[Zopereka kwa Reimagining Society Project yolembedwa ndi ZCommunications]
Mu yankho ili ndikufuna kufotokoza gawo linalake la anarchism aku North America lomwe Cindy Milstein sanakambirane muzolemba zake zolembedwa bwino.
Monga Cindy Milstein akunenera, ma anarchists akhala akuchita nawo ziwonetsero zambiri zowoneka, monga ziwonetsero zosiyanasiyana pamisonkhano zomwe zimalimbikitsa kudalirana kwamakampani kuyambira 1999 "Nkhondo ya Seattle" pa, kapena Direct Action to Stop the War ziwonetsero ku San Francisco mu 2002. Omenyera ufulu wa anthu omwe ali okhazikika kale amakumana muzochitika zotere. Zoonadi mabungwe osiyanasiyana amasonkhana kuti achite nawo ziwonetserozi, kuchokera kumagulu a zachilengedwe kupita ku mabungwe omwe adakonzekera misonkhano ya bungwe la World Trade 1999. Koma kodi ubale wa anarchists ndi magulu ena a anthu ndi mabungwe ambiri?
Anarchists ndi gawo la gulu la omenyera ufulu kale. Koma ichi ndi gawo lochepa kwambiri la anthu aku America. Nanga bwanji za anthu ambiri amene amapanga anthu odyeredwa masuku pamutu ndi oponderezedwa?
Mawu akuti "kumasulidwa kwa anthu ogwira ntchito kuyenera kukhala ntchito ya ogwira ntchito okha" adaphatikizidwa ndi Marx mu mfundo za "First International" m'zaka za m'ma 1860-70s ndi anarcho-syndicalists ndi anthu ena a chikhalidwe cha anthu akhala akuthandizira kwambiri mfundoyi. . Koma pali ubale wotani pakati pa anarchism ndi anarchists, mbali imodzi, ndi anthu ambiri omwe akuyenera kukhala, mu libertarian Kumanzere kuganiza, bungwe la kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu?
Cindy Milstein analemba kuti:
"Anarchism yayesera molimba mtima kusokoneza zolinga zapadziko lonse za Kumanzere ndi kumvetsetsa kwake kwa ufulu ndi zolinga zenizeni za magulu atsopano a anthu m'madera monga jenda, kugonana, fuko, ndi kutha."
Ichi ndi chidule chololera cha zokambirana zambiri ndi kuganiza pakati pa otsutsa, koma sikuyankha funso langa lokhudza ubale pakati pa anarchism ndi unyinji wa anthu ndi kuthekera kwawo kudzimasula.
M'zaka khumi zapitazi a anarchist angapo adatsutsa zofooka zosiyanasiyana mu anarchism yaku America, monga tsankho lodana ndi mabungwe, kugawikana, "nkhanza zakusakhazikika" komanso kuyang'ana kwambiri "zochita" popanda kukhudzana ndi kulinganiza kosalekeza m'malo antchito. midzi. Zina mwazinthu zomwe Cindy Milstein adazitchula pa chisokonezo…monga "kudziyimira pawokha" ku Europe, Situationism ndi chitsanzo cha gulu laling'ono la "ogwirizana"…zathandizira ku zofooka izi. Ena anarchists amakhulupirira kuti mtundu uliwonse wa bungwe lovomerezeka kapena lalikulu "ndilovomerezeka mwachisawawa."
Ena mwa otsutsa omwe adachita nawo "chiwonetsero chozembetsa" m'zaka zaposachedwa, akhala ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi malo ogwira ntchito ndi kulinganiza anthu ammudzi, kupanga kukhalapo kwanthawi yayitali m'magulu ogwira ntchito, ndikumanga maziko olimbikitsa omenyera ufulu wakumanzere. .
