Source: The Intercept
Chithunzi ndi Toa55/Shutterstock.com
Monga moto wolusa kuwononga mamiliyoni a maekala ku California, Oregon, ndi Washington, ndi zomwe sizinachitikepo mndandanda wa mphepo zamkuntho kuchititsa kusefukira kwamadzi kumwera, kusiya madera ena osakhalamo anthu, Boma la Trump lakhala likuthamangira kubweza malamulo omwe adapangidwa kuti aletse ngozi zamtundu wamtunduwu.
Munthawi yonse ya utsogoleri wake, a Donald Trump akhala akutsogolera kubweza malamulo ndi malamulo achilengedwe kuposa purezidenti wina aliyense. Zotsatira zake zakhala kuti, ngakhale kusintha kwanyengo kuli pafupi kukakamiza posachedwa mamiliyoni aku America kuchokera m'nyumba zawo ndipo pamapeto pake amatenthetsa dziko lapansi ku kutentha komwe sikunawonekere Zaka 34 miliyoni, mtsogoleri wa dziko lomwe limabereka udindo wochulukirapo chifukwa kusintha kwanyengo kuposa kwina kulikonse kwachulukirachulukira pakuchepa kwa zoyesayesa zolimbana ndi kuwononga chilengedwe komanso vuto lanyengo.
"Ulamuliro wa a Trump ndi woyamba m'mbiri ya bungweli kudzipereka mosalekeza kuzinthu zopanda pake popanda kunamizira kuchepetsa kuwononga chilengedwe," atero a John Walke, loya komanso mlangizi wamkulu wa NRDC Action Fund.
Kuyambira ndi kusankha kwake Scott Pruitt, wotsutsa nyengo yemwe kukwera kwake kupyolera mu ndale za Oklahoma kunalimbikitsidwa ndi mafakitale a mafuta ndi gasi, kuti atsogolere bungwe la Environmental Protection Agency, Trump wasonyeza kuti sanyalanyaza nyengo ndi thanzi la anthu panthawi yonse yomwe ali pa udindo. Pomwe Trump adati kusintha kwanyengo ndi "Chinyengo cha Chinaโ ndi โwonyenga,โ mabungwe aboma pansi pake achita zinthu zambirimbiri - kuchokera ku kuchotsedwa kwa chidziwitso chokhudza kusintha kwa nyengo patsamba la EPA ku ganizo lochoka ku mgwirizano wanyengo wa Paris; ndi kukonzanso ma model zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi US Geological Survey; ndi kufuta ya pulogalamu ya NASA yowunikira kaboni - yomwe idabweza kuyesetsa kuthana ndi vuto la nyengo, ndikuyika chilengedwe pachiwopsezo.
M'miyezi yaposachedwapa, ziwawazi zakula mofulumira. Kuyesetsa kwamphamvu kwa mabungwe aboma m'miyezi yapitayi chisankho chapurezidenti chisanachitike nthawi zambiri chimatchedwa "malamulo apakati pausiku." Koma ntchito yomwe oyang'anira a Trump akufulumira kumaliza ingafotokozedwe molondola ngati "kuchotsa pakati pausiku."
Chitetezo chachotsedwa
Atangolowa mu ofesi, Trump anayamba chilengedwe kusintha ndicho chidzakhala choloลตa chosatha chaulamuliro wake. M'mwezi wa Marichi 2017, bungwe la Environmental Protection Agency lidawonetsa kuti silingakwaniritse chiletso chomwe chinakonzedwa cha a neurotoxic mankhwala amatchedwa chlorpyrifos. Chigamulocho chinabwera pambuyo pake kufunsira mwatcheru ndi magulu ogulitsa komanso pambuyo pa Dow Chemical Company, yomwe imapanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo, adapereka $ 1 miliyoni ku komiti yotsegulira ya Trump. Trump EPA yatsiriza kale zovuta zina zambiri zachilengedwe, kuphatikiza kuchotsa Clean Water Act; zoletsa zofooketsa pazigawo zomwe zimatulutsa mpweya wapoizoni; kuwombera lamulo lomwe linkafuna kuti makampani oyendetsa migodi aziyika pambali ndalama zothandizira kuyeretsa chilengedwe; kulembanso a National Environmental Policy Act kotero kuti sizikufunikanso kuti boma liganizire za kuchulukirachulukira kwa chilengedwe ntchito zazikulu za federal pa madera; ndikuwonetsetsa kuti makampani a malasha tsopano atha kutaya zinyalala zamigodi mu mitsinje.
