Kodi anthu atha kusweka kwambiri kotero kuti chowonadi cha momwe akuvutitsidwa sichingawamasulire koma m'malo mwake chimawafooketsa? Kodi kukhumudwa koteroko kwachitika ku United States?
Kodi olamulira opondereza ena amafunadi kuti timve mmene tachitiridwa nkhanza chifukwa akudziwa kuti kuchita manyazi ndi kuponderezedwa koonekeratu kudzatifooketsa kwambiri?
Ndi mphamvu ziti zomwe zapangitsa kuti anthu aku US akhale otaya mtima, osachita chidwi, okhumudwa?
mungathe chirichonse kuchita kutembenuza izi?
Kodi anthu atha kusweka kwambiri kotero kuti chowonadi cha momwe akuvutitsidwa sichingawamasulire koma m'malo mwake chimawafooketsa?
Inde. Imatchedwa "abuse syndrome". Kodi olamulira ankhanza, okwatirana, mabwana, mabungwe, ndi maboma amalamulira bwanji? Amakankhira mabodza, nkhanza zamaganizo ndi zakuthupi, ndi kupanda chilungamo pankhope za ozunzidwa, ndipo pamene ozunzidwa akuwopa kuchoka mu maubwenzi amenewa, amafooka. Chifukwa chake wozunzayo ndiye amapangitsa ozunzidwawo kudya mabodza ochulukirapo, nkhanza, ndi kupanda chilungamo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ozunzidwawo afooke kwambiri akamapitirizabe maubwenzi amenewa.
Kodi kudziwa chowonadi cha kuzunzidwa kwawo kumamasula anthu akakhala mkati mwa ma syndromes ozunzawa?
Ayi. Kwa anthu amene amachitiridwa nkhanzazi, zoona zake n'zakuti kugonjera kwawo mosasamala n'kochititsa manyazi; imatha kuchita manyazi - ndipo palibe chowawa kuposa manyazi. Pamene wina akumva kale kumenyedwa ndi kukhumudwa, kuyankha kothekera ku ululu wamanyazi sikuli zochita zolimbikitsa, koma kuyesa kowonjezereka kutseka kapena kudzipatutsa ku ululu umenewu. Sizokayikitsa kuti chowonadi cha kuponderezedwa kochititsa manyazi kwa munthu chidzampatsa mphamvu ku zochita zomangirira.
Kodi kukhumudwa koteroko kwachitika ku US?
Ku United States, anthu 47 miliyoni alibe inshuwaransi yazaumoyo, ndipo enanso mamiliyoni ambiri ali ndi inshuwaransi yochepa kapena kuchotsedwa ntchito chifukwa chosowa chithandizo. Koma mosasamala kanthu za kugulitsidwa kwaposachedwa ndi akuluakulu awo osankhidwa ku makampani a inshuwalansi, palibe kutsanulidwa kwa mamiliyoni a nzika za US m'misewu ya Washington, DC, kutsutsa kusakhulupirika kumeneku.
Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti anthu ambiri aku America amatsutsa nkhondo zaku US ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq komanso kubweza msonkho kwa okhometsa msonkho pantchito yazachuma, komabe ndi nzika zowerengeka chabe zaku US zomwe zatsutsa izi.
Mukukumbukira chisankho cha pulezidenti waku US cha 2000? Ndimomwe Al Gore adalandira mavoti 500,000 kuposa George W. Bush. Ndilonso lomwe lamulo la Khothi Lalikulu ku Florida loti awerengenso mavoti aku Florida omwe akukangana nawo lidathetsedwa ndi Khothi Lalikulu la US pachigamulo chandale cha 5-4, pomwe woweruza wotsutsana ndi John Paul Stevens adati: "Ngakhale sitingadziwe bwino. kutsimikizika kwa wopambana pa chisankho cha pulezidenti wa chaka chino, yemwe waluza ndi wodziwikiratu. Ndilo chidaliro cha dziko mwa woweruzayo monga woyangโanira mosakondera wa malamulo.โ Komabe, ngakhale izi zidakwiyitsa owonetsa ochepa.
Anthu akasweka, sangathe kuchitapo kanthu pachoonadi cha chisalungamo. Komanso, pamene anthu aphwanyidwa, zowona zambiri za momwe adachitiridwa nkhanza zimatha kuchititsa manyazi momwe adazilola. Ndipo manyazi, monga mantha, ndi njira ina yomwe timakhalira osweka kwambiri m'maganizo.
Nzika za ku United States sizimatsutsa zachinyengo zoonekeratu pazifukwa zomwezo zomwe anthu sangathe kusiya akazi awo omwe amawachitira nkhanza: Amaona kuti alibe chochita kuti asinthe. Tikapanda kuchitapo kanthu, m'pamenenso timafooka. Ndipo potsirizira pake kuti tithane ndi manyazi opweteka chifukwa cholephera kuchitapo kanthu pamaso pa wopondereza, timasunthira kumalo otseka ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zopulumukira monga kuvutika maganizo, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi zina zosokoneza, zomwe zimatilepheretsa kuchitapo kanthu. Uku ndiye kuzungulira koyipa kwa ma syndromes onse ozunza.
Kodi olamulira opondereza ena amafunadi kuti timve mmene tachitiridwa nkhanza chifukwa akudziwa kuti kuchita manyazi ndi kuponderezedwa koonekeratu kudzatifooketsa kwambiri?
Mwina.
Kutangotsala pang'ono kuti chisankho cha pulezidenti ku United States cha 2000 chichitike, anthu mamiliyoni ambiri a ku America adawona kanema wa George W. Bush akuseka gulu la anthu olemera kuti, "Ndi khamu lalikulu bwanji usikuuno: olemera ndi opeza-zambiri. Anthu ena amakutchani anthu osankhika; Ndimakutcha maziko anga." Komabe, ngakhale ndi mawu okwiyitsa awa, makumi mamiliyoni a nzika zaku US zomwe zidadzanyoza Bush ndi kudzikuza kwake zidakhalabe zopanda pake pamaso pa zisankho za 2000 zopanda demokalase.
Mwina "wanzeru pazandale" wa boma la Bush-Cheney anali kuzindikira kwathunthu kuti Achimerika anali osweka kwambiri kotero kuti boma limatha kuthawa chilichonse. Ndipo pamene anthu ambiri sanachite kalikonse ponena za kugunda kwa nsapato pa nkhope zawo, anthu ofooka amachepa.
Ndi mphamvu ziti zomwe zapangitsa kuti anthu aku US akhale otaya mtima, osachita chidwi, okhumudwa?
Boma la US lagwiritsa ntchito mfuti ndi zigawenga kuphwanya Amwenye Achimereka, okonza mabungwe ogwira ntchito, ndi ena otsutsa ndi omenyera ufulu. Koma lero, nzika zambiri zaku US zasweka ndi mantha azachuma. Pali ngongole yovomerezeka ngati tilankhula motsutsana ndi wolamulira wamphamvu, ndi mitundu yonse ya ngongole ngati sititsatira ntchitoyo. Achinyamata amathyoledwa ndi ngongole za koleji ndi mantha osowa inshuwalansi ya thanzi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu aku US chikuchulukirachulukira chifukwa chodzipatula chifukwa cha mfundo zamaboma. A 2006 American Sociological Review Kafukufuku ("Social Isolation in America: Changes in Core Discussion Networks Pazaka Makumi Awiri") inanena kuti, mu 2004, 25 peresenti ya Achimereka analibe wokhulupirira mmodzi. (Mu 1985, anthu 10 pa 2000 alionse a ku America ananena kuti analibe munthu mmodzi amene amamuuza zakukhosi.) Katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu Robert Putnam, mโbuku lake la XNUMX. Bowling Yekha, limafotokoza mmene kugwirizana kwa anthu kukuzimiririka pafupifupi mโmbali zonse za moyo wa ku United States. Mwachitsanzo, pakhala kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kuyang'ana maso ndi maso ndi anansi ndi abwenzi chifukwa cha midzi, maulendo, zosangalatsa zamagetsi, nthawi ndi ndalama ndi zina zomwe zimapangidwa ndi ndondomeko za boma ndi makampani. Ndipo ntchito za mgwirizano ndi njira zina zamwambo kapena zamwambo zimene anthu amathandizirana polimbana ndi kuponderezedwa nazonso zachepa.
Tidaphwanyidwanso ndi mgwirizano wamakampani ndi boma womwe wapangitsa ambiri aife kukhala opanda mphamvu pokhudzana ndi zofunikira pa moyo, kuphatikiza chakudya chathu. Ndipo ife, monga anthu ena ambiri padziko lapansi, timasweka ndi mabungwe ocheza nawo omwe amatilekanitsa ndi umunthu wathu woyamba. Zitsanzo zingapo:
Sukulu ndi Maunivesite: Kodi masukulu ambiri amaphunzitsa achinyamata kukhala okonda kuchita - kapena kungokhala chete? Kodi masukulu ambiri amaphunzitsa achinyamata kuti akhoza kukhudza malo omwe amakhalapo - kapena kuti asavutike? Kodi masukulu amapereka zitsanzo za mabungwe a demokalase - kapena zitsanzo za olamulira?
Mndandanda wautali wa otsutsa masukulu kuchokera kwa Henry David Thoreau kupita kwa John Dewey, John Holt, Paul Goodman, Jonathan Kozol, Alfie Kohn, Ivan Illich, ndi John Taylor Gatto anena kuti sukulu siili chabe gulu laling'ono: zomwe achinyamata chidziwitso m'masukulu ndiye njira yayikulu yopangira tsogolo lathu. Masukulu nthawi zambiri amakhala malo omwe ana - chifukwa cha mantha - amaphunzira kumvera maulamuliro omwe nthawi zambiri samawalemekeza, komanso kubwereza zinthu zomwe nthawi zambiri amazipeza kukhala zopanda tanthauzo. Izi ndi njira zazikulu zothyola munthu.
Masiku ano, makoleji aku US ndi mayunivesite achulukirachulukira kukhala malo omwe achinyamata akungopeza ziphaso za digiri - mabaji omvera omwe amawalemba ntchito m'makampani - posinthana ndi kuphunzira kuvomereza kulamulidwa ndi boma komanso kukhala akapolo ngongole.
Mental Health Institutions: Aldous Huxley ananeneratu kuti โndikuwoneka bwino kwambiri mโmakhadi amakono,โ iye anatero, โkuti mโbadwo wotsatira padzakhala njira yamankhwala yopangitsa anthu kukonda ukapolo wawo.โ
Masiku ano, kuchuluka kwa anthu ku US omwe satsatira ulamuliro akupezedwa ndi matenda amisala ndikupatsidwa mankhwala amisala omwe amawapangitsa kuti asamve kuwawa chifukwa cha kunyong'onyeka kwawo, mkwiyo, ndi malingaliro ena oyipa, motero amawapangitsa kukhala omvera komanso owongolera.
Matenda a Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) ndi matenda omwe amadziwika kwambiri kwa ana ndi achinyamata. Zizindikiro zovomerezeka za ODD ndizo, "nthawi zambiri amanyoza kapena kukana kutsatira zopempha kapena malamulo a akuluakulu," komanso "nthawi zambiri amatsutsana ndi akuluakulu." Zomwe zimachitika kwambiri kwa olamulira opondereza kuposa kunyoza kopitilira muyeso kwa ODD ndi mtundu wina wakusamvera - mwachitsanzo, chidwi cha deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti pafupifupi ana onse omwe ali ndi ADHD amamvetsera kuzinthu zomwe amasangalala nazo kapena zomwe asankha. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, pamene ana otchedwa ADHD akukhala ndi nthawi yabwino ndikulamulira, "matenda" amachoka.
Anthu akakhala ndi mantha kwambiri ndikusweka kuti achite zionetsero, amatha kuyambitsa "kusintha kwankhanza" mwa kungotaya mtima, kuledzera, osachita kalikonse - ichi ndi chifukwa chimodzi chomwe ufumu wa Soviet udasweka. Komabe, matenda / mankhwala a kupanduka ndi "mankhwala" a mankhwala afooketsa mphamvu ya kusintha kosasintha kumeneku.
yakanema: Mโbuku lake Zotsutsana Zinayi Zothetsa Ma TV (1978), Jerry Mander (atapendanso otsutsa opondereza monga George Orwell, Aldous Huxley, Jacques Ellul, ndi Ivan Illich) analemba mndandanda wa โEight Ideal Conditions for the Flowering of Autocracy.โ
Mander adanena kuti wailesi yakanema imathandizira kupanga mikhalidwe isanu ndi itatu yowononga anthu. Wailesi yakanema, iye anafotokoza kuti, (1) imatenga anthu kuti asamadziลตeโndi chimene munthu ali; (2) kulekanitsa anthu kwa wina ndi mnzake; (3) kumapangitsa kuperewera kwamalingaliro; (4) imakhazikika m'malingaliro ndikudzaza ubongo ndi zomwe zidakonzedweratu ndi malingaliro; (5) amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kuti achepetse kusakhutira (pamene TV imatulutsa zotsatira zofanana ndi mankhwala, izi zinawonjezeredwa mu 1997 US Food and Drug Administration ikumasula malamulo otsatsa malonda a mankhwala); (6) imayika chidziwitso ndi chidziwitso pakati; (7) amachotsa kapena โkusunga zakaleโ zikhalidwe zina kuti athetse kufananitsa; ndi (8) limalongosolanso chimwemwe ndi tanthauzo la moyo.
Comericalism of Damn Near Chilichonse: Ngakhale kuti zinthu zauzimu, nyimbo, ndi mafilimu zingasinthe zinthu, kugulitsa zinthu zonsezi kwachepetsa mphamvu yawo yolimbikitsa kupanduka. Chifukwa chake tsopano, pafupifupi chilichonse - osati chipembedzo chokha - chakhala "ofanizira anthu ambiri."
Udindo waukulu wa nzika zaku US sulinso wa "nzika" koma "wogula". Ngakhale kuti nzika zimadziwa kuti kugula ndi kugulitsa m'deralo kumalimbitsa dera limenelo komanso kuti izi zimalimbikitsa demokalase, ogula amangoganizira za malonda abwino kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti nzika zimamvetsetsa kuti kudalira wobwereketsa yemwe sali munthu ndi mtundu waukapolo, ogula amasangalala ndi makhadi a ngongole omwe amapereka APR yotsika kwakanthawi.
Consumerism imasokoneza anthu pochepetsa kulumikizana kwa anthu, kudzikonda, kuwononga kudzidalira, kupatutsa anthu ku momwe anthu amamvera, komanso kugulitsa malingaliro oti ogula - osati iwowo ndi madera awo - ndi chipulumutso chawo.
Kodi pali chilichonse chomwe chingachitidwe kuti izi zisinthe?
Anthu akagwidwa ndi ma syndromes ochititsa manyazi, zowona zambiri za kunyozedwa kwawo sizimawamasula. Chimene chimawamasula ndi makhalidwe abwino.
Nchiyani chimapangitsa anthu kukhala ndi makhalidwe abwino? Chilimbikitso. Zopambana zazing'ono. Zitsanzo za makhalidwe olimba mtima. Ndipo chilichonse chomwe chimawathandiza kuti atuluke muzowawa zowawa, kutseka, kusasunthika, manyazi chifukwa cha kusasunthika, zowawa zambiri, ndi zina zambiri kutseka.
Anthu otsiriza omwe ndingatembenukire kwa iwo kuti andithandize kukonzanso anthu omwe ataya mtima ndi akatswiri azamisala - makamaka omwe sanapandukire kuyanjana kwawo ndi akatswiri. Ntchito zambiri zowunikiranso kuwala koyendetsa zimafunikira maluso omwe akatswiri azamisala samasankhidwira kapena kuphunzitsidwa. Mwachindunji, maluso ofunikira ndi kusachita mantha pozungulira chithunzi, modzidzimutsa, komanso kudana ndi ulamuliro. Koma awa si mikhalidwe yomwe masukulu azachipatala kapena masukulu omaliza maphunziro amasankha kapena kulimbikitsa.
Akatswiri azamisala amayang'ana kwambiri pazizindikiro ndi momwe akumvera nthawi zambiri amapangitsa odwala omwe amadziona kuti ndi ofunika kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, anthu omwe ali ndi luso lokhalabe ndi makhalidwe abwino amakana kudzikonda kotere. Mwachitsanzo, mu gawo la mafunso ndi mayankho lomwe linatsatira nkhani ya Noam Chomsky (yonenedweratu mu Kumvetsetsa Mphamvu: Chomsky Yofunika Kwambiri, 2002), mwamuna wina wokhumudwa kwambiri pakati pa omvera anafunsa Chomsky ngati nayenso anakumana ndi vuto losowa chiyembekezo. Chomsky anayankha kuti, โInde, madzulo aliwonse . . .โ
Ngati mukufuna kukhala opanda chiyembekezo, pali zinthu zambiri zomwe simungayembekezere. Ngati mukufuna kukonza bwino lomwe mwayi woti mtundu wa anthu ukhalepo kwa zaka zana limodzi, mwina osakwera kwambiri. Koma ine ndikutanthauza, nsonga yake ndi chiyani? . . . Choyamba, maulosi amenewo sakutanthauza kalikonse - amangowonetsa momwe mukumvera kapena umunthu wanu kuposa china chilichonse. Ndipo ngati muchitapo kanthu pamalingaliro amenewo, ndiye kuti mukutsimikizira kuti zichitika. Ngati muchitapo kanthu poganiza kuti zinthu zitha kusintha, mwina zingasinthe. Chabwino, kusankha koyenera, kupatsidwa njira zina, ndikuyiwala kukayikira. โ
Chigawo chachikulu cha luso losunga khalidwe labwino sikutengera zenizeni zomwe zalengezedwazo. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1960, pamene ambiri aku US adathandizira kulowererapo kwankhondo ku Vietnam, Chomsky anali m'modzi mwa anthu ochepa a ku US omwe amatsutsa mwamphamvu. Pokumbukira nthawi imeneyi, Chomsky ananena kuti: โNditalowa nawo mโgulu lankhondo lodana ndi Vietnam, zinkandionekera. zosatheka kuti tidzakhala ndi zotsatira zilizonse. . . Chifukwa chake ndikayang'ana m'mbuyo, ndikuganiza kuti kuwunika kwanga 'chiyembekezo' kunali kokayikitsa kwambiri: kudachokera pakusamvetsetsana kwathunthu. Ndinali kukhulupirira zimene ndinaลตerenga.โ
Lingaliro la elitist ndiloti anthu sasintha chifukwa mwina sadziwa mavuto awo kapena sadziwa mayankho. "Othandizira" a Elitist amaganiza kuti achita chinthu chothandiza podziwitsa anthu onenepa kwambiri kuti ndi onenepa kwambiri komanso kuti achepetse kudya kwawo kwa caloric ndikuwonjezera masewera olimbitsa thupi. Wolemekezeka yemwe sanaphwanyidwepo ndi zochitika zake sadziwa kuti anthu omwe ataya mtima safunikira kusanthula ndi kulengeza. M'malo mwake, osasunthika amafunikira kuwombera kwakhalidwe.
Bruce E. Levine ndi katswiri wazamisala. Buku lake laposachedwa ndilo Imirirani, Imirirani: Kugwirizanitsa Populists, Kulimbikitsa Ogonjetsedwa, ndi Kulimbana ndi Corporate Elite.
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Inde, inde, inde!
Nkhani yaikulu.