Chaka chatha anthu pafupifupi zana (ochokera ku USA ndi Canada) adachita nawo msonkhano wa Class Struggle Anarchist ku New York City. Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zikuyenda bwino komanso mwaubwenzi, msonkhanowo unali woitanira anthu basi. Panali mapepala a "Anarchists kuntchito," "Anarchism and Feminism," "Anarchists in Communities of Colour," "Anarchists in Anti-fascist / Anti-racist Movements", ndi maphunziro ena osiyanasiyana. Malinga ndi lipoti mu nkhani 14 ya Northeastern Anarchist:
"Mnzake wina ananena kuti 'Zokambiranazo zinadutsa kusiyana kwa zigawo zonse, ndipo kufanana kunagogomezedwa.' Owonetsa 'analibe mantha kuphunzira pa zolephera, ndipo panalibe kusamalidwa.' 'Kunali kofunika kwambiri m'magulu onse,' anatero wina." Pamagulu omwewo, munthu wina anati 'magulu okhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha akazi ndi midzi ya anthu amitundu anali a aliyense, osati ... okhawo omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi maphunzirowa.' Mnzake wina adati "chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pamisonkhanoyi chinali chokumana nazo, osati zongoyerekeza, koma ziwirizi ... zidaphatikizidwa nthawi zambiri."
Kuyambira pamenepo mauthenga awiri okambirana m'mabungwe apangidwa ndipo msonkhano wina wa Class Struggle Anarchist wakonzedwa kumapeto kwa chaka chino. Cholinga cha ndondomekoyi ndikuwona kuti tili ndi mgwirizano wanji, kugawana zomwe takumana nazo, ndikupanga kayendetsedwe kabwino komanso kogwirizana.
Ndondomekoyi yakhudza mabungwe atatu am'madera (m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic ndi Pacific), magulu asanu am'deralo (m'dera la Great Lakes), ndi bungwe limodzi la dziko lonse lapansi. Ndingayerekeze kuti mabungwewa akuphatikiza omenyera ufulu pakati pa mazana atatu ndi anayi…anthu ambiri azaka za m'ma 20 ndi 30. Sindikufuna kutchula magulu popanda chilolezo chawo, koma ndinganene kuti North East Federation of Anarchist Communist, Workers Solidarity Alliance ndi Solidarity & Defense adachitapo kanthu poyambitsa ndi kukonza ndondomekoyi.
Kupatula gulu la kontinenti lonse (Workers Solidarity Alliance), lomwe linakhazikitsidwa zaka 25 zapitazo, magulu onse apangidwa mkati mwa zaka khumi zapitazi. Ogwira ntchito m'maguluwa akugwira nawo ntchito zotsutsana ndi tsankho, kuthandizira ufulu wa anthu othawa kwawo, ufulu wobereka, kukonza malo ogwira ntchito, kukonza malo ogwira ntchito ndi kuthandizira kumenyana kwa ogwira ntchito, maphunziro apamwamba odziwika bwino, komanso kufalitsa maganizo a anarchist, mwa zina.
Zomwe zikutsatira ndikupereka kutanthauzira kwanga kwa gawo ili la anarchism.
"Anarchism yokhala ndi malingaliro olimbana ndi magulu" sizitanthauza kuti ndi "ochepetsa kalasi" koma kuti imatsutsana ndi Bookchin ndi ena omwe amalephera kuwona kupitilirabe zenizeni komanso kufunikira kwa dongosolo lamagulu lomwe lili pamtima wa capitalism ndi kulimbana komwe chimakula kuchokera ku izi. Kuti tisinthe anthu, sikokwanira kukopa “anthu” kapena “nzika” zonse, monga mmene Bookchin ananenera. Magulu a capitalist ndi ogwirizanitsa nawonso ndi gawo la umunthu koma ali okhazikika pakusunga mphamvu ndi mwayi wawo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kugawanika kwa anthu m'njira zosiyanasiyana zoponderezana kumayambitsa mayendedwe ndi kulimbana motsutsa.
M’zaka za nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse itatha, powona kuwonjezereka kwa mgwirizano ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mgwirizano m’mayiko olemera, Bookchin anatengera maganizo akuti, mwanjira ina, kusintha kwanthaŵi yaitali kumene kuvutika m’malo antchito kunalibenso kofunikira pa kupatsa mphamvu anthu ambiri ndi kumenyera nkhondo. kusintha kwa chikhalidwe. Otsutsa ena m’nthaŵi imeneyo, monga Paul Goodman ndi Colin Ward, anatsatira njira yofananayo. Munthawi ya Cold War, nkhani za "kulimbana kwamagulu" zinali zogwirizananso ndi Chikomyunizimu.
