Pa Januwale 1, 1994, Mgwirizano wa Ufulu wa Zamalonda ku North America (NAFTA) womwe tsopano umadziwika kuti ndi woipa kwambiri, unayamba kugwira ntchito. Tsiku lomwelo, gulu lankhondo la Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN), linanyamuka nโkuyamba nkhondo imene inalanda matauni a mโchigawo chonse cha Chiapas, ku Mexico. EZLN, kapena "Zapatistas" anali akukonzekera mobisa kwa zaka zambiri, koma adasankha mwapadera tsiku lokhazikitsa NAFTA chifukwa cha kupanduka kwawo.
Zigawo zambiri za NAFTA zidakomera zofuna zamakampani aku US kuwononga anthu ambiri aku Mexico, koma a Zapatistas adatsutsana kwambiri ndi NAFTA yolembanso Constitution ya Mexico, kuti athetse chigonjetso chachikulu cha anthu omwe adapambana pa nthawi ya Revolution ya Mexico yomwe idamenyedwa zaka zisanachitike, panthawiyo. ya Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse. "Kuukira boma ku Mexico kudalemba m'malamulo adziko lonse mwayi = 2 woti mudzi ukhale ndi malo ake pamodzi, wamba, kuti pasapezeke munthu amene angalepheretse mbali iliyonse ya bukulo,โ analemba motero Staughton Lynd, wolemba nawo buku latsopanoli. Wobblies ndi Zapatistas: Zokambirana pa Anarchism, Marxism ndi Radical History. Onse a Lynd (wa Marxist wochokera ku US) ndi wolemba mnzake Andrej Grubacic (wotsutsa ku Balkan) ndi othandizira anthu a Zapatistas, omwe amatsutsa kuti apereka chitsanzo champhamvu cha bungwe losintha zomwe ziyenera kukhudza odana ndi capitalist padziko lonse lapansi. . Mofanana ndi mbiri yakale ya Haymarket Martyrs ndi 'Wobblies' (Ogwira Ntchito Padziko Lonse) ku United States, Lynd ndi Grubacic amatsutsa kuti a Zapatistas adapanga mbali zabwino kwambiri za miyambo ya Marxist ndi anarchist.
Kutengera kafukufuku wake komanso maulendo ake opita kumadera aku Zapatista ku Chiapas komwe adakumana ndi wolemba mbiri Teresa Ortiz, Staughton Lynd adatchula "magwero atatu a Zapatismo". Choyamba, ndi nkhani ya malo. Pamaso pa NAFTA, maiko ammudzi adayitana ejidos linapanga malo oposa theka la dziko la Mexico. Patsiku la zipolowe za 1994, a Zapatista adalanda madera omwe kale anali ammudzi omwe adalandidwa. Potchula mwachindunji cholowa cha Revolution ya Mexican, a Zapatistas adadzitcha dzina la Emiliano Zapata, wosinthika wa anarchist yemwe anali wofunikira kwambiri pa Revolution ya Mexico, ndipo mawu ake odziwika bwino akuti "Land and Liberty" akumvekabe mpaka pano.
Chachiwiri, Lynd amatchula mtundu wa Liberation Theology yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi uzimu wachikhristu ndi Native American, Bishopu Samuel Ruiz kukhala wofunikira kwambiri.
"Chigawo chomaliza komanso chochititsa chidwi kwambiri cha Zapatismo, malinga ndi Teresa Ortiz chinali chikhalidwe cha Mayan cha mandar obediciendo, 'kutsogolera pomvera'โฆOyimilira osankhidwa motero akafunsidwa kutenga nawo mbali pamisonkhano yachigawo, adzalangizidwa nthumwi. Ngati mafunso atsopano abuka, nthumwizo zidzakakamizika kubwerera kumadera awo. Choncho, mkati mwa zokambirana zomwe mkhalapakati wa Bishopu Ruiz anayambitsa kumayambiriro kwa 1994, nthumwi za Zapatista zinati ziyenera kusokoneza zokambiranazo kuti zifufuze midzi yomwe adayankhapo, ndondomeko yomwe inatenga milungu ingapo. Mtima wa ndale umakhalabe anthu osonkhana a mudzi uliwonse, a pamodzi,โ analemba motero Lynd.
Mwambo wotsutsa authoritarian uwu wa mandar obediciendo zinali zofunika kwambiri pa chisankho cha Zapatista kuti asadziwone ngati osintha zinthu. Lynd akufotokoza kuti โkuyambira kuchiyambi kwa 1994, Marcos ananena mosapita mโmbali, mobwerezabwereza kuti: Sitimadziona ngati otsogola ndipo sitikufuna kutenga ulamuliro.โ Pofuna kuthandizira mkangano wake, Lynd akutchula mawu osiyanasiyana ochokera kwa Marcos, kuphatikizapo mawu ake a August 1994 ku National Democratic Convention ku Lacandon Jungle. Apa, a Marcos adalengeza kuti akuluakulu a Zapati adasankha "kusakakamiza malingaliro athu," komanso kuti akana "ulemu wokayikitsa wokhala mtsogoleri wazaka zambiri zomwe zimativutitsa ... Inde, nthawi yakwana kwa aliyense amene sitikufuna, kapena sitingathe, kutenga malo omwe chiyembekezo china tidzakhala nacho, malo omwe malingaliro onse adzachokera, mayankho onse, njira zonse, chowonadi chonse. Sitingachite zimenezo.โ
Lynd, akuchokera ku malingaliro a Marxist, amadzudzula mwamphamvu chisonkhezero cha ndale zazikulu pa magulu osintha a Marxist, momwe maguluwa atengera machitidwe aulamuliro ndi odana ndi demokalase, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa mphamvu kumeneku kuyenera kulungamitsidwa ndi mfundo yakuti gulu lawo lenilenilo ndilo gulu loyamba. chisinthiko, motero ali ndi ufulu wotsogolera chigawengacho momwe chikufunira. Lynd akuwona kukana kwa Zapatista kwa ndale zazikulu ngati kuyimira "kuphatikiza kwatsopano zomwe zili bwino mu miyambo ya Marxist ndi anarchist." A Zapatistas, Lynd akulemba kuti, "atipatsa lingaliro latsopano. Zimaphatikiza kusanthula kwa Marxist kwamphamvu za capitalism ndi uzimu wachikhalidwe, kaya Native American kapena Christian, kapena kuphatikiza ziwirizi. Imakana cholinga chotenga mphamvu za boma ndikukhazikitsa cholinga chomanga malo okhazikika a malo odzichitira okha. Koposa zonse a Zapatista alimbikitsa achinyamata padziko lonse lapansi kutsimikizira kuti: Tiyenera kukhala ndi chikhalidwe chosiyana kwambiri! Dziko lina ndi zotheka! Tiyeni tiyambe kupanga, pano ndi pano! "
Wobblies & Zapatistas amalimbikitsidwa kwambiri kwa onse omwe adakonda kwambiri mabuku okhudza mbiri yakale komanso nthano, komanso owerenga omwe akuyamba kuchita chidwi ndi ndale zotsogola. Ngakhale lozikidwa pazitsanzo zolimbikitsa za Wobblies ndi Zapatistas, bukuli limagwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo chotsitsimula komanso chilankhulo chamwano cha Grubacic wofunsa Lynd. Kukambitsirana kwawo kumapereka chithunzi chachikulu cha nkhondo zapadziko lonse zolimbana ndi capitalism, ndi kuponderezana kulikonse. Inenso ndinaphunzira kwa nthawi yoyamba kuti ku US, onse a Haymarket anarchists a kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, ndi anarchist Wobblies oyambirira a 1900s adakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi Marxism. Ndinaphunziranso kuti a Marxists ambiri, monga Rosa Luxemburg wochokera ku Germany, anali otsutsa kwambiri zotsutsana ndi demokalase ndi zotsatizana za njira yoyamba yokonzekera yomwe yalandiridwa ndi Marxists ambiri.
Kufufuza kwa Lynd ndi Grubacic za ubale pakati pa Marxism ndi anarchism akuseweredwa kudzera mukuwunika kwawo nkhani zambiri zosangalatsa za kupanduka kotchuka m'mbiri yonse ya dziko. Zambiri mwa nkhanizi ndi zokhudza kupanduka kwa ogwira ntchito, koma Lynd akugogomezera kuti ngakhale kuti ntchito ya ogwira ntchito pakupanga kusintha ndi yofunika kwambiri, ogwira ntchito ndi mbali chabe ya chithunzi chachikulu, ndipo ogwira ntchito sayenera kuika patsogolo mbali zina za anthu, kuphatikizapo akaidi. ophunzira, akazi, ndi magulu kuponderezedwa mitundu. Lynd akufotokoza mwachidule chiphunzitso chake cha kupanga kusintha kopambana: โTonse ndife atsogoleri, osati monga gulu la anthu, koma monga anthu okhazikika mโmabungwe osiyanasiyana ndi madera omenyera nkhondo. Ndondomeko yomwe zikhumbo zonsezi ziyenera kutsatiridwa ndi ntchito yogwirizana, osati kutenga mphamvu za boma, koma kumanga magulu ndi anthu omwe ali ndi mphamvu zokwanira kuti aliyense amene ali paudindo wa boma aziyang'anira."
Kuti nditsatire ndemanga ya bukhuli, ndidafunsana ndi wolemba mnzake Staughton Lynd, ndikumufunsa mafunso anayi awa pansipa.
Hans Bennett: Zaka khumi izi ku Latin America zawona mayendedwe akuyenda bwino a anthu osauka. Kodi mwalimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi kupambana kulikonse kumeneku? Kodi izi zikuphatikiza bwanji makhalidwe omwe mumawawona kuti ndi abwino kwambiri okhudzana ndi gulu la Zapatista?
Staughton Lynd: Monga momwe funso lanu likusonyezera, gawo lopatsa chiyembekezo padziko lapansi mโzaka khumi zapitazi lakhala Latin America. Gulu la Zapatista likuwoneka kuti ndilofunika kwambiri, koma ndikukhulupirira kuti likugwirizana ndi mayendedwe a mayiko ena omwe asankha maboma akumanzere. A Zapatista amalankhula za kulamulira momvera omwe ali pansipa, "mandar obediciendo." A Zapatistas amatanthauzira mawu awa kuti awatsogolere kuti asayese kutenga mphamvu za boma, koma m'malo mwake = 2 0kupanga mgwirizano wokhazikika wa midzi yodzilamulira mokwanira kuti boma la dziko liyenera kumvetsera "pansipa" ndikuyankha izo. Komabe, ku Bolivia pamene Evo Morales adakhala purezidenti, adanena m'mawu ake otsegulira kuti akufuna "mandar obediciendo": ndiko kuti, adavomera lingaliro la Zapatista la momwe ziyenera kukhalira pakati pa akuluakulu osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa, ndi udindo wake. monga nduna yosankhidwa, iye anafuna kuyesa kuchita zimenezo.
HB: Kodi okonza mapulani aku US angatengere bwanji njira ya Zapatista?
SL: Vuto lalikulu ndiloti mosiyana ndi Zapatistas tilibe midzi yomwe yakhalapo kwa zaka mazana ambiri, yomwe imapanga zisankho mwachigwirizano, zomwe zimasankha anthu ambiri kuti achite ntchito zing'onozing'ono kapena "katundu" kwa anthu ammudzi, omwe amamvetsetsa udindo woyamba wa woimira wosankhidwa. kumvetsera, osati kuyankhula. M'malo mwake, "kukonza" ku United States nthawi zonse kumakhala quasi-Alinskyan, ndiko kuti, mouziridwa ndi njira za Saul Alinsky, yemwe adawonetsanso ntchito yake yokonzekera mgwirizano wamalonda mu 1930s. Ndinali m'modzi mwa aphunzitsi anayi oyambirira ku Alinsky's Industrial Areas Foundation Training Institute yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mu 1968-1969, ndipo ndine wolemba mbiri ya gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito m'zaka za m'ma 1930, kotero = 2 0Ndikuganiza kuti ndikudziwa zomwe ndimalankhula. Njira ya Alinsky imaganiza kuti anthu amalimbikitsidwa ndi munthu payekha, kwakanthawi kochepa, makamaka kudzikonda kwachuma. "Solidarity unionism" m'malo mwake imalimbikitsa anthu kuchita zinthu zing'onozing'ono pofuna chidwi cha gulu lonse: mwachitsanzo, pochotsa ululu kuti agawane ululu mofanana m'malo motsatira kwambiri ukalamba.
HB: Popeza tikukhala mu "mimba ya chilombo," mukuganiza kuti ife ku US tingathandizire bwanji ku Latin America anthu osauka omwe akutsutsa gulu lawo lolamulira, ndi chikoka / ulamuliro wa US?
SL: Kuthandizira mayendedwe amphamvu kapena achisinthiko m'maiko ena ndi ntchito yovuta. Kumanzere ku United States kwakhala mobwerezabwereza kugwera mu cholakwika chokonda mayendedwe akunja ndi maulamuliro. Zitsanzo ndi: Soviet Union, Cuba yosintha, National Liberation Front ku Vietnam, Nicaragua pansi pa Sandinistas, ndipo mwina tsopano, a Zapatistas. Ndikukhulupirira kuti chomwe chili chothandiza ndicho kunena kuti, 'United States iyenera kusiya kulowererapo pa Dziko X,' koma osati kuti, 'Timakonda kwambiri zigawenga zilizonse zomwe zilipo kumeneko.' Tidayenera kuphunzira izi kuyambira nthawi yankhondo yaku Vietnam. A Vietnamese atangothamangitsa United States adapanga "misasa yophunzitsiranso" yomwe ine, mwina, ndidamva kuti ndiyenera kuchita ziwonetsero. Mofananamo, pamene boma la Sandinista linavoteredwa kuchoka paudindo wake mu 1990, Margaret Randall anaulula mfundo yakuti amuna oลตerengeka anayendetsa chirichonse, kuphatikizapo AMNLAE, yomwe inadziwonetsera yokha ngati bungwe la akazi. Chifukwa chake ife ku US timakhala bwino tikamathandizira kuchotsedwa kwa asitikali aku US, kutseka mabwalo ankhondo aku US, kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndalama zachinsinsi za US, koma osayesa kuwongolera zomwe zichitike pambuyo pake.
HB: Poganizira za "chuma chapadziko lonse" chamasiku ano, kodi mukudziwa zitsanzo zilizonse za ogwira ntchito aku US omwe akugwira nawo ntchito zodutsa malire?
SL: Kukonzekera kwa malire kwakhala kwamanyazi komanso kwadongosolo. Ndikufuna kuwona, mwachitsanzo, ogwira ntchito ku General Motors ku Mexico, Canada ndi United States akunyanyala ntchito limodzi. Zofuna za gulu lililonse la anthu ogwira ntchito m'dziko lililonse zingakhale zosiyana, koma nanga bwanji? M'malo mwake, ngakhale mayendedwe osintha m'mabungwe aku America amavomereza chauvinism. Chifukwa chake Teamsters for a Democratic Union imayesetsa kuti madalaivala aku Mexico asalowe ku United States, ngakhale (a) NAFTA imafuna kuvomereza kwawo, (b) mgwirizano wosavuta unganene kuti ngati alimi a chimanga ku Iowa atha kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wa NAFTA kuwononga moyo wawo. Countless Mexico campesinos potumiza chimanga ku Mexico popanda ntchito yotumiza kunja, ndiye kuti oyendetsa magalimoto ku United States azikumana ndi anzawo aku Mexico ndikupeza mayankho omwe angapindulitse ogwira nawo ntchito.
-Hans Bennett ndi mtolankhani wodziyimira payekha yemwe tsamba lake ndi: www.insubordination.blogspot.com
- Wobblies ndi Zapatistas: Zokambirana pa Anarchism, Marxism ndi Radical History ikupezeka kuti mugulidwe ku PM Press.
Staughton Lynd adaphunzitsa mbiri yaku America ku Spelman College ndi Yale University. Anali director of Freedom Schools mu 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer. Mtsogoleri wakale wa gulu lolimbana ndi nkhondo ya Vietnam, adasankhidwa ndipo sanathe kupitiliza ngati wophunzira. Kenako adakhala loya, ndipo paudindowu wathandizira ogwira ntchito ndi akaidi pazaka makumi atatu zapitazi. Adalemba, kuwongolera, kapena kuwongolera limodzi ndi mkazi wake Alice Lynd mabuku opitilira khumi ndi awiri.
Andrej Grubacic ndi wotsutsa ku Balkan. Katswiri wa mbiri yakale komanso katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndiye mlembi wa Kugwirizana kwa Dziko Lapansi ndi Kukana ndi maudindo omwe akubwera: Mbiri Yobisika ya Demokalase yaku America ndi The Staughton Lynd Reader. Mnzake wapaulendo wotsogozedwa ndi Zapatista, makamaka Peoples' Global Action, komanso woyambitsa nawo Global Balkans Network ndi Balkan. Z Magazine, iye ndi pulofesa woyendera za chikhalidwe cha anthu pa yunivesite ya San Francisco.
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