Kamodzi kamene kamafanana ndi nkhondo ndi zigawenga zosintha zinthu, timadabwa ndi kubadwanso kwa Cambodia monga malo oyendera alendo. Tikudabwa ndi kuchuluka kwa msika komwe kumapereka mwayi wopita kumayendedwe ofunikira kuti apereke zida zotsika mtengo komanso zomangamanga zomwe zimafunikira kuti alendo ambiri olemera ochokera kumayiko ena atsike kumalo omwe sanafikikeko zaka khumi zapitazo. Tikudabwanso, kuthekera kwa msika kusinthira kuwerengera zoopsa monga momwe zimachitikira ku Asia tsunami ya 2004 ndi kuphulika kwa mabomba ku Bali mu 2002 ndi 2005.
Chifukwa chiyani Cambodia, bwanji tsopano?
Mwachiwonekere, monga momwe Shibata Naoji akusonyezera, kukankha ndi kukoka zinthu kumakhudzidwa. Mwachidziwitso, kuchokera ku Bali ku Indonesia kupita ku Phuket ku Thailand kupita ku Laos, onyamula katundu akumadzulo adatsogolera chiwongolero cha alendo aku Southeast Asia chomwe chinayamba m'ma 1960. Kuwononga pang'ono koma kukhala nthawi yayitali, ngakhale malo osangalatsa kwambiri adatha kuloza gululi pokonzekera alendo. Sikuti anali alendo okhawo odzaona malo. Chodziwika, komanso, panthawi ya nkhondo ya Vietnam Bangkok adawonekera ngati malo osankhidwa ankhondo aku America "Mpumulo ndi Zosangalatsa". Komabe, panthaลตiyo dziko la Thailand linali kukopa alendo pafupifupi 200,000 pachaka ndi chiลตerengero cha ku Cambodia pafupifupi 60,000 chisanafike 1970 pamene nkhondo inatha. , kukonza zomangamanga, kupereka ma visa mukafika ndi zolimbikitsa zina. Ntchito zokopa alendo zafika anthu mamiliyoni ambiri. Posakhalitsa Azungu anagwirizanitsidwa ndi apaulendo a ku Japan ndi a ku Asia, kuphatikizapo aja ochokera mโmagulu apakati a Asian Newly Industrialized Economies. Masiku ano akutsatiridwa ndi gulu lalikulu kwambiri la alendo obwera kuderali, ochokera ku China.
Lingaliro laulendo wapamalo osangalatsidwa ndi phukusi lidabwerezedwanso m'misika yonse yakum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, kuchita malonda pazachilendo, nyengo yotentha, komanso nthawi zambiri (zabodza) lonjezo lachitetezo lomwe limaperekedwa mosakanikirana ndi maboma ankhondo / aulamuliro omwe amayendetsa mayikowa. Wolembayo amakumbukira kupatsidwa nambala yafoni ya apolisi oyendera alendo pa eyapoti ya Manila panthawi yaulamuliro wa Marcos koyambirira kwa 1970s. Kumbali yofunidwa, alendo odzaona malo anathandizidwa mwa kupanga mabuku ofotokoza zambiri ndiponso nthaลตi zina apamwamba. Ndalama zoyendera alendo zinayamba kukwera m'zachuma za derali. Zotsatira zochulukira zidabwera chifukwa chamakampani othandizira, kubwezera osunga ndalama komanso nthawi zambiri kumafika kumadera monga Bali. Ntchito zokopa alendo zapadziko lonse lapansi zinakhala nkhani ya mfundo zapamwamba za boma. Ku Asia konse ngakhale kusintha kwa chinenero kunapangidwa kuti azitha kulankhulana ndi anthu akunja.
Cambodia, Laos ndi Vietnam sizinali mbali ya dziko lino. Wolemba mizere iyi anali otsimikizika mu Ogasiti 1974 mlendo womaliza ku Siem Reap, malo omangidwanso akachisi wa Angkor m'mbuyomu - makamaka - pomwe Khmer Rouge wachikominisi adalanda. Laos ndi mnzake wachikomyunizimu ku Vietnam kwa nthawi yayitali adasunga zolowa za alendo osapereka ma visa (Wolembayo adathamangitsidwa mu Disembala 1975 ngakhale adayitanidwanso ku 1980). Ku Laos ndondomekoyi idapitilira mpaka pakati pa 1990s. Ngakhale okonda msika Vietnam wapita patsogolo kuposa Cambodia pakukopa ndalama zakunja ndikukwera chuma chambiri, zokopa alendo ku Laos, ngakhale zikukwera, zikulephereka kwambiri komanso chuma chake.
Koma ku Cambodia, zingatenge pafupifupi zaka makumi awiri - zaka zitatu ndi theka za imfa ndi zowawa pansi pa ulamuliro wa Khmer Rouge (1975-1979) wotsatiridwa ndi zaka zingapo za Vietnamese ndi kukana zida ndipo, kuyambira mu 1992 ntchito yaikulu ya UN yosunga mtendere, zisanachitike ngakhale zofunikira zachitetezo zidakwaniritsidwa kuti zokopa alendo zibwezeretsedwe. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, ntchito ya UN ndi operekeza othandizira - alendo oyamba kubwerera - adaperekanso zida zosayembekezereka monga "mipiringidzo ya karaoke" ndi mahotela kapena, kuyambitsa uhule womwe m'zaka zaposachedwa wapatsa Cambodia mbiri yokayikitsa. alendo oyendera kugonana, ngakhale uhule wa ana, kopita. [1] Chikhalidwe cha chiphuphu chinabadwanso ndi thandizo la mayiko osiyanasiyana, kaya kuchokera ku loose accounting, naivety kapena zifukwa zina. Komabe, โmtendereโwo unapatsa kaye kaye ntchito yokonzanso malo ochitira upainiya ku mbali zina za nyumba ya Angkor yochitidwa ndi akatswiri a ku India ndi ku Japan ndipo zimenezi zinachititsa kuti mu 1992 alembedwe ngati chipilala cha World Heritage. Zonse zimene zinali kusowa zinali alendo oyembekezeredwa.
Monga momwe nkhondo yapambuyo ku Cambodia idasiya dziko la sosholizimu m'malo mwa capitalism yamsika, momwemonso ndalama zoyambira zakunja zidayamba kulowa, kuphatikiza mumakampani azokopa alendo. [2] Kukula kwa zokopa alendo mu Ufumu wobadwa kumene wa Cambodia kwafanana ndi kusakhazikika kwa ndale kwa dziko. Pofika m'chaka cha 1993 "zokopa alendo" zinali zitafika, makamaka ku Phnom Penh, likulu la dziko, komabe kunalibe zoopsa zake monga amalonda akunja oposa mmodzi anakumana ndi "ngozi" kapena ngakhale kuphedwa, pazochitika zina ndi Khmer Rouge wopanduka. Zokumbukira mosakayikira ndi zazifupi koma, mu Julayi 1997, Prime Minister wamphamvu waku Cambodian Hun Sen adayambitsa chiwembu chotsutsana ndi Prime Minister Ranariddh ndipo kuphana kopitilira muyeso kunapitilira kwa sabata, magulu ena akunja - anthu wamba aku Japan adaphatikizirapo - adakwera m'ngalawa. Ndege zochoka ku Australia zakwera kuchokera ku Malaysia. Alendo aku Thailand tidzatero, Komabe, kumbukirani chipwirikiti cholimbana ndi katundu wa Thailand ku likulu la dziko la Cambodia mu Januwale 2003 kutsatira zomwe wochita filimu wa ku Thailand ananena kuti Angkor anabedwa ku Thailand. Nthawi iyi kuzungulira dziko la Thailand adasamutsidwa ndi ndege zankhondo zaku Thailand.
Mfundo yake ndi yakuti alendo odzaona malo amadziwika kuti ndi oopsa kwambiri. Kutsatira zigawenga zomwe zidachitika ku Bali mu Okutobala 2002, kuchuluka kwa mahotela kudatsika kuchoka pa 70 peresenti kufika pa 5 peresenti ndipo, pambuyo pochira, kunagundanso ndi bomba lachiwiri lachigawenga mu October 2005. Anthu omwe akhudzidwa ndi ngoziyi adandaula chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ulimi ndi usodzi zomwe zakhala zikuthandizira moyo wawo komanso chikhalidwe chawo kuyambira kalekale. Zachidziwikire, ku Bali, anthu akunja, kuphatikiza banja la Suharto komanso zokonda zankhondo, adabwera kudzalamulira malo apamwamba ndi mahotela molipira anthu am'deralo. Banki Yadziko Lonse, yomwe idakankhira dziko la Indonesia kuti ipange bizinesi iyi koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, sakanayankha. Mliri wa SARS mu 2003 udasokonezanso zokopa alendo ku Asia, monga momwe tsunami yayikulu yaku Asia idasakaza malo ochezera komanso moyo wozungulira Bay of Bengal. Ubwino wa zokopa alendo ukhozanso kukhala wotsutsana ndi zomwe zidawoneka pamavuto azachuma ku Asia mu 1997-98 pomwe alendo aku Western ndi Japan adafika m'maiko omwe adakhudzidwa kwambiri monga Thailand ndi Indonesia adakwera pachimake potengera ndalama zotsika mtengo.
Nditagogomezera kuchuluka kwa anthu aku Asia okopa alendo, ndizodabwitsa kuti, ku Cambodia, kunali mu 2002 pomwe ofika ku Japan (omwe adalembedwa ku Phnom Penh International Airport), adapeza aku US, ASEAN, France. ndi China. Pa anthu okwana 1,421,615 omwe anafika ku Cambodia mu 2005, Japan inalembetsa 137,849, patsogolo pa US, France, UK ndi China (PRC) (59,153). Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, dziko la South Korea ndilopambana pamndandandawu pa ofika 216,594. [3] Kuti tipereke malingaliro, chiwerengero cha alendo aku Japan omwe amabwera ku Indonesia chinafika pachimake mu 2000 pa 643,794, kuphimba Australia (459,994), South Korea (213,762) komanso patsogolo pa US (176,379). Mโchaka chimenecho alendo ochokera mโmayiko ena amene anafika ku Indonesia anapitirira 4 miliyoni. [11] Thailand, yomwe idakokera alendo opitilira 2005 miliyoni pachaka tsunami isanachitike, tsopano ikuyang'ana alendo aku China (miliyoni imodzi mu XNUMX), yachiwiri ku Japan, yomwe ili msika waukulu kwambiri.
Mbali ya pansi
Mbali yotsika ya zokopa alendo padziko lonse lapansi, kuchokera ku kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe kupita ku kuwonongeka kwa chikhalidwe kupita kwa anthu ogulitsa kufalitsa kachilombo ka HIV / Edzi tsopano yakhazikitsidwa bwino, nkhani ya misonkhano yapadziko lonse, kuwombana kwa manja ndi mabungwe a NGO. Monga momwe nkhani ya Shibata ikunenera, Cambodia ndi dera la Siem Reap ndizosiyana. Komabe zowona ndizowoneka bwino pankhani ya zokopa alendo ku Angkor. Kupulumutsidwa ndi kulowererapo kwa UN kuchokera kwa achifwamba a pakachisi - kapena "olanda manda" mu mtundu waku Hollywood - zipilala zongopeka tsopano zili pachiwopsezo cholemedwa ndi adani a anthu komanso kuwonongeka kwawo komanso kuwonongeka kwa mpweya wagalimoto pokhapokha ngati atakonzekera mozama komanso apolisi. Chimodzimodzinso. kukonza zachilengedwe pakati pa ntchito yomanga hotelo. Koma apolisi ndikukonzekera ku Cambodia?
Taganizirani mfundo zake. Popeza kuti US $ 5 biliyoni yaperekedwa ku Cambodia ndi obwereketsa apadziko lonse lapansi pazaka khumi zapitazi, mbiriyi ndi yowoneka bwino. Pambuyo pa chiwembu cha 1997, ena opereka ndalama ngati US adayimitsa thandizo. Ena monga Japan anapitirizabe ntchito zothandizira zomwe zinalipo kale koma anakana kuyambitsa zatsopano. Ndi thandizo lomwe linayambikanso ndi 1998, opereka ndalama omwe adakumana ku Tokyo adayang'ana pa kusintha kwachuma; utsogoleri wa boma, kuchotsa anthu; ndi kusintha kwa nkhalango ndi chilengedwe. Kusintha kwa ndale kunalibe. Munali mchaka cha 2004 pomwe Banki Yadziko Lonse idapempha opereka mayiko ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana kuti alumikizane ndi Cambodia ndikusintha kwachuma ndi ndale. Malinga ndi kunena kwa Ronald Bruce St John, kuchulukirachulukira kwa opereka chithandizo ku ziphuphu kumangothetsa zizindikiro za vutoli osati zomwe zimayambitsa. Pamkangano uwu, ndalama zimayima ndi mphamvu zazikulu komanso akuluakulu andale omwe ali m'manja mwawo kusokoneza chuma cha dziko. [4]
Kuwunika kwina kwa yemwe amapeza chiyani, chifukwa chiyani komanso momwe angapezere ku Siem Reap kudzakhalanso kuunikira potengera kukula kwa hotelo yapamwamba yapamwamba komanso kutengera zomwe zidachitika ku Indonesia (Bali) komwe kusowa poyera komanso kuyankha mlandu kumayambitsa nkhanza zambiri. pa chitukuko ndi kalasi sipekitiramu. Monga Matt Gross adalemba za chitukuko cha zokopa alendo ku Cambodia m'masamba oyendayenda a New York Times, "anthu akumudzi amathamangitsidwa nthawi zonse ndi mfuti m'dziko lawo ndi anthu olemera komanso ogwirizana ... " [5] Sangalalani ndi kukhala kwanu, anthu ammudzimo ndi abwino, koma osafunsa mafunso ovuta kwambiri.
zolemba
[1] Kuti muwone zitsanzo za milandu yaposachedwa pamilandu iyi onani Pano.
[2] Onani "Zoyembekeza Zosintha ku Indochina" za wolemba Pacific Review, vol.1, no.4 1988, pp.374-384
[3] Onani tsamba lawebusayiti Utumiki wa Tourism ku Cambodia.
[4] Nambala ya alendo obwera kunja kupita ku Indonesia ndi dziko lokhalamo (2000-2004), Badan Pusat Statistik/Statistics Indonesia.
[5] Ronald Bruce St. John, "Demokalase ku Cambodia - Zaka khumi, US $ 5 Biliyoni Pambuyo pake: Chinalakwika ndi Chiyani?" Contemporary Southeast Asia 27, no.3 (2005), pp.406-28.
[6] Matt Gross "Chifukwa Chiyani Aliyense Akupita ku Cambodia?" New York Times, 22 January 2006.
Geoffrey Gunn ndi Pulofesa wa International Relations, Nagasaki University komanso katswiri ku Southeast Asia. Adalemba nkhaniyi ku Japan Focus.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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