achinsinsi (omwe saloledwa kukhala ndi malamulo oyang'anira). Mapu otsatiridwa a maulalo amunthu ndi mayanjano amazindikiritsa malo ofunikira kuti awonetsedwe bwino.
Mavumbulutso okhudza malo ophatikizika ku Missouri, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Los Angeles ndi Texas, pakati pa ena, amawulula machitidwe azondi mwadongosolo pazalamulo. Nthawi zina deta imasonkhanitsidwa mothandizidwa ndi mabungwe omwe ali ndi zolinga za zionetsero komanso omwe amalandira malipoti anzeru za omwe amawatsutsa. Memo yolemba mosazindikira yochokera kwa director of Homeland Security ku Pennsylvania ikuwonetsa ubale wabwinowu: "Tikufuna kupitilizabe kupereka chithandizo ichi kwa a Marcellus Shale Formation omwe akuchita nawo gasi wachilengedwe pomwe sitikudyetsa magulu omwe amayambitsa kusagwirizana ndi makampani omwewo."
Kuyendetsa kukula kwa mphamvu za apolisi ndikutsika kwapadziko lonse lapansi ku US, kusintha kwamitundu komanso kusalingana komwe kukukulirakulira padziko lonse lapansi komanso kwanuko. Kuphatikizika kofulumira kwa ntchito za apolisi achinsinsi ndi aboma kumawonetsa kuphatikizika kofanana kwa mabungwe ndi boma m'magulu onse, kuchokera ku nduna ya feduro (yopangidwa mochulukirachulukira ndi mabwanamkubwa ochokera m'mabungwe amphamvu kwambiri); ku nyumba zamalamulo zosankhidwa ndi zopereka zapayekha zopanda malire; kwa utsogoleri ndi antchito a mabungwe olamulira. Kuphatikizikaku kwadzetsa kleptocracy yamkuwa momwe zigawenga zamabizinesi sizikhala ndi chiopsezo chochepa pomwe omwe amawulula kapena kutsutsa amatengedwa ngati zigawenga.
Kukula kosagwirizana ndi umphawi kumabweretsa mayankho atatu odziwikiratu kuchokera pansi pa piramidi yachitukuko: zionetsero, umbanda ndi kusokonezeka kwamaganizidwe / malingaliro. Mawu awa akusokonekera kwa anthu - osati kugwiritsa ntchito mwadongosolo komwe kumawapangitsa - ndizovuta zomwe apolisi okulirapo adapatsidwa kuti akhale nawo. Mavuto onsewa achulukirachulukira pomwe omenyera nkhondo ovulala m'maganizo ndi m'thupi adzawombana ndi chitetezo chochepa kwambiri.
M'mabungwe osakanikirana osasunthikawa atsanulira madola mamiliyoni mazana ambiri kuti athandizire kuyambiranso kwa ndale zamanja. Zolinga zamagulu atsopano omenyera ufulu ndikuthandizira njira zokomera makampani (ovala ngati chitetezo chaufulu waumwini) ndikuyika mlandu pakugwa kwa anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo. Apolisi olimbana ndi zigawenga amakwaniritsa ndendende cholinga chotsatirachi mwa kusokoneza otsutsa mphamvu zamakampani ndikupondereza mayankho (okonzedwa kapena mwachisawawa) a madera ovuta kwambiri. Pali kuphana kwakukulu pakati pa zolinga za wailesi ya chidani ndi otsatira ake atcheru ndi a Homeland Security ndi zovuta zaukadaulo wopondereza.
Atalandidwa katundu wake wamalingaliro, madandaulo a gulu la Tea Party ndi fayilo akhoza kufotokozedwa mwachidule monga: "zinthu zikuipiraipira ndipo ndikuchitiridwa zinthu mopanda chilungamo." Makina omveka a mapiko akumanja amawongolera malingaliro awa kuti akwiyire "osankhika" omwe amachitira chiwembu anthu abulauni, akunja, queers ndi osauka parasitic kulanda nzika zonse zomwe zawagwirira ntchito molimbika. Zokhumudwitsa zomwezi (ngakhale ndi nkhani yosiyana) zimachitikiranso m'madera oponderezedwa omwe adatuluka m'mithunzi kuti asankhe Obama kuti amupeze akukulitsa ndondomeko zomwe adazikana. Kaya zenizeni zenizeni, lingaliro la kusewera mwachilungamo lakhazikika kwambiri mu chikhalidwe cha US. Zowawa monga momwe mavuto azachuma alili pawokha, lingaliro lakuti pali anthu amwayi omwe amawona kuchitiridwa mwapadera ndiko kumapangitsa kukhumudwa kukhala ukali.