Pamtima pake, komabe, capitalism ndi njira yodyera masuku pamutu anthu omwe ali pansi pa ntchito, ndipo kukaniza kosalekeza kapena kukangana kwankhondo kumachitika chifukwa cha izi ... kumenyedwa kofala. Pamapeto pake palibe choloŵa m'malo mwaufulu chikapitalism pokhapokha ogwira ntchito atha kulamulira zochita zawo zopangira ndi zomwe angathe. Ngati titenga mozama mfundo yakuti "kumasulidwa kwa anthu ogwira ntchito ndi ntchito ya ogwira ntchito okha," n'zovuta kuona momwe zotsatira zowombolazi zidzachitikire popanda gulu lomwe likutukuka ndi ogwira ntchito okha.
Izi zati, kalasi sikuti imangokhalira kukangana m'malo antchito pakati pa antchito ndi mabwana. Mphamvu za magulu olamulira zimafalikira kunja kwa anthu onse, mu ulamuliro wawo pa boma ndi zofalitsa. Kulimbana kwamagulu kumachitika panthawi yomwe anthu amadya, pakati pa obwereka ndi okwera pamaulendo apagulu mwachitsanzo. Kulimbana kwachilungamo kwa chilengedwe chifukwa cha kuipitsa m'madera amitundu kapena anthu ogwira ntchito ndizovuta zamagulu.
Gulu la ogwira ntchito ndilosiyana kwambiri. Ogwira ntchito ndi amayi, Afirika-Amerika, amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, aluso komanso ocheperako, ndi zina zotero.
Ambiri a anarchists omwe amagwira ntchito ndi gulu lankhondo masiku ano amagwira ntchito ndi "intersectional" kusanthula kuponderezedwa. Tsankho lachikhalidwe ndi kusalinganika kwa amuna ndi akazi (ufulu) kapena kudana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kapena kusagwirizana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ali ndi magwero awoawo ngakhale amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi capitalism, kufooketsa ogwira ntchito. Ndikofunikiranso kulimbana ndi onsewo. Amadutsa m'miyoyo ya anthu ogwira ntchito enieni. Mayi wina waku Africa-America yemwe amagwira ntchito ngati kalaliki ku positi ofesi amatengera jenda, mtundu ndi kachitidwe ka anthu, koma amakhala moyo wake wonse…kuponderezedwa kumeneku sikuli kosiyana.
Kodi anthu ochuluka komanso osasinthasinthawa amapeza bwanji kuthekera kosintha anthu? Apa ndizothandiza kulingalira njira yomwe a Marxists amatcha "mapangidwe a kalasi."
"Kupanga kalasi" ndi njira yotalikirapo kapena yocheperapo yomwe gulu la ogwira ntchito limatuluka kuchokera ku gulu loponderezedwa mwachilungamo…gulu “palokha”…kukhala gulu lachidziwitso ndi kuthekera kodzimasula…gulu “lokha,” mu mawu a Marx. Anthu amapangidwa ndi maubwenzi amphamvu ndi machitidwe opondereza omwe amakumana nawo mkati mwa anthu omwe alipo. Ogwira ntchito ali pamalo opanda mphamvu ndipo, ngati adzipatula, sangakhale ndi luso lotha kusintha zinthu. Mgwirizano wokhudzana ndi kupanga ukhoza kukhala ndi chidziwitso chotsutsana…kukwiyitsidwa komanso kupita patsogolo kapena kunyozedwa, kapena kuvomereza lingaliro lakuti mabwana ayenera kukhala anthu oyenera kupanga zisankho chifukwa ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba. Ubale womwewu pazantchito umalimbikitsanso oyang'anira ndi akatswiri ndi eni ake kukhala ndi malingaliro okhumudwa kuti ali ndi ufulu wopanga zisankho.
Ambiri mwa ogwira nawo ntchito amakakamizika kulowa ntchito zakufa kapena zopanda luso komwe amakhala ndi mwayi wochepa wodzitukumula, chidziwitso chawo kapena kudzidalira. Anthu ogwira ntchito sakhalanso ndi mwayi wopeza zinthu zowathandiza kukulitsa chidziwitso chawo, monga maphunziro aku koleji kapena masukulu abwino.