Zina mwa zinthu zomwe zangomalizidwa posachedwapa zomwe zingakhale ndi zotsatira zowononga kwambiri komanso zokhalitsa kwa nyengo ndi kuchotsa malire a mpweya wa methane panthawi yopanga mafuta ndi gasi. Methane ndi chinthu choipitsa nyengo chomwe chimatsekereza kutentha kopitilira 80 kuposa mpweya woipa m'zaka 20, ndipo US ikutulutsa kale. mochuluka kwambiri za izo. Kubwezeretsanso malamulo a methane, komwe kunamalizidwa August - ndi otsutsa ndi makampani akuluakulu amafuta omwe adzakhudzidwe nawo - adapangidwa makamaka kuti asanyalanyaze malingaliro a nyengo ndipo akuyembekezeka kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha womwe umatulutsidwa chaka chilichonse ndi matani 4.5 miliyoni. Kuwonongeka kowonjezera komwe kumasulidwa kudzakhala ndi zotsatira zofanana ndi magetsi a 100 oyaka ndi malasha chaka chilichonse, malinga ndi Environmental Defense Fund, yomwe ikutsutsa utsogoleri pa lamuloli.
EPA ikuchepa mphamvu mafuta Economy miyezo zamagalimoto ndi magalimoto ang'onoang'ono, zomwe zidamalizidwa mu Marichi pomwe anthu ambiri adangoyang'ana kwambiri mliri wa coronavirus, zithandiziranso kusintha kwanyengo ndikupangitsa kuti pakhale ngozi zoopsa kwambiri komanso moto wamtchire. Kusinthaku, komwe kumachepetsa kuyendetsa bwino kwa mafuta pamagalimotowa ndi 27 peresenti, kukuyembekezeka kupangitsa kuti pakhale matani 867 miliyoni owonjezera kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide, wofanana ndi mpweya wapachaka wochokera ku zomera za malasha 216.
Bungwe la EPA lasinthanso mfundo yake yofuna kuti mabizinesi aziona ngati mafiriji ndi zoziziritsira mpweya zimatuluka. The kukonzanso kwa malamulo, yomwe idamalizidwa mu February, imakhudza kutulutsidwa kwa hydrofluorocarbons, mankhwala omwe angayambitse kutentha kwambiri kuposa carbon dioxide ndipo nthawi zambiri amatuluka kuchokera ku zipangizo zoziziritsira. Malinga ndi sayansi ya bungweli, lamulo latsopanoli lipangitsa kuti mpweya wowonjezera kutentha uwonjezeke womwe uli ndi mphamvu yotentha yofanana ndi matani 2.9 a carbon dioxide chaka chilichonse.
Pakadali pano, dipatimenti yowona zamkati idamaliza mapulani ake otsegulira Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge pobowola mafuta, zomwe akatswiri azachilengedwe akuyembekeza kuti sizidzangowononga chilengedwe. Mitundu 700 ya zomera ndi zinyama omwe amakhala kumeneko komanso amachulukitsa kwambiri mpweya wa carbon. Mu 2018, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission zochepa ganizo lake la kutulutsa mpweya woipa kuchokera ku ntchito za gasi. Ndipo, kudzera mwa akuluakulu, Trump adafooketsa malamulo omwe adakhazikitsidwa kuti achepetse kusefukira kwamadzi kuchokera pakukwera kwamadzi.
Mwina chowononga kwambiri ndikutayika kwa Clean Power Plan. Dongosolo la nthawi ya Obama lidapangidwa kuti lichepetse kuwonongeka kwa nyengo ndi matani opitilira 400 miliyoni pofika 2030. Ulamuliro wa Mphamvu Zotsika mtengo mu 2019.