Umboni wa kupanda chilango umatiyang'ana tsiku ndi tsiku ngakhale kuti maonekedwe osiyanasiyana amawonekera kwa ife malinga ndi malo omwe tayima: Otchova njuga ku Wall Street amawononga chiwonongeko chachikulu cha anthu ndipo amapatsidwa mphoto ndi makiyi a chuma; BP imawononga chilengedwe cha Gulf ndipo imatetezedwa ndi boma; apolisi amapha achinyamata opanda zida, kunamizira umboni ndipo salandira chilango; Ankhondo aku Blackwater amapha anthu wamba ndipo sakuimbidwa mlandu; wosunga ndalama agwetsera galimoto yake kwa woyendetsa njinga ndipo akuimbidwa mlandu wocheperako chifukwa wosuma mlandu akuwona kuti mbiri yoyipa ikhoza kukhala ndi "zokhudza kwambiri ntchito kwa munthu (m'ntchito yake)"; kugula kosavuta kwa ogula ndi mautumiki amabwera atakulungidwa m'mapangano ovuta omwe amalola makampani kusintha malamulo pakufuna kwawo; nkhondo zimatulutsidwa pamaziko a umboni wabodza ndipo kuba ndi kuzunzika kumachitidwa nthawi zonse popanda zotsatirapo kwa olakwa; Dick Cheney ndi Haliburton sanazengereze milandu yachiphuphu ku Nigeria popereka chindapusa chocheperako kuposa chiphuphu choyambirira; mapindu opuma pantchito omwe amaperekedwa m'makontrakitala amgwirizano amachotsedwa ndi chilolezo cha khothi kuti ateteze mabizinesi a eni ake; apolisi amamenya, kuukira, chimango ndi kuzunza mumsewu osakhudzidwa pang'ono ndi kugwa ngakhale atagwidwa pavidiyo; oyang'anira inshuwaransi omwe amakana chithandizo chofunikira kwa odwala ndi ovulala amakhalabe omasuka komanso amphamvu. Amene amatsutsa kapena kutsutsa zopanda chilungamozi ndi omwe amayang'anizana ndi kufufuza ndi kuzunzidwa m'manja mwa oweruza milandu.
Kutembenuza Matebulo
Chilengedwe chopondereza chakula mofulumira komanso mwachisawawa, pambuyo pa 9/11, ndikupanga mabungwe ambiri ndi chisokonezo cha zofuna. Kukula kosalamulirika kotereku kumapanga zotsutsana ndi zofooka zake. Chachikulu pakati pa izi ndi kukula ndi luso lamakono la dongosolo lokha. Kupambana kosatsutsika kumabweretsa "khungu lamphamvu" mosavuta; kudalira kwambiri zida zingapo zosamveka zowongolera zovuta ndikusintha zenizeni zachikhalidwe. Izi zatsimikizira kugwa kwa zilakolako za US ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan; ubwino wake wapang'onopang'ono unapangitsa okonza mapulani kuganiza kuti akhoza kugubuduza gulu lankhondo lalikulu m'maderawa mosasamala za chikhalidwe chawo, mbiri yawo ndi miyambo yawo. Monga ndidawonera mu chidutswa cha 2003 (Kubweranso kwa Mbiri), kufooka uku kungawononge ntchitoyo kuyambira pachiyambi. Zomwe wotsutsa amawona mphamvu zake zazikulu zingakhale chidendene chake cha Achilles.