Pali zotsatira za izi zomwe tiyenera kuziganizira. Choyamba, izi zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala opanda chidwi komanso osachitapo kanthu, ngati munthu sawona kulimbana kwamagulu monga njira yopititsira patsogolo zochitika zawo. Ndipo, chachiwiri, zimapanganso kusalingana mu luso ndi chidziwitso chomwe chingakhudze momwe mabungwe kapena mayendedwe amayendetsedwa. Jenda ndi kuponderezana kwa mtundu / dziko kumapangitsanso kusalingana uku.
Izi zikutiuzanso chifukwa chake kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu sikungathe kuchitika "mwachisawawa"... mosemphana ndi malingaliro a "autonomists" ndi ena otsutsa. Monga Marx adanenera, ndi kudzera munjira yolimbana ndi anthu ambiri ndikumanga mayendedwe awoawo kuti gulu la ogwira ntchito…oponderezedwa ndi kudyeredwa masuku pamutu…akudzikuza okha… chidziwitso chawo ndi kuthekera kwawo “kudzilamulira” moyenera mayendedwe awo ndikupanga mikhalidwe ya kumasulidwa kwawo kwa chikhalidwe. Chifukwa zochita pamodzi zitha kukhala gwero lamphamvu…monga pamene ogwira ntchito atseka ntchito, zimalimbikitsa kukhulupirira kuti ophunzira angathe kusintha.
Kupanga mgwirizano wamagulu a chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe amayamba kutsutsana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kuponderezana yomwe anthu ogwira ntchito amagwira ntchito ndi gawo lofunikira la ndondomekoyi. Ndikukhulupirira kuti izi zikuwonetseratu kuti anthu ochokera kumadera osiyanasiyana ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana ali ndi mwayi wokumana pamodzi kuti afufuze nkhawa zawo ndikumvetsetsana.
Kuti akhale ndi mphamvu zosintha anthu, magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu ndi njira zolimbana ziyenera kubwera palimodzi, kuti apange mgwirizano kupyolera mu mgwirizano. Kuti ukhale mgwirizano weniweni, uyenera kukhudzidwa kwambiri ndikuphatikiza zovuta zamagulu osiyanasiyana.
M'nkhani yanga muzokambirana za Reimagining Society ndidatchula izi ngati mgwirizano wantchito / chikhalidwe cha anthu. Ndiko kuti, mabungwe ochuluka omwe amapangidwa ndi ogwira ntchito polimbana ndi olemba ntchito amapanga mgwirizano ndi magulu ena a anthu omwe amawonekera polimbana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kuponderezana pakati pa anthu. Munthawi yovuta kwambiri kwa magulu olamulira, mgwirizanowu ukhoza kuwonetsedwa kudzera mu bungwe lopanga zisankho lomwe Ezekiel Adamovsky amatcha "msonkhano wamagulu amagulu."
Chifukwa chake ndikuganiza kuti ma anarchists omwe amatsindika za bungwe ndi momwe amalimbana ndi magulu amawona kulimbana kwaunyinji ndikukonzekera anthu ambiri ngati njira yosinthira anthu… mphamvu ndi zikhumbo zosintha anthu.
Kuchokera pamalingaliro a "anarchism yolinganizidwa ndi malingaliro olimbana ndi magulu," mitundu iwiri yamagulu ikufunika: (1) mitundu yamagulu omwe anthu wamba amatha kukula ndikukulitsa mphamvu zawo zonse, ndi (2) mabungwe andale anthu ochepa a anarchist kapena libertarian socialist ochepa, kukhala ndi njira zogwirira ntchito zathu, kukhala ndi chikoka m'magulu ogwira ntchito, ndikufalitsa malingaliro athu. Munthawi ya Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse, akatswiri aku Italy adapanga mawu oti "bungwe lapawiri" pamalingaliro awa.