Zotsatira Zakupha
Nthawi zambiri, kuchotsedwa uku kudzakhala ndi chiwopsezo cha anthu. Kusintha kwa Miyezo ya Mercury ndi Air Toxics, zomwe EPA idapanga mu Epulo, idachepetsa malire a mercury ndi mpweya wina wowopsa womwe umachokera kumagetsi oyaka ndi malasha omwe adakhazikitsidwa mu 2011. Malamulowo adalepheretsa kufa kwanthawi yayitali pakati pa 4,000 ndi 11,000 chaka chilichonse, malinga ndi bungweli. kuwerengera. Koma pansi pa Trump, EPA yasankha kuti sikoyeneranso kuwongolera zoipitsa izi, zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa ubongo pakukula kwa fetus ndikuwonjezera kugunda kwa mtima kwa akulu.
Ngati icho chikuyima, methane rollback, yomwe ili anatsutsidwa ndi akatswiri a zachilengedwe, kudzayambitsanso matenda ndi imfa. Kuwonjezera pa kufulumira kwa kusintha kwa nyengo, methane imasanduka ozone, yomwe imayambitsa matenda aakulu, kuphatikizapo kuwonongeka kwa kupuma, khansa, mphumu, ndi matenda a mtima. Madera okhala ndi mipanda, omwe amapangidwa mosagwirizana ndi anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza anthu opitilira 1 miliyoni aku America aku America omwe amakhala. mkati mwa theka la mailosi kuchokera pamalo opangira mafuta ndi gasi, adzakhala mโgulu la zinthu zimene zidzakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuipitsa. Ndipo kusintha kwa Power Power Plan kukuyembekezeka kutsogolera zikwi za imfa.
Pasanathe masabata asanu ndi awiri mpaka chisankho, ndipo moto wolusa ndi kusefukira kwa madzi zikupitilira kufalikira limodzi ndi kuzindikira kuti ndi gawo lalikulu. nyengo apocalypse, Ulamuliro wa Trump ukungoyang'anabe kuti amalize chiwonongeko chakupha cha ena mwa malamulo ndi njira zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa kuti ziteteze thanzi la anthu.
Pakati pa malamulo ena ofunikira omwe adakalipobe ndi miyezo ya zinthu zakuthupi ndi ozoni, zomwe zimachokera ku zomera zamagetsi. Kuyambira 1977, lamuloli lafuna kuti Komiti Yoyang'anira Sayansi Yoyera ya Air Air, kapena CASAC, yopangidwa ndi asayansi odziyimira pawokha ithandizire kukhazikitsa miyezo. Ngakhale kuti komitiyi idakalipo, Trump EPA yathetsa, kuchotsa asayansi ambiri odziimira okha ndi onse omwe ali ndi miliri, m'malo mwake. adawunjika ndi akatswiri ochezeka pamakampani. CASAC tsopano ikutsogozedwa ndi a Louis Anthony "Tony" Cox Jr., mlangizi wamakampani omwe amatsutsana ndi zokhazikika. sayansi kusonyeza kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono timapha chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa matenda a mtima ndi mapapo. Wagwira ntchito ku Exxon Mobil, American Chemistry Council, ndi American Petroleum Institute.
Woyang'anira EPA Andrew Wheeler athamangitsidwa gulu la asayansi omwe m'mbiri yakale adalangiza CASAC pa zinthu zina - zomwe zimaphatikizapo fumbi, dothi, mwaye, ndi utsi - ndikuperekedwa ndi gulu la akatswiri a ozone pazomwe adanena kuti ndi kuyesetsa "kuwongolera" njira yokhazikitsira. Chotsatira chake ndi chakuti EPA tsopano ikuyesera kutsiriza miyezo yamakono ya zinthu zonse ziwiri ndi ozoni, zomwe asayansi odziimira okha amanena kuti siziteteza thanzi. Ngakhale kuti nyengo imakhudza mayendedwe a ozoni, muyezo womwe waperekedwawo suganizira za kusintha kwa nyengo.
Kusunga miyezo ya zoipitsa mpweya, zonse zomwe zimabwera chifukwa cha mpweya wamagetsi, ndi "sop kumakampani amafuta ndi gasi" zomwe zitha kukhala zakupha, malinga ndi Bernie Goldstein, dotolo yemwe adakhalapo ngati mpando wa CASAC ndi Reagan- adasankha wothandizira wa EPA yemwe tsopano ndi membala wa bungwe la Environmental Protection Network. Anthu opitilira 100,000 ku US amwalira kale chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya, kuphatikiza zinthu zina ndi ozone. โAnthu ochuluka adzafa chifukwa chakuti miyezo yoipitsa siili yokwera mokwanira,โ anatero Goldstein.
Goldstein akuda nkhawa kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa chiwopsezo cha zoipitsa mpweya izi panthawi ya mliri wa coronavirus - china chake EPA. sizinachitepo kanthu m'ndondomeko yake yokhazikitsira, ngakhale idapereka lingaliro lake mliri utayamba. "Lingaliro lakuti china chake chomwe chimawononga mtima ndi mapapo mwankhanza monga momwe Covid-19 amachitira chidzalumikizana ndi zowononga mpweya zomwe zimawononganso mtima ndi mapapo sichinthu chanzeru," adatero.
Trump akugwira ntchito ndi Secretary Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue to kukulitsa mitengo m'nkhalango ya Tongass National Forest ku Alaska, kuchotsa chitetezo chazaka makumi ambiri kuchokera ku maekala 10 miliyoni omwe amamwa mpweya wambiri kuposa nkhalango ina iliyonse. Ndipo oyang'anira akuyesera, kudzera mu dipatimenti ya zamkati, kuti liwiro ndemanga zachilengedwe za ntchito zokumba mafuta ndi gasi, kuphatikizapo mapaipi a gasi achilengedwe a Mountain Valley ndi malo opangira gasi ku Oregon.
Komanso pakati pa bizinesi yomwe sinamalizidwe ku EPA ndikubwezeretsanso chitetezo cha 2015 chomwe chimateteza ogwira ntchito m'mafamu ndi alimi kuti asatengeke ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Ngati olamulira a Trump achita bwino ndikusintha kwake, ogwira ntchito m'mafamu - omwe ali aku Latino kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mwayi wopatsirana poizoni ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuposa omwe si ogwira ntchito m'mafamu - adzakumana ndi kuwonekera kokulirapo.
Ndipo EPA ikutenga njira zomaliza kuti ikwaniritse "Kulimbikitsa Transparency mu Regulatory Scienceโ lamulo, lomwe lingachepetse kugwiritsa ntchito sayansi yodziyimira pawokha popanga zisankho za bungweli pogwiritsa ntchito njira yomwe idapangidwa ndi makampani a fodya. Malingaliro anali kutumizidwa ku ofesi yowunikira zowongolera ku White House koyambirira kwa sabata ino, ndipo Wheeler adati akuyembekeza kuti amaliza kumapeto kwa chaka.
Pakadali pano, utsogoleri ukugwirabe ntchito pa malamulo awiri omwe akukhudzidwa okhudza Endangered Species Act: Mmodzi adzatsegula dzina la malo ovuta ku zovuta zamakampani, ndipo enawo adzayambitsa Kusintha mโkumasulira kwa Migratory Bird Treaty Act, yosonkhezeredwa ndi mafakitale amafuta ndi gasi, kuti โzidzachititsa imfa ya mbalame zambiri,โ malinga ndi kunena kwa Noah Greenwald, mkulu wa zamoyo zomwe zatsala pangโono kutha pa Center for Biological Diversity.
Boma la Trump lakhala "lowononga zamoyo zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha," malinga ndi Greenwald. Iye anati: โKwakhala kuwononga koopsa kwa zaka zinayi panthawi imene tilibe zaka zinayi. "Ngakhale asayansi padziko lonse lapansi akhala akuchenjeza za vuto la kutha, akuthamangira kuti amalize malamulowa."
Kubwezeretsa Zowonongeka
Center for Biological Diversity ndi amodzi mwa mabungwe azachilengedwe omwe akhalapo pogwiritsa ntchito makhoti kulimbana ndi Trump rollbacks. Koposa zonse, ma suti awa apambana. Milandu 12 yokha mwa milandu 81 yokhudzana ndi chilengedwe, mphamvu, komanso kuwongolera zachilengedwe adagamulidwa mokomera a Trump kuyambira pa Ogasiti 31, malinga ndi Institute of Policy Integrity ku New York University School of Law.
Ngati a Trump ataya zisankho, olamulira a demokalase atha kuthetsa masuti ambiri omwe akuyembekezerabe. "Biden atha kuwonetsa mwachangu kuti sadzateteza kubweza kwa a Trump kukhothi," atero a William Buzbee, pulofesa wa zamalamulo ku Georgetown University Law Center. "Lamulo loyang'anira ndi losinthika ndipo nthawi zonse limapatsa purezidenti wamtsogolo kuthekera kosintha zomwe zidamuchitikira." Boma la Biden litha kungosintha momwe olamulira a Trump achoka ku mgwirizano wanyengo wa Paris - kusuntha komwe sikumalizidwa mpaka tsiku lotsatira chisankho ndipo zitenga purezidenti watsopano masiku 30 kuti alowenso.
Kutengera tsiku lomwe abwezeredwa, ngati a Biden asankhidwa komanso kuli ambiri a Democratic House ndi Senate, zosintha zina zitha kusinthidwa kudzera mulamulo lotchedwa Congressional Review Act.
Koma zowonongeka zina zomwe bungwe la Trump likuwononga pachitetezo cha chilengedwe zidzatenga nthawi yayitali kuti zisinthe. Malamulo ena omalizidwa adzafunika zaka zopanga malamulo kuti asinthe. Ndipo sipadzakhalanso njira yotsitsimutsa Plan Power Plan. "Zatsala pang'ono kufa," a Thomas McGarity, pulofesa ku yunivesite ya Texas ku Austin School of Law, adatero ponena za gawo lalikulu la kayendetsedwe kazanyengo ka Obama. "Ngati oyang'anira otsatira akufuna kuchitapo kanthu pakusintha kwanyengo ndikuyesera kuwongolera, akuyenera kuyambiranso."
Zina mwazovuta zomwe a Trump adabweretsa potsutsana ndi sayansi yanyengo komanso kubwezeretsa chitetezo chomwe chikufunika kwambiri kwanyengo sichingakonzedwe. "Sizingatheke kubweza zaka zinayi zomwe zakhala tikunyalanyaza ndikukulitsa zovuta zanyengo," adatero Buzbee. "Kuchuluka kwa CO2 ndi methane mumlengalenga kudzakhalapo kwa zaka zambiri ngati sichoncho. Kukwera kumeneko mumlengalenga wa Dziko Lapansi sikungabwezeretsedwenso ndipo nthawiyo siingathe kubwezeretsedwanso.โ
Kusintha kwanyengo kwachepetsa kwambiri ntchito yapadziko lonse lapansi yothana ndi vuto lomwe lavuta kwambiri masiku ano. "Kusintha kwanyengo pamapeto pake ndimasewera odalirika," adatero Buzbee. "Mafuko omwe akukakamiza oipitsa awo ayenera kukhulupirira kuti ena adzakwera nawonso kuchita mbali yawo. Koma pobwerera m'mbuyo, US yasiya kukhulupirira. "
Buzbee, yemwe amaweruza Trump ngati kale "purezidenti woipitsitsa kwambiri wa chilengedwe m'mbiri ya US," akulosera kuti zotsatira za chilengedwe pa nthawi yachiwiri ya Trump zingakhale zowononga kwambiri. "Iwo akanakhala ndi nthawi yomaliza ndikuteteza zonse zomwe zidabwezedwa mu nthawi yoyamba," adatero. "Sindikutsimikiza kuti EPA ndi malamulo akuluakulu azachilengedwe atha kupirira chiwonongekochi."
Pomwe oyang'anira akuthamanga kuti amalize ma rollbacks, a Kutuluka kwa Sunrise yatumiza mamembala ake khomo ndi khomo kuti akafotokoze za chisankho kwa ovota. "Gulu lathu likulankhula ndi mazana masauzande a achinyamata omwe ali m'maiko osiyanasiyana mdziko lonselo kuti alankhule za mwayi womwe tili nawo wokonzekera ndi kulimbikitsana motsogozedwa ndi a Biden," atero a Stephen O'Hanlon, woyambitsa nawo Sunrise Movement. "Biden sichinali chisankho choyamba cha achinyamata ambiri, koma ndiye chisankho chodziwikiratu."
Wothandizira komanso wolemba Bill McKibben wapereka mfundo yabwino kwambiri pazotsatira za chilengedwe pakuchotsa Trump. "Ichi chikhala chisankho chofunikira kwambiri pazaka mamiliyoni angapo zikubwerazi," McKibben tweeted Lachiwiri, kutumiza kanema wa Purezidenti kachiwiri kukana sayansi yanyengo ngakhale ndikuuzidwa za moto womwe wapha anthu ambiri ndikuwononga maekala mamiliyoni ambiri.
Mneneri wa EPA James Hewitt adapereka ndemanga iyi poyankha funso kuchokera ku The Intercept:
Nkhaniyi ikukankhira nkhani zabodza zomwe sizinazike mizu. Pansi pa EPA iyi, kuwonongeka kwa mpweya mdziko muno kwatsika ndi 7 peresenti, tachotsa malo 61 a Superfund, tayika $ 40 biliyoni m'mabwalo amadzi, tatolera zilango zaupandu ndi zachiwembu kuposa momwe a Obama Administration adachitira mu nthawi yawo yoyamba, ndipo tikumaliza. lamulo lomaliza la lead & Copper. Zosankha zonse zowongolera zimakhazikitsidwa ndi sayansi ndi malamulo athu mosiyana ndi kayendetsedwe komaliza.
Akatswiri azachilengedwe adatsutsa zonena zonse mu mayankho a EPA. Atafunsidwa za kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya, Elena Craft, mkulu wamkulu wa nyengo ndi thanzi ku Environmental Defense Fund, adanena kuti sakudziwa bwinobwino momwe kuwonongeka kwa mpweya kwatsika ndi 7 peresenti ndipo anawonjezera kuti "Sindingaganizire ngakhale chimodzi. zomwe bungweli lachita zomwe zingapangitse kuti mpweya uchepe.โ
Ngakhale kuti EPA yachotsa malo ambiri a Superfund, ilinso ndi chotsalira chachikulu za ntchito zomanga zopanda ndalama ku malo a Superfund m'zaka 15. Malinga ndi Betsy Southerland, yemwe adapuma pantchito pambuyo pa zaka 30 akugwira ntchito ku EPA, bungweli likuyesera kutenga ngongole chifukwa cha ntchito zomwe zachitika kale. "Kuchotsa mndandanda ndi zolemba chabe zosonyeza kuti ntchito inamalizidwa zaka zapitazo," adatero. โBoma ili lili ndi mbiri yoyipa kuposa kale lonse potengera kuchuluka kwa mapulojekiti omwe anali okonzeka kumangidwa omwe sadapereke ndalama. M'malo mopempha ndalama zogulira masambawa, adapempha kuti achepetse ndalama za Superfund chaka chilichonse. โ
Southerland inanenanso kuti bungweli linanena kuti lamulo lotsogolera ndi lamkuwa linali lopanda pake: "Lamulo loperekedwalo silinachepetse kuchuluka komwe kungayambitse kulowetsedwa kwa mipope. Ndipo anachedwetsa mlingo wofunikira wochotsa mapaipi otsogolera.โ
Ponena za zilango, EPA's deta yanu zikuwonetsa kuti mchaka cha 2019, bungweli lidachita kuyendera kochepa kwambiri kwa oipitsa m'zaka zosachepera 18., ndi pafupifupi theka la chiwerengero cha kuyendera kunachitika zaka khumi zapitazo. A 2019 lipoti kuchokera ku The Environmental Integrity Project amalemba zomwe zikuchitikazi ndikuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa milandu yazachilengedwe yomwe idatsegulidwa komanso oipitsa omwe adayimbidwa mlandu idatsika kwambiri pansi pa Trump.
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