Kuchulukirachulukira kwa chiwembuchi kumabweretsa zotsatira zina zosayembekezereka. Zimachotsa kwambiri mwayi wofunafuna chitetezo chaumwini mwa kukhala pansi pa radar ya boma. Ngakhale ntchito zooneka ngati zosakhumudwitsa zili m'manja mwa boma lachitetezo cha dziko lomwe likumangidwa. Ntchito yomangayo iyenera kutsekedwa ndi kusinthidwa kapena idzapitiriza kuzinga malo a demokalase omwe akucheperachepera.
Izi zikhazikitsa maziko a zovuta zandale zomwe kuponderezana kukuyenera kupewedwa: kumanga mgwirizano waukulu pakati pa magulu a anthu omwe ali ogawanika koma omwe angathe kuona chiopsezo chowonjezereka ku zofuna zawo.
Yankho losavuta pavuto lalikululi ndiloti tiyenera kulinganiza. Koma kukonza pang'onopang'ono, kapena kuteteza, sikumagwira ntchito bwino mukakumana ndi vuto lachiwembu. Pofuna kuthana ndi vutoli pamlingo uwu, zoyesayesa zokonzekera ziyenera kugwirizanirana ndi kutsutsa kofanana. Gulu la oimba a jazi onse omwe akusewera nthawi imodzi amayenera kulumikizana pamutu womwe wafanana kapena amathera pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, osatha kupereka uthenga wogwirizana. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa makiyi a kumanja kwa kukwera kwa mphamvu: pamene tinali kubwera ndi ma solos opambana, adakhazikitsa mitu yochepa yofanana yomwe angagwirizanitse nawo makampeni awo angapo kuti akhale ogwirizana.
M'munsimu muli zitsanzo za njira zomwe zingayambitse kusintha. Akuyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zitatu: kukopa chidwi cha anthu omwe akhudzidwa ndi kuponderezedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana; nthawi yomweyo kuika otsutsa athu pa chitetezo ndi; kugwirizanitsa anzathu ndikugawa adani athu. Njirayi imatha kutchedwa "malamulo a zigawenga". Zimatengera njira yopangira malamulo - yomwe nthawi zambiri imawoneka ngati njira yowongolera zokhumba zodziwika bwino kukhala njira zotetezeka - ndikuzisintha kukhala malo owunikira. Mosiyana ndi kudzikonzekeretsa, izi zimagwira ntchito ngati tsekwe wotsogola popanga mapangidwe: kuloza komwe akupita ndikupanga "mthunzi wamphepo" womwe okonzekera kampeni angagwirizane nawo. Oimira a Republican omwe adavota kuti athetse chiwongola dzanja chosintha zaumoyo adadziwa kuti kuchitapo kanthu sikungapambane podutsa muyesowo. Zinali zofunika kwambiri kupititsa patsogolo nkhaniyo.
Chophweka Mfundo yolowera pamiyeso iyi ikhala kuti adziwitsidwe ndi aphungu ochezeka pamagawo oyenera a boma. Zothandizira zawo zimachokera ku polarization yabwino yomwe amapanga ndipo sizitengera kupita kwawo.
1) Bili ya Umphumphu mu Kutsatira Malamulo. Izi zipereka zilango zokhwima kwa apolisi, ozenga milandu, oweruza milandu kapena antchito ena, akuluakulu aboma ndi ma subcontractors a polisi ngati atapezeka kuti ndi olakwa; kunamiza, kubzala kapena kubisa umboni; kapena kupempha kapena kuchita nawo umboni wonama ndi cholinga chopezera munthu wolakwa kapena woimba mlandu munthu aliyense kapena gulu la anthu ndi cholinga choletsa kapena kuletsa kusagwirizana pandale. Apolisi ndi andale sangachirikize kapena kutsutsa lamuloli popanda kusokoneza kuvomerezeka kwawo.