Bungwe siliyenera kukhala lalikulu kuti likhale "gulu la anthu ambiri" monga ndikugwiritsa ntchito mawuwa. Ngati alendi 30 mnyumbamo asonkhana pamodzi ndikuchita misonkhano ndikupanga mgwirizano wa ochita lendi, ili ndi "bungwe lalikulu." Gulu lalikulu limakhazikitsidwa kuti lizimenye m'dera lina ndipo anthu amalowa nawo chifukwa amagwirizana ndi zolinga…monga kukhala ndi mgwirizano wogwira ntchito kuti utsutsane ndi oyang'anira kapena bungwe la koleji lolimbana ndi kukwera kwa maphunziro. Umembala m'bungwe la ndale, kumbali ina, umachokera ku mgwirizano ndi malingaliro enaake kapena maganizo a ndale.
Gulu la ndale ndi lofunika pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Kuphatikizira zothandizira ma projekiti, kupereka ndemanga ndi chithandizo wina ndi mzake, kukwaniritsa kuwonekera kwa anthu pa chikhalidwe cha anarchism, kugwirizanitsa kukonzekera. Timaphunzira poyesa kugwiritsa ntchito malingaliro athu, ndipo mabungwe andale amathandizira omenyera ufulu wokambirana za zomwe akumana nazo ndikukulitsa malingaliro awo.
Zoonadi, chitsanzo chachikulu cha mbiri yakale cha "kusagwirizana kwapawiri kwa bungwe ndi malingaliro olimbana ndi magulu" chinali pakusintha kwa Spain m'ma 30s. Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI) idapangidwa ngati bungwe lotayirira lamagulu omwe amagwira ntchito mu National Confederation of Labor (CNT). Idapangidwa poyambilira kuti igwirizane bwino ndi zomwe bungwe la Leninist (lomwe lidatsogola POUM) lidayang'anira mabungwe a CNT, komanso kutsutsa zizolowezi zabungwe m'bungwe la CNT. Anarchism ya ku Spain ya nthawi imeneyo inali "yapawiri" m'njira zitatu:
Choyamba, panali kusiyana pakati pa bungwe la ndale (FAI) ndi mabungwe ambiri - malo oyandikana nawo ndi mabungwe a CNT. Chachiwiri, kuwonjezera pa FAI panali bungwe lina la ndale la anarchist - Mujeres Libres. Ili linali bungwe lokonzekera za amayi osauka omwe ali osauka komanso ogwira ntchito m'tauni. Olimbikitsa m'bungweli anali osagwirizana ndi anarcho-syndicalists koma amawona kumasulidwa kwa amayi ndi kumasulidwa kwamagulu monga mbali zosiyana, zofunikanso, za ufulu wa anthu.
Ndipo, chachitatu, kulimbana kwa magulu kunawonedwa kukhala kochitika osati kokha m’malo antchito komanso m’madera. M'kati mwa zaka za m'ma 20s omenyera ufulu wa anarcho-syndicalist anali atayamba kuda nkhawa kuti adzalowetsedwa mumgwirizano wamagulu ndi owalemba ntchito. Katswiri wina wachipembedzo wa ku Catalan, Joan Peiro, analimbikitsa kuti pamangidwe mabungwe oyandikana nawo ndi kuyambitsa zokambirana zambiri pa nkhani zofunika kwa ogwira ntchito kunja kwa ntchito. Kukonzekera kumeneku kunadzetsa sitiraka ya lendi ku Barcelona mu 1931, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti magulu atsopano a anthu…
Zinali chifukwa cha zomwe zidachitika pakulimbana kwa anthu ammudzi kuti gulu la anarcho-syndicalist ku Spain lidasintha "masomphenya" awo pamsonkhano wawo mu Meyi 1936, ndikuwonjezera misonkhano yoyandikana ndi makhonsolo okhala ndi anthu okhala ngati gawo lomanganso laulamuliro mugulu lomenyera ufulu wa anthu. ndi misonkhano yapantchito ndi makhonsolo antchito. Bookchin adatengeranso lingaliro ili la "libertarian municipality" lozikidwa pamisonkhano.
Koma izi sizinali zosiyana ndi kulimbana kwa magulu. Ambiri mwa "matauni aulere" omwe adapangidwa pakusintha kwa 1936 anali m'midzi yakumidzi ndi matauni ku Aragon. Koma ndi mabungwe akumidzi a CNT omwe adachitapo kanthu kuti agwetse makhonsolo akale am'matauni, kuyitanitsa msonkhano wa anthu okhalamo, kusankha komiti yosintha zinthu zatsopano, ndikusonkhanitsa malo. Kusonkhanitsidwa kwa malo kunali kotsutsana makamaka ndi gulu la kulak la ku Spain…alimi olemera omwe amagwira ntchito m'mafamu. Cholinga cha mabungwe akumidzi a Socialist ndi anarchist ku Spain chinali kuwononga ukapolo wamalipiro kumidzi. Ichi n’chifukwa chake mabungwe akumidzi anaumirira kuti palibe mlimi amene angathe kulamulira mwachinsinsi malo ochuluka kuposa mmene angalimire pogwiritsa ntchito ntchito yake.
Panthawi ya kusintha kwa Spain mu 1936 FAI idachoka ku "gulu logwirizana" lomwe Bookchin adalimbikitsa. Kuti ikhale ndi bungwe logwira ntchito bwino lothana ndi chikoka chomwe chikukula cha Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu, FAI idasamukira ku mitu yayikulu. Kusinthaku kutatha FAI idakula mpaka mamembala 140,000.
M'zaka zaposachedwa akatswiri ambiri okhazikika m'magulu a ogwira ntchito ku USA achoka pamtundu wakale wa federation ya anarchist yomwe idapangidwa ngati ulalo pakati pa magulu omwe analipo kale. Kupyolera mu zochitika zosiyanasiyana ndi mapangidwe otere, kuyambira m'ma 70s mpaka zaka zaposachedwapa, zinapezeka kuti izi zimakonda kusokoneza mgwirizano wamalingaliro ndi wothandiza wofunikira kuti agwire ntchito mogwira mtima. Chifukwa chake, osagwirizana ndi mabungwe ambiri masiku ano amakonda kuganiza molingana ndi gulu limodzi lokhazikika pa pulogalamu yofanana ndi umembala wapayekha, wokhala ndi nthambi zakomweko ndi bungwe la federal la nthumwi zamtundu wina.
Kusagwirizana kwa magulu awiri olimbana ndi magulu awiri kunapitirizabe kukhala ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu m'mayiko ena nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha ... makamaka ku South America. M'zaka makumi angapo mpaka kulandidwa kwankhondo ku Uruguay, bungwe la Uruguayan Anarchist Federation (FAU) linali ndi chikoka chachikulu m'bungwe la CNT lantchito komanso kayendetsedwe ka nyumba, komanso idachita nawo gawo lotsutsa (kuphatikiza zida zankhondo) ku ulamuliro wankhanza. . Cholowa cha FAU m'nthawi imeneyo ndi malingaliro omwe adapanga kuchokera pazomwe adakumana nazo akadali chikoka chofunikira pa chisokonezo cha South America.
Nditchula imodzi mwa malingaliro a FAU omwe ndimagwirizana nawo ... lingaliro la "kuyika anthu." Iwo amakhulupirira kuti kunali koyenera kuti omenyera ufulu wa anarchist adzipereke kwa nthawi yayitali m'mabungwe ndi zolimbana m'malo antchito ndi madera. Udindo wa gulu laling'ono la anarchist si kuyesa kulamulira pamwamba-pansi kudzera m'mabungwe monga ma komiti akuluakulu kapena kusokoneza "mzere" wawo pa gulu lalikulu. M'malo mwake, kudzera mukutenga nawo mbali kwanthawi yayitali komanso ubale wabwino ndi ena amatha kukhala ndi chikoka ndikukhala mawu odziyendetsa okha ndi gulu la zigawenga. Kukula kwa gulu la ogwira ntchito ndi njira yachilengedwe koma omenyera ufulu ndi okonza ma fayilo amatha kutenga nawo gawo.
Ma anarchists apawiri a bungwe nthawi zambiri amanena kuti udindo wa bungwe la ndale la anarchist ndi "kupambana nkhondo ya malingaliro," ndiko kuti, kupeza chikoka m'magulu ndi pakati pa unyinji wa anthu potsutsana ndi malingaliro aulamuliro kapena owolowa manja kapena osamala. Bakunin adanena kuti udindo wa omenyera ufulu wa anarchist unali "utsogoleri wa malingaliro."
Koma kufalitsa malingaliro si njira yokhayo yachikoka. Kugwira ntchito ndi anthu ena amalingaliro osiyanasiyana m'mabungwe ambiri ndi zolimbana, kuwonetsa kudzipereka kwenikweni, ndikukhala munthu wodalirika komanso wothandizira pankhaniyi kumakulitsanso kulumikizana kwamunthu, ndikupangitsa kuti malingaliro amunthu asamaganizidwe mozama.
Kodi lingaliro ili la gulu la ndale la anarchist limasiyana bwanji ndi vanguardism?
Kuti tiyankhe funso ili tiyenera kuyamba ndi lingaliro la "vanguard" ndi chiyani. Ndikuganiza kuti pali mbali ziwiri pa izi. Onse a anarchists ndi Marxists m'mbuyomu adalankhula za "chidziwitso chosagwirizana" mkati mwa anthu ogwira ntchito. Anthu amasiyanasiyana malinga ndi momwe amafunira kusintha anthu mwachitsanzo kapena chidziwitso chomwe adachipeza ponena za momwe capitalism imagwirira ntchito, ndi zina zotero. Koma palinso anthu ena omwe amawonetsa luso la utsogoleri kuposa ena ... luso lolankhula, kudzidalira, mtima wofuna kuchitapo kanthu, kutha kufotokoza malingaliro awo kapena kusonkhanitsa ena omwe amawatsatira, kutha kulemba, kudziphunzitsa pawokha pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zamagulu. , chidziwitso cha kulinganiza.
Izi zimawumbidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza zomwe zidachitika m'mbuyomu, kukhala nawo m'mabungwe, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya luso, chidaliro ndi maphunziro zomwe zikuwonetsa anthu omwe ali osalingana m'magulu, jenda, ndi mtundu / fuko.
Kunena mwanjira ina, anthu ena ali ndi "chitukuko cha anthu" chochulukirapo pakuchita bwino, ndikukhala ndi chidwi, kuchita ziwonetsero ndikukonzekera.
Chifukwa chake, "vanguard" mkati mwa gulu la ogwira ntchito imakhala ndi gulu la anthu omwe ali okangalika, okonzekera, omwe ali ndi chikoka kudzera mumitundu yautsogoleri yomwe ndatchulapo, amatenga maudindo m'mabungwe, amatha kufotokoza komanso kufotokoza malingaliro. zochitika ndikuchita zinthu monga kusindikiza timapepala ndi makalata. "Vanguard" mwanjira iyi ndi yosiyana kwambiri m'malingaliro ake koma ambiri pakali pano sangakhale odana ndi capitalist m'malingaliro awo.
Lingaliro la "vanguard chipani" ndiloti bungwe la ndale likuyesera kukokera kwa gulu la ogwira ntchito omwe ali ndi makhalidwe awa a utsogoleri ndikugwiritsa ntchito "chitukuko cha anthu" kuti akwaniritse udindo wa hegemonic mkati mwa magulu ambiri. Cholinga chake ndikugwiritsa ntchito udindowu kuti chipani chake chikhale ndi mphamvu. Ndipo m'njira imaganiziranso za kupeza mphamvu mkati mwa mabungwe osiyanasiyana a mgwirizano kapena magulu amagulu. Izi zikutanthauza kulimbitsa mphamvu ya chipanichi kudzera mu njira zosiyanasiyana zoyendetsera utsogoleri. Izi ndi mphamvu za utsogoleri osati kukopa chabe.
Komanso, lingaliro ndilakuti udindo waukulu wa chipanicho umachokera ku ulamuliro wake pamtundu wina wa chidziwitso - ndi mayamwidwe a chiphunzitso cha Marxist - chomwe chiyenera kupereka chitsogozo chothandiza kuti gulu losintha zinthu liziyenda bwino.
Kuyika pambali funso la kufunika kwa chiphunzitso cha Marxist-Leninist, a libertarian Kumanzere kwa funso ili ayenera kusiyana ndi lingaliro la "vanguard chipani" m'njira ziwiri.
Choyamba, cholinga cha libertarian socialism ndikuti unyinji iwowo uyenera kupeza mphamvu, kudzera mu demokalase yachindunji, osati kuti gulu la utsogoleri lichite izi kudzera mu chipani chomwe chili ndi ulamuliro wa boma. Kuwonetsa izi, cholinga cha omenyera ufulu wakumanzere akuyenera kukhala kulimbikitsa kudziwongolera paokha mayendedwe/mabungwe.
Pambuyo pa zigawenga za Okutobala 1917 ku Russia, mabungwe ambiri padziko lonse lapansi omwe anali ndi mamembala a gulu lachipani cha Libertarian Syndicalist…amene anali ndi mamembala 3 mpaka 4 miliyoni…amagwirizana mokhazikika ndi gulu latsopano lazantchito lomwe linayambitsidwa ndi Russian Communist Party. Komabe, pamsonkhano weniweni woyambitsa anthu omenyera ufulu wawo adakumana ndi akuluakulu a Chipani cha Communist akuumirira kuti mabungwe amgwirizano akuyenera kukhala "malamba" a Zipani za Chikomyunizimu m'maiko awo. Izi zidapangitsa kuti mabungwe a libertarian syndicalist achoke. Kudziyimira pawokha kwa mayendedwe amisala palokha ndi mfundo ya chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Chachiwiri, sitiyenera kunyalanyaza kugawa kofanana kwa "chitukuko cha anthu" chopangidwa ndi anthu osakonda komanso opondereza. Ngakhale kuti "Tonse Ndife Atsogoleri" mwina simafotokozera molondola zomwe zili, ziyenera kukhala zoyenera zomwe timayesetsa kuchita.
Tikufuna njira zothanirana ndi kusakhazikika kwa luso ndi chidziwitso ndi zida za bungwe m'manja mwa anthu ochepa. M'mbiri yakale pamene ena omenyera ufulu ndi okonzekera apeza chidziwitso kudzera muzochitika zenizeni, nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti mamembala a bungwelo amadalira iwo. Imeneyi inali gawo la ndondomeko zomwe zinapangitsa kuti mabungwe a boma akhazikitsidwe ku USA.
Motero kugwira ntchito kuti tidzipangitse kudzilamulira kukhala kogwira mtima kumafuna kuti tikhale ndi mapologalamu ozindikira ndi njira zokhazikitsira chidziwitso cha demokalase, kuchita maphunziro otchuka, kulera anthu monga okonzekera, kukulitsa luso kuyambira polemba mpaka polankhula poyera mpaka kutengera zomwe wakumana nazo. Mwachitsanzo, masukulu ogwira ntchito akumaloko omwe amatengera zochitika za omenyera ufulu ndi okonzekera omwe amaphunzitsa, kapena kugawana zomwe akumana nazo ndi makalasi.
Mu '30s ku Spain omenyera ufulu wa Mujeres Libres adalankhula za njira ya maphunziro - kukulitsa luso la anthu wamba. Ichi chinali cholinga chawo chokonzekera akazi ogwira ntchito. Anapanga makalasi ophunzitsa kulemba ndi kuŵerenga, makalasi olankhula pagulu, ndi magulu oti aphunzire za chiphunzitso cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, anapanga madongosolo osamalira ana, ndipo anagwira ntchito ndi mabungwe a anarcho-syndicalist kuti akhazikitse mapulogalamu ophunzirira akazi. Izi zonse zinali mbali ya zoyesayesa zawo pakukulitsa luso la amayi kuti atenge nawo mbali pamigwirizano ndi mabungwe ena ndikuwongolera miyoyo yawo.
Demokalase yachindunji ndiyofunikira koma siyikwanira pakudziyendetsa bwino kwa kayendetsedwe kake. Anthu amatha kutenga nawo mbali moyenera chifukwa chidziwitso chimakhala chademokalase ndipo luso limakula kwambiri. Izi zikuwonetseratu kugawana kofanana kwazinthu kuti titukule zomwe anthu angathe kuchita mu gulu la libertarian socialist.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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