2) International Peace and National Security Act. Bilu ya boma ikupangitsa kukhala "chofanana ndi lamulo la chiwembu" kupanga umboni; kupereka umboni wonama pamaso pa Congress; kubzala dala nkhani zabodza pawailesi yakanema ndi cholinga chophatikizira dziko la United States pankhondo kapena kusamvana mobisa ndi mabungwe aboma kapena omwe si aboma kunja kwa malire ake. Kulephera kupereka lipoti la milandu yotereyi kudzakhala mlandu waukulu. Kungokakamiza zokambirana za Congression pabilu yotereyi kungapangitse chidwi chapadziko lonse lapansi komanso kukwiyitsa mabanja a asitikali akugwa. Chiyembekezo cha chilango cha imfa chikhoza kukhala ndi chiyambukiro chodetsa nkhawa kwa ogwira ntchito apakati omwe akuitanidwa kuti agwire ntchito zanthawi zonse koma zosaloledwa za ufumuwo. Kukakamizika kuyankha ku lingaliro loyenerali kuyika White House ndi Congress m'mavuto osatheka kumayiko ena komanso padziko lonse lapansi.
3) Health and Wellbeing Under Confinement Act. Izi zipangitsa kukhala mlandu waukulu kukana chithandizo chamankhwala, kulandira mankhwala kapena chakudya chofunikira kapena ntchito kwa aliyense amene ali ndi milandu yazachigawenga kapena njira zotsekera anthu olowa m'dziko kapena mabungwe ena aliwonse otsekeredwa mwadala. Mchitidwe wopanda umunthu woterowo uli ponseponse. Nkhaniyi idzakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi anthu ochokera kumayiko ena komanso ochokera ku US amitundu.
4) Ufulu ku Entrapment Act. Kupanga mlandu ndi cholinga chozenga mlandu anthu omwe sakanachitapo kanthu kudzakhala mlandu waukulu, womwe umayambitsa ndende yayikulu komanso kuthamangitsidwa kwa moyo wawo wonse kuzamalamulo.
5) Njira zina zitha kupangitsa kuti apolisi aboma asokonezedwe ndi zida zachitetezo kuti azithandiza anthu payekha (monga mlandu wa Pennsylvania DHS).
Malingaliro onsewa angaphatikizepo "kusakhulupirika kwa anthu" kukulitsa chigamulo chotengera "zowonjezera zamagulu" zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukulitsa nthawi yandende ya achinyamata osauka amtundu. Akuluakulu aboma ndi apolisi, omwe amakonda kunena kuti nkhanza za apolisi ndi ntchito ya "maapulo ochepa oyipa," angapemphedwe kuvomereza njira zoyeretsera izi.
Kusiyanitsa kwa malingaliro awa pambali, iwo amayang'ana pa kusalangidwa kwa boma ndikulimbikitsa madandaulo ozama; poulula kusiyana pakati pa zomwe ayenera kunena ndi zomwe ayenera kuchita. Ngati palibe atsogoleri osankhidwa omwe angapezeke kuti akhazikitse malamulo oterowo adzawunikira mtunda wamakhalidwe pakati pawo ndi anthu awo. Kampeni yapagulu yokakamiza mabilu awa pandondomeko ingafanane ndi zofuna za 1789-1791 zophatikizira Bill of Rights mu Constitution. Madandaulo omwe ali m'mabungwewa amamveka kwambiri ngati omwe adayambitsa mkwiyo wodziwika bwino mu 1789. Zoyesayesa zotere zitha kukhudzanso anthu ammudzi ndi mawailesi a "fuko" omwe sali odziyimira pawokha pazaulamuliro wamakampani ndipo amadaliridwa ndi mamiliyoni makumi ambiri mwa omwe akukhudzidwa kwambiri. midzi. Zingalimbikitsenso kulimbana komweko. Khothi Lalikulu linakana kumvera apilo yochokera kubanja la a Fong Lee kuti mlandu womupha ukhalenso. Mitsutso yoperekedwa ndi maloya a Minneapolis idatengera zomwe wapolisi Anderson - yemwe adachotsedwa ntchito chifukwa chonamizira mlandu wina. Mlanduwo ukadabwera ku Khothi motsutsana ndi gulu lankhondo lolimbana ndi vuto la apolisi, zikadawoneka kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti a Justices aliganizire.
Kugawanitsa Ogawanika
Kutsatira kutsika kwa kayendetsedwe ka ndale za m'matauni, madipatimenti apolisi adakhala gawo lamphamvu kwambiri la boma la mzinda, zomwe zidaphimba mameya ndi makhonsolo amizinda omwe akuyenera kuyankha. Kuyambira 9/11 iwo akhala akuphatikizidwa kwambiri mu zida zachitetezo cha dziko zomwe zili mu dipatimenti yachitetezo chanyumba. "Zochitika Zachitetezo Chadziko" monga misonkhano ya demokalase ndi Republican ndi misonkhano yautumiki zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kufulumizitsa njirayi. Apolisi akumaloko ndi madipatimenti a sheriff ali ndi zida zonyezimira ngati zankhondo, maphunziro apamwamba, njira zolumikizirana mwachindunji ndi ma feed komanso chithunzi chatsopano chosangalatsa cha asitikali akutsogolo pankhondo yolimbana ndi zigawenga. Izi zimachepetsanso mphamvu zamaboma amizinda, omwe amadzipatula ngati apolisi "awo" akugwirizana kwambiri ndi Washington. Izi zikufanana ndi momwe maphunziro ndi zida zidachulukira pa asitikali aku Latin America m'ma 1970 ndi 80s adatulutsa apolisi okhulupilika ku Washington kuposa maboma ake. Makhonsolo amizinda masiku ano amakhala ngati ma inshuwaransi kwa apolisi awo, akumalipira ndalama zambiri mwankhanza komanso m'malo opha anthu molakwika koma osakhudza madipatimentiwo.
Gulu lachitetezo cha dziko lili ndi mabungwe opitilira 1,200 aboma komanso pafupifupi makampani 2,000 abizinesi omwe akupikisana, ogwirizana, amagawana ndikubisa zidziwitso, nthawi zambiri amayesa kukweza mbiri yawo pokokomeza ziwopsezo zomwe akuwulula. (Dipatimenti ya Ramsey County Sherriff's Department, yomwe inkatsogolera kuzunza anthu otsutsana ndi msonkhano wa 2008 Republican National Convention ku Minnesota, idati idafufuza zigawenga 22 zapakhomo ndi 11 zapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe zikugwira ntchito m'dera lake mu 2009-ziwerengero zomwe zidapezeka kuti ndi zabodza.) zodzaza ndi zolakwika komanso zotupa ndi zolemba zopanda pake. Maofesi apolisi akumaloko akupereka mgwirizano pakukangana kwawo kuti afotokozenso zochitika zapadera monga ziwawa zamagulu, umbanda wolinganizidwa ndi malankhulidwe andale ngati magulu ang'onoang'ono odana ndi uchigawenga. Maonekedwe ovutawa - komanso kumenyedwa kwakukulu kwa ufulu wa anthu komwe kumayambitsa - kumabweretsa magawano mkati ndi kunja kwa apolisi.
Pachithunzi chachikulu, kuponderezana kumapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala osagwirizana komanso ogawanika, motero amachepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito ndi malamulo komanso kuteteza anthu kuti asapikisane ndi 1% yapamwamba pazachuma. Mafunde apano ndi gawo limodzi la ntchito zoyeserera zobwezeretsanso nthawi yokonzanso yomwe idayambika ndi New Deal pafupifupi zaka zana zapitazo. Zokambiranazi zikhoza kuwonedwa muzotsutsa zamakono zotsutsana ndi mabungwe a boma, zomwe cholinga chake ndi kuthetsa mgwirizano wonse ngati chinthu chofunikira pa anthu; kukonzekera kuwononga chitetezo cha anthu ndi Medicare; kuwala kwa Purezidenti kwa mabungwe kuti athetse malamulo omwe ali ovuta; ndi kukonza zovuta za bajeti kuti zitsimikizire kuwononga ntchito za anthu ambiri.
Monga chinthu chothandiza, kuponderezana kumadalira kuyambitsa magawano, mantha, chisokonezo ndi kudzipatula pakati pa anthu osasankhidwa komanso magulu andale. Zimagwira ntchito pokhapokha titagawanika, mantha, osokonezeka ndi olekanitsidwa. Mabungwe opondereza safuna kutsekera m’ndende aliyense amene ali ndi maganizo otsutsa. M’malo mwake amaloza ochepa kuti awopsyeze ochuluka. M'malo mwake, kuponderezana sikungagwire ntchito kwenikweni chifukwa zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zofunikira nthawi zonse zimabweretsa kukana kwatsopano. Chiyembekezo chawo ndikuletsa chitetezo chademokalase mokwanira kuti chitsutso chilichonse chomwe chingabwere chiletsedwe kukhala gulu la ndale.
Magawo atatu oyankhira amafunikira:
1) Kupewa: kukonzekeretsa omenyera ufulu ndi madera kuti azindikire ndi kukana njira zogawanitsa, kuwopseza ndi kutsekeredwa;
2) Chitetezo: kuthandizira ndi kuteteza omwe akuzunzidwa; ndi
3) Kulimbana ndi zolakwa: Kumanga gulu lodutsa zoletsa zachikhalidwe zomwe zimayang'ana magwero a mphamvu zopondereza komanso zovomerezeka.
Ndi ntchito yothandiza nthawi ndi nthawi kuyesa kudziwona tokha monga otsutsa athu amatiwonera. Zinthu zomwe boma likugwiritsa ntchito popondereza zikuwonetsa kuti likuwona kuti magulu athu omwe angochitika kumene komanso madera omwe akumenyedwa ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Chizoloŵezi chathu ku US chatsalira chowona zofooka zathu zokha komanso mphamvu za adani athu sizikutithandiza bwino. Ubwino mu mikangano ya ndale sizimawonjezera mbali yomwe ili ndi mphamvu zazikulu zaumisiri ndi zachuma koma kumbali yomwe ingathe kulanda ndi kusunga zomwezo. Izi zimamveka bwino ndi ufulu, womwe ukukhazikitsa ndondomeko ya ndale za dziko pofotokozera ndi kumenyera ndondomeko ya makhalidwe. Kumanzere, mosiyana, kumenyana makamaka nkhondo zodzitchinjiriza, kuyembekezera motsutsana ndi umboni wakuti mapiko omasuka a kukhazikitsidwa adzapereka utsogoleri umene ife tokha tasiya. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pokhudzana ndi kuponderezana, pomwe White House yowongoka ikulimbikitsa chitetezo chachinsinsi cha boma komanso kuthetsa zinsinsi zaumwini (kupitilira kunena kuti ali ndi ufulu wolamula kuti adani aphedwe mwachisawawa kapena akunja).
Mkangano wodyetsera anthu m'mabizinesi mosasamala wathamangitsa mabanja m'nyumba zawo, ogwira ntchito komanso ophunzira ku ngongole. Mchitidwe wamakono ndi wofuna kuthamangitsa anthu onse kupatula ang'onoang'ono, osankhika odzitukumula kuchoka ku ulamuliro wa anthu, njira yomwe idzatsogolera kusagwirizana kwakukulu. National Security-Police-Prison Complex yapatsidwa ntchito yosatheka yowonetsetsa kuti ntchitoyi ikuyenda bwino. Cholinga chake chachikulu ndikuletsa kuyambika kwa mgwirizano wogwira mtima mkati ndi pakati pa anthu ammudzi komanso ndi omwe akuzunzidwa ndi mayiko omwe akuzunzidwa ndi ndondomeko zomwezo. Kuponderezana kovutirapo, komabe, kungatsegule njira zatsopano zomangira mgwirizano woterowo. Monga momwe Purezidenti Nixon adawonetsera kuti kubisala kungakhale koopsa kuposa mlandu woyambirira, kotero kuponderezana kungakhale chidendene cha Achilles chaulamuliro womwe umabwera kudzadalira. Kuzunzidwa ndi apolisi kwachititsa kangapo mayendedwe otsogozedwa ndi achinyamata, mabungwe ndi zipolowe ku US komanso kupitirira apo amakopa chidwi chambiri chopanda chilungamo chomwe cholinga chake chinali kuteteza. Mmene tingagonjetsere vutoli zidzatsimikizira, kuposa chinthu china chilichonse, ngati mphepo yozizira yamasiku ano idzabweretsa nyengo yatsopano ya ayezi